植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应
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摘要
在陇东旱塬条件下,以40%乙·莠SE为指示除草剂,测定了植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应。结果表明:通过植保无人机喷施,40%乙·莠SE的控草效果随施药量的减少呈逐渐降低的趋势,玉米果穗有效长度、果穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重、产量及纯收益均随施药量的减少呈先增后降的态势,当施用量降至2 400 mL/hm~2,即较推荐用量(4 500 mL/hm~2)减少用药46.67%时,对藜、狗尾草和总草的株防效仍分别高达93.31%、65.51%和86.40%,鲜重防效分别高达99.12%、78.61%和93.44%;对玉米穗部性状、产量及纯收益的影响程度亦降至较低或最低,其产量较人工除草和背负式喷雾器以药剂常用量喷施分别减产0.17%和增产5.61%,其纯收益较人工除草和背负式喷雾器以药剂常用量喷施分别增加652.08元/hm~2和1 076.85元/hm~2。可见,植保无人机喷施对玉米田土壤处理除草剂的减量效应显著,具有大面积推广应用的价值。
Taken acetochlor·atrazine 40% SE as indicator, decrement effects of plant protection UAV spraying on soil-applied herbicides in maize field were tested under the conditions of dry land in eastern Gansu. The results showed that the weed control effect of acetochlor·atrazine 40% SE sprayed by plant-protection UAV decreased gradually with the decrease of dosage, and the ear length, diameter, grain number, 100-grain weight, yield and net income of maize increased first and then decreased with the decrease of dosage. When the dosage of application decreased to 2 400 mL/hm~2, which decreased by 46.67% compared to the recommended dosage of 4 500 mL/hm~2, the stem control efficacies on Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis and all weeds were 93.31%,65.51% and 86.40%, respectively, and the fresh weight control efficacies were 99.12%,78.61% and 93.44%, respectively. Also, the effects on ear traits, yield and net income of maize were also reduced to a lower or the lowest level. The yield was reduced by 0.17% of manual weeding and increased by 5.61% of backpack sprayer, respectively, and the net income increased by 652.08 Yuan/hm~2 and 1 076.85 Yuan/hm~2, compared with the manual weeding and knapsack sprayer, respectively. The results indicated that the reduction effect of plant protection UAV spraying on soil-applied herbicides was significant in maize field, and it is valuable for popularization and application in large areas.
Taken acetochlor·atrazine 40% SE as indicator, decrement effects of plant protection UAV spraying on soil-applied herbicides in maize field were tested under the conditions of dry land in eastern Gansu. The results showed that the weed control effect of acetochlor·atrazine 40% SE sprayed by plant-protection UAV decreased gradually with the decrease of dosage, and the ear length, diameter, grain number, 100-grain weight, yield and net income of maize increased first and then decreased with the decrease of dosage. When the dosage of application decreased to 2 400 mL/hm~2, which decreased by 46.67% compared to the recommended dosage of 4 500 mL/hm~2, the stem control efficacies on Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis and all weeds were 93.31%,65.51% and 86.40%, respectively, and the fresh weight control efficacies were 99.12%,78.61% and 93.44%, respectively. Also, the effects on ear traits, yield and net income of maize were also reduced to a lower or the lowest level. The yield was reduced by 0.17% of manual weeding and increased by 5.61% of backpack sprayer, respectively, and the net income increased by 652.08 Yuan/hm~2 and 1 076.85 Yuan/hm~2, compared with the manual weeding and knapsack sprayer, respectively. The results indicated that the reduction effect of plant protection UAV spraying on soil-applied herbicides was significant in maize field, and it is valuable for popularization and application in large areas.
引文
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[14] 岳德成,李青梅,韩菊红,等.覆膜时期对3种地膜在全膜双垄沟播玉米田应用效果的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(2):30-37.
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[22] 赵冰梅,张强,朱玉永,等.多旋翼植保无人机在棉蚜防治中的应用效果[J].中国植保导刊,2017,37(2):61-63.
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[24] 董云哲,李君兴,史云天,等.多旋翼电动无人机玉米植保作业试验分析[J].农业与技术,2015,35(23):40-41.
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[26] 高圆圆,张玉涛,赵酉城,等.小型无人机低空喷洒在玉米田的雾滴沉积分布及对玉米螟的防治效果初探[J].植物保护,2013,39(2):152-157.
[27] 苏少泉.除草剂在土壤中的降解与使用[J].现代农药,2004,3(1):5-8.
[28] 张荷丽,郝景昊,刘俊桃,等.磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的物理化学行为研究进展[J].中国植保导刊,2015,35(4):34-37.
[29] 黄玉范,张凤阁.影响大豆繁种田土壤封闭化学除草效果的因素[J].种子世界,2006(3):44.
[30] 何玲,王国宾,胡韬,等.喷雾助剂及施液量对植保无人机喷雾雾滴在水稻冠层沉积分布的影响[J].植物保护学报,2017,44(6):1046-1052.
[31] 张莉,李国清,娄兵,等.极飞P20植保无人机防治稻飞虱田间药效试验[J].湖北植保,2018(2):9-10.
[32] 张占英,张莉,刘卫国,等.两种喷雾助剂对防治水稻纹枯病药剂减量增效评价[J].湖北植保,2017(5):20-21.
[33] 金书秦,张惠,吴娜伟.2016年化肥、农药零增长行动实施结果评估[J].环境保护,2018(1):45-49.
[2] 吴天长.应用植保无人机防治稻飞虱减量用药试验[J].福建农业科技,2017(12):1-2.
[3] 娄尚易,薛新宇,顾伟,等.农用植保无人机的研究现状及趋势[J].农机化研究,2017(12):1-6.
[4] 赵冰梅,丁丽丽,张强,等.电动多旋翼植保无人机低容量喷雾防治玉米三点斑叶蝉的应用研究[J].植物保护,2018,44(1):186-189.
[5] HUANG Yanbo, HOFFMANN W C, LAN Yubin, et al. Development of a spray system for an unmanned aerial vehicle platform[J]. Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2009,25(6):803-809.
[6] HUANG Yanbo, THOMSON S J. Characterization of spray deposition and drift from a low drift nozzle for aerial application at different application altitudes [J]. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2011, 4(4): 28-33.
[7] 张东彦,兰玉彬,陈立平,等.中国农业航空施药技术研究进展与展望[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(10):53-58.
[8] 薛新宇,兰玉彬.美国农业航空技术现状和发展趋势分析[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(5):194-201.
[9] 亓文哲,王菲,孟臻,等.我国植保无人机应用现状[J].农药,2018,57(4):247-254.
[10] 蒙艳华,周国强,吴春波,等.我国农用植保无人机的应用与推广探讨[J].中国植保导刊,2014(S1):33-39.
[11] 冷志杰,蒋天宇,刘飞,等.植保无人机的农业服务公司推广模式研究[J].农机化研究,2017(1):6-9.
[12] 王昌陵,宋坚利,何雄奎,等.植保无人机飞行参数对施药雾滴沉积分布特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(23):109-115.
[13] 兰玉彬,彭瑾,金济.农药喷雾粒径的研究现状与发展[J].华南农业大学学报,2016,37(6):1-9.
[14] 岳德成,李青梅,韩菊红,等.覆膜时期对3种地膜在全膜双垄沟播玉米田应用效果的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(2):30-37.
[15] 牛树君,刘敏艳,李玉奇,等.几种除草剂对胡麻田裸燕麦(莜麦)、皮燕麦的防除效果[J].植物保护,2015,41(2):220-225.
[16] 邱白晶,王立伟,蔡东林,等.无人直升机飞行高度与速度对喷雾沉积分布的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(24):25-32.
[17] 袁会珠,王国宾.雾滴大小和覆盖密度与农药防治效果的关系[J].植物保护,2015,41(6):9-16.
[18] 廖娟,臧英,周志艳.等.作物航空喷施作业质量评价及参数优选方法[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(S2):38-46.
[19] 王旭景,刘绍锋.无人植保机的结构原理与推广应用[J].时代农机,2015,42(6):10-11.
[20] 张云硕,史云天,董云哲,等.农用植保无人机喷洒技术的研究[J].农业与技术,2015,35(21):46-47.
[21] 黄伟仁.六十一团制种玉米无人机防治病虫害应用分析[J].新疆农垦科技,2018(3):25-26.
[22] 赵冰梅,张强,朱玉永,等.多旋翼植保无人机在棉蚜防治中的应用效果[J].中国植保导刊,2017,37(2):61-63.
[23] 吴天长.应用植保无人机防治稻飞虱减量用药试验[J].福建农业科技,2017(2):1-2.
[24] 董云哲,李君兴,史云天,等.多旋翼电动无人机玉米植保作业试验分析[J].农业与技术,2015,35(23):40-41.
[25] 杨帅,王国宾,杨代斌,等.无人机低空喷施苯氧威防治亚洲玉米螟初探[J].中国植保导刊,2015(2):59-62.
[26] 高圆圆,张玉涛,赵酉城,等.小型无人机低空喷洒在玉米田的雾滴沉积分布及对玉米螟的防治效果初探[J].植物保护,2013,39(2):152-157.
[27] 苏少泉.除草剂在土壤中的降解与使用[J].现代农药,2004,3(1):5-8.
[28] 张荷丽,郝景昊,刘俊桃,等.磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的物理化学行为研究进展[J].中国植保导刊,2015,35(4):34-37.
[29] 黄玉范,张凤阁.影响大豆繁种田土壤封闭化学除草效果的因素[J].种子世界,2006(3):44.
[30] 何玲,王国宾,胡韬,等.喷雾助剂及施液量对植保无人机喷雾雾滴在水稻冠层沉积分布的影响[J].植物保护学报,2017,44(6):1046-1052.
[31] 张莉,李国清,娄兵,等.极飞P20植保无人机防治稻飞虱田间药效试验[J].湖北植保,2018(2):9-10.
[32] 张占英,张莉,刘卫国,等.两种喷雾助剂对防治水稻纹枯病药剂减量增效评价[J].湖北植保,2017(5):20-21.
[33] 金书秦,张惠,吴娜伟.2016年化肥、农药零增长行动实施结果评估[J].环境保护,2018(1):45-49.