中国绿孔雀濒危现状及其保护
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摘要
绿孔雀曾广布于中国南方多个省份,包括湖南、湖北、四川、广东、广西及云南等省区,现仅分布于云南局部地区,其种群数量不断减少,种群逐渐分散、衰退,根据最新调查结果显示,中国现存野生绿孔雀数量仅剩约235～280只,已被云南省列为极危(CR)物种。绿孔雀数量及分布区急剧缩减的原因主要包括人类的干扰和猎杀、栖息地侵占,破坏和斑块化等因素。科研人员及保护工作者在保护区的建设、绿孔雀人工繁育等方面保护绿孔雀野生种群,扩大人工种群。目前,涉及绿孔雀保护工作的保护区达十余个,已全面覆盖绿孔雀栖息地。本文概述了绿孔雀的形态、生态习性、繁殖行为、亚种分化及地理分布等生物学特征,分析绿孔雀濒危现状及致危因素,整合目前立法保护、就地保护、易地保护等保护措施,为将来的保护及科研工作提出了建议和展望。
Green peafowl( Pavo muticus) once inhabited many provinces in southern China,including Hunan,Hubei,Sichuan,Guangdong,Guangxi,and Yunnan. It is now only distributed in parts of Yunnan,and the populations of green peafowl are increasingly dispersed and declining.According to the latest study,the population of wild green peacocks is only about 235-280 in China. The species has been classified as critically endangered( CR) in Yunnan Province. The reasons for the catastrophic decline in the number and distribution of green peafowl include human interference and hunting,habitat encroachment,destruction and habitat fragmentation. Researchers and conservation workers protect the wild population of green peacocks in the construction of reserves and in captive breeding of green peafowl. This results in increased numbers in captive populations. At present,there are more than 10 protected areas for green peafowl,fully covering the remaining green peafowl habitat. We summarized the biological characteristics of green peafowl morphology, ecological habits, reproductive behavior, subspecies differentiation and geographical distribution. We also analyzed the current status and risk factors,and integrated current legislative protection,in-situ conservation,and ex-situ conservation. We provide here suggestions and prospects for conservation and research in future.
Green peafowl( Pavo muticus) once inhabited many provinces in southern China,including Hunan,Hubei,Sichuan,Guangdong,Guangxi,and Yunnan. It is now only distributed in parts of Yunnan,and the populations of green peafowl are increasingly dispersed and declining.According to the latest study,the population of wild green peacocks is only about 235-280 in China. The species has been classified as critically endangered( CR) in Yunnan Province. The reasons for the catastrophic decline in the number and distribution of green peafowl include human interference and hunting,habitat encroachment,destruction and habitat fragmentation. Researchers and conservation workers protect the wild population of green peacocks in the construction of reserves and in captive breeding of green peafowl. This results in increased numbers in captive populations. At present,there are more than 10 protected areas for green peafowl,fully covering the remaining green peafowl habitat. We summarized the biological characteristics of green peafowl morphology, ecological habits, reproductive behavior, subspecies differentiation and geographical distribution. We also analyzed the current status and risk factors,and integrated current legislative protection,in-situ conservation,and ex-situ conservation. We provide here suggestions and prospects for conservation and research in future.
引文
[1]孔德军,杨晓君.绿孔雀及其在中国的保护现状[J].生物学通报,2017,52(1):9-11;64.
[2]Thiollay J M,Del Hoyo J,Ellott A,et al.Handbook of the birds of the world.Vol.2.New World vultures to guineafowl[M].Barcelona:Lynx Edicions,1994:552.
[3]Bird Life International.Species factsheet:Pavo muticus[DB/OL].http://www.birdlife.org.
[4]Nuttall M,Nut M,Ung V,et al.Abundance estimates for the endangered green peafowl Pavo muticus in Cambodia:identification of a globally important site for conservation[J].Bird Conservation International,2017,27(1):127-139.
[5]郑作新.中国动物志:鸟纲第四卷鸡形目[M].北京:科学出版社,1978:188-192.
[6]李旭,刘钊,周伟,等.云南楚雄恐龙河保护区绿孔雀春季栖息地选择和空间分布[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2016,40(3):87-93.
[7]杨岚,文贤继,韩联宪.云南鸟类志:上卷非雀形目[J].昆明:云南科学技术出版社,1995:316.
[8]匡邦郁.云南南部的孔雀[J].生物学通报,1963,11(4):17-18.
[9]冯锋,毕延台,何相宝.笼养绿孔雀繁殖期行为观察[J].野生动物,2007,28(4):16-17.
[10]刘务林,尹秉高.西藏珍稀野生动物与保护[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1993:136.
[11]文贤继,杨晓君,韩联宪,等.绿孔雀在中国的分布现状调查[J].生物多样性,1995,3(1):46-51.
[12]文云燕,谢以昌,李学红.恐龙河州级自然保护区绿孔雀监测探讨[J].林业调查规划,2016,41(4):69-71.
[13]滑荣,崔多英,刘佳,等.中国绿孔雀种群现状调查[J].野生动物学报,2018,39(3):681-684.
[14]Brickle N W.Habitat use,predicted distribution and conservation of green peafowl(Pavo muticus)in Dak Lak Province,Vietnam[J].Biological Conservation,2002,105(2):189-197.
[15]Kong D J,Wu F,Shan P F,et al.Status and distribution changes of the endangered green peafowl(Pavo muticus)in China over the past three decades(1990s-2017)[J].Avian Research,2018,9(2):102-110.
[16]卞进步,李新.雉类生存现状及其保护[J].中国家禽,2005,27(18):53-56.
[17]徐晖.楚雄州绿孔雀的分布现状及保护措施[J].云南林业科技,1995,24(3):48-52.
[18]常弘,柯亚永,苏应娟,等.野生与笼养绿孔雀种群的随机扩增多态DNA研究[J].遗传,2002,24(3):271-274.
[19]Ke Y Y,Chang H,Zhang G P.Analysis of genetic diversity for wild and captive green peafowl populations by random amplified polymorphic DNA technique[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2004,15(3):203-206.
[20]刘钊,周伟,张仁功,等.云南元江上游石羊江河谷绿孔雀不同季节觅食地选择[J].生物多样性,2008,16(6):539-546.
[21]角媛梅,刘歆,李绒,等.基于绿孔雀潜在生境的楚雄哀牢山国家公园功能分区研究[J].旅游科学,2017,31(3):75-84.
[22]王恒颖,孙鸿雁,黎国强.恐龙河自然保护区的动植物资源现状及保护对策研究[J].林业建设,2013(1):49-53.
[23]张文凌.“云南绿孔雀案”在昆明中院开庭审理[N].中国青年报,2018-08-30(004).
[24]单鹏飞,吴飞,杨晓君.云南楚雄发现绿孔雀繁殖巢[J].动物学杂志,2018,53(2):313-314.
[2]Thiollay J M,Del Hoyo J,Ellott A,et al.Handbook of the birds of the world.Vol.2.New World vultures to guineafowl[M].Barcelona:Lynx Edicions,1994:552.
[3]Bird Life International.Species factsheet:Pavo muticus[DB/OL].http://www.birdlife.org.
[4]Nuttall M,Nut M,Ung V,et al.Abundance estimates for the endangered green peafowl Pavo muticus in Cambodia:identification of a globally important site for conservation[J].Bird Conservation International,2017,27(1):127-139.
[5]郑作新.中国动物志:鸟纲第四卷鸡形目[M].北京:科学出版社,1978:188-192.
[6]李旭,刘钊,周伟,等.云南楚雄恐龙河保护区绿孔雀春季栖息地选择和空间分布[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2016,40(3):87-93.
[7]杨岚,文贤继,韩联宪.云南鸟类志:上卷非雀形目[J].昆明:云南科学技术出版社,1995:316.
[8]匡邦郁.云南南部的孔雀[J].生物学通报,1963,11(4):17-18.
[9]冯锋,毕延台,何相宝.笼养绿孔雀繁殖期行为观察[J].野生动物,2007,28(4):16-17.
[10]刘务林,尹秉高.西藏珍稀野生动物与保护[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1993:136.
[11]文贤继,杨晓君,韩联宪,等.绿孔雀在中国的分布现状调查[J].生物多样性,1995,3(1):46-51.
[12]文云燕,谢以昌,李学红.恐龙河州级自然保护区绿孔雀监测探讨[J].林业调查规划,2016,41(4):69-71.
[13]滑荣,崔多英,刘佳,等.中国绿孔雀种群现状调查[J].野生动物学报,2018,39(3):681-684.
[14]Brickle N W.Habitat use,predicted distribution and conservation of green peafowl(Pavo muticus)in Dak Lak Province,Vietnam[J].Biological Conservation,2002,105(2):189-197.
[15]Kong D J,Wu F,Shan P F,et al.Status and distribution changes of the endangered green peafowl(Pavo muticus)in China over the past three decades(1990s-2017)[J].Avian Research,2018,9(2):102-110.
[16]卞进步,李新.雉类生存现状及其保护[J].中国家禽,2005,27(18):53-56.
[17]徐晖.楚雄州绿孔雀的分布现状及保护措施[J].云南林业科技,1995,24(3):48-52.
[18]常弘,柯亚永,苏应娟,等.野生与笼养绿孔雀种群的随机扩增多态DNA研究[J].遗传,2002,24(3):271-274.
[19]Ke Y Y,Chang H,Zhang G P.Analysis of genetic diversity for wild and captive green peafowl populations by random amplified polymorphic DNA technique[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2004,15(3):203-206.
[20]刘钊,周伟,张仁功,等.云南元江上游石羊江河谷绿孔雀不同季节觅食地选择[J].生物多样性,2008,16(6):539-546.
[21]角媛梅,刘歆,李绒,等.基于绿孔雀潜在生境的楚雄哀牢山国家公园功能分区研究[J].旅游科学,2017,31(3):75-84.
[22]王恒颖,孙鸿雁,黎国强.恐龙河自然保护区的动植物资源现状及保护对策研究[J].林业建设,2013(1):49-53.
[23]张文凌.“云南绿孔雀案”在昆明中院开庭审理[N].中国青年报,2018-08-30(004).
[24]单鹏飞,吴飞,杨晓君.云南楚雄发现绿孔雀繁殖巢[J].动物学杂志,2018,53(2):313-314.