南京市香樟树皮重金属含量及分布特征
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摘要
重金属易在大气细颗粒物中富集,经呼吸道进入人体肺泡沉积,危害人类健康。该研究以南京市香樟树皮为对象,选取文教区、交通区、工业区、风景区和商业区5个功能区,探究了不同季节香樟树皮中重金属Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn含量的分布特征,比较了树皮和叶面颗粒物中不同重金属含量的空间分布差异。结果表明:南京市商业区和工业区重金属污染较严重。不同功能区香樟树皮重金属含量具时空分布差异,树皮中重金属含量基本呈秋季>冬季>春季>夏季的季节变化特征,各功能区重金属含量表现为商业区(CA)>文教区(CEA)≈工业区(TA)>交通区(IA)>风景区(SA)。与树皮相比,叶面颗粒物重金属含量较高,商业区叶面颗粒物重金属含量最高,风景区含量最低。经Pearson相关性分析,工业区和文教区香樟树皮中Cr元素具显著相关性(P<0.05),Cu与Zn相互对应呈显著相关,表明这两种元素可能具有相似来源;工业区和交通区树皮中Pb具极显著相关性(P<0.01)。植物监测可以指示和预测大气重金属污染水平,能反映地区污染情况。
Heavy metals are easily enriched in fine particles of the atmosphere and enter the alveolar deposits of the human body through the respiratory tract,and endanger human health. In recent years,atmospheric heavy metal pollution is gradually aroused people's attention. The direct exposure of barks to the air is an important transitional step for heavy metals to enter plants,accumulating pollutants over the long term. Five different urban areas in Nanjing(commercial area,cultural and educational area,industrial area,traffic area and scenic area) were chosen to study the distribution characteristics of the contents of Cr,Pb,Cu and Zn in different seasons,using barks of Cinnamomum camphora trees as research objects. The differences in the spatial distribution of different heavy metal contents in barks and foliar particles were also compared. The main conclusions of this study can be summed up as follows: Heavy metal pollution in commercial and industrial areas are more serious. Heavy metal contents in the barks of C. camphora trees in different functional areas of Nanjing have obvious spatial and temporal distribution characteristics. The contents of heavy metals in the barks of different functional areas follow the order of commercial area(CA) > cultural and educational area(CEA) ≈ industrial area(IA) > traffic area(TA) > scenic area(SA). Heavy metal contents in the barks in different seasons follows the order of Autumn > Winter > Spring > Summer. Contents of heavy metals in particulate matter of leaves were higher than those in barks. Contents of heavy metals in foliar particles in commercial area were the highest,and contents in scenic area are the lowest. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation(P< 0.05) between Cr in the barks of C. camphora trees in industrial and cultural areas,and significant correlations between Cu and Zn,indicating that these two kinds of elements may have similar origins. Contents of Pb between industrial area and traffic area were in significant correlation(P< 0.01),mainly from traffic emissions. Plant monitoring can indicate and predict the level of heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere. It is a simple and practical monitoring tool that can reflect the pollution in the area and provide a scientific basis for the monitoring of urban ecological environment.
Heavy metals are easily enriched in fine particles of the atmosphere and enter the alveolar deposits of the human body through the respiratory tract,and endanger human health. In recent years,atmospheric heavy metal pollution is gradually aroused people's attention. The direct exposure of barks to the air is an important transitional step for heavy metals to enter plants,accumulating pollutants over the long term. Five different urban areas in Nanjing(commercial area,cultural and educational area,industrial area,traffic area and scenic area) were chosen to study the distribution characteristics of the contents of Cr,Pb,Cu and Zn in different seasons,using barks of Cinnamomum camphora trees as research objects. The differences in the spatial distribution of different heavy metal contents in barks and foliar particles were also compared. The main conclusions of this study can be summed up as follows: Heavy metal pollution in commercial and industrial areas are more serious. Heavy metal contents in the barks of C. camphora trees in different functional areas of Nanjing have obvious spatial and temporal distribution characteristics. The contents of heavy metals in the barks of different functional areas follow the order of commercial area(CA) > cultural and educational area(CEA) ≈ industrial area(IA) > traffic area(TA) > scenic area(SA). Heavy metal contents in the barks in different seasons follows the order of Autumn > Winter > Spring > Summer. Contents of heavy metals in particulate matter of leaves were higher than those in barks. Contents of heavy metals in foliar particles in commercial area were the highest,and contents in scenic area are the lowest. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation(P< 0.05) between Cr in the barks of C. camphora trees in industrial and cultural areas,and significant correlations between Cu and Zn,indicating that these two kinds of elements may have similar origins. Contents of Pb between industrial area and traffic area were in significant correlation(P< 0.01),mainly from traffic emissions. Plant monitoring can indicate and predict the level of heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere. It is a simple and practical monitoring tool that can reflect the pollution in the area and provide a scientific basis for the monitoring of urban ecological environment.
引文
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LIU L,YANG F,LIU ZG,et al,2008.Determination of heavy metals in soils and plants with microwave digestion and ICP-AES[J].Environ Chem,27(4):511-514.[刘雷,杨帆,刘足根,等,2008.微波消解ICP-AES法测定土壤及植物中的重金属[J].环境化学,27(4):511-514.]
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LU SW,GAO C,YANG XB,et al,2014.Main greening tree species on soil heavy metal enrichment capability in different contaminated area of Beijing[J].J NE For Univ,(5):22-26.[鲁绍伟,高琛,杨新兵,等,2014.北京市不同污染区主要绿化树种对土壤重金属的富集能力[J].东北林业大学学报,(5):22-26.]
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PANG B,2010.Study on the source apportionment and physicochemical characteristics of foliar dust and surface dust in urban areas[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University:28-30.[庞博,2010.城市叶面尘与地面尘理化特性及源解析研究[D].南京:南京林业大学:28-30.]
RUSU AM,JONES GC,CHIMONIDES PDJ,et al,2006.Biomonitoring using the lichen Hypogymnia physodes,and bark samples near Zlatna,Romania immediately following closure of a copper ore-processing plant[J].Environ Poll,143(1):81-88.
SUZUKI K,YABUKI T,ONO Y,2009.Roadside Rhododendron pulchrum leaves as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in traffic areas of Okayama,Japan[J].Environ Monit Assess,149(149):133-141.
TANG LQ,QIU EF,HAN YL,et al,2015.Variation of heavy metal enrichment efficiency in roadside trees of Sophora japonica L.with different diameters at breast height[J].Acta Ecol Sin,35(16):5353-5363.[唐丽清,邱尔发,韩玉丽,等,2015.不同径级国槐行道树重金属富集效能比较[J].生态学报,35(16):5353-5363.]
THORPE A,HARRISON RM,2008.Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic:A review[J].Sci Total Environ,400(1-3):270-282.
WANG AX,2010.Mosses and trees as indicators for heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere of Nanjing City,China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University:8-20.[王爱霞,2010.南京市空气重金属污染的藓类和树木监测[D].南京:南京林业大学:18-20.]
WANG HX,SHI H,LI YY,et al,2012.Distribution features of particle size and heavy metal elements in foliage-captured dust[J].J Safe Environ,12(1):170-174.[王会霞,石辉,李秧秧,等,2012.城市植物叶面尘粒径和几种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni)的分布特征[J].安全与环境学报,(1):172-176.]
WANG RF,QIU EF,TANG LQ,2014.Heavy metals distribution in roadside tree trunks under a heavy urban transportation condition[J].Acta Ecol Sin,34(15):4212-4222.[王荣芬,邱尔发,唐丽清,2014.行道树毛白杨树干中重金属元素分布[J].生态学报,34(15):4212-4222.]
WANG ZW,WANG YW,HOU YY,et al,2016.Relationship between landscape pattern and spatial variation of heavy metals in aquatic sediments in headwaters area of Yuqiao Reservoir[J].J Environ Sci,37(9):3423-3429.[王祖伟,王袆玮,侯迎迎,等,2016.于桥水库水源地水体沉积物重金属空间分异与景观格局的关系[J].环境科学,37(9):3423-3429.]
YU CC,ZHANG YL,YAO H,et al,2016.Approaches and characteristics of monitoring using plant for the heavy metal pollution of atmosphere[J].Poll Contr Technol,(3):74-77.[余岑涔,张银龙,姚欢,等,2016.利用植物监测大气重金属污染途径和特点[J].污染防治技术,(3):74-77.]
ZHA Y,FENG C,SHI YY,et al,2016.Contents and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in different environmental media[J].Jiangsu Agric Sci,44(8):486-489.[查燕,冯驰,是怡芸,等,2016.不同环境介质中重金属含量及分布特征[J].江苏农业科学,44(8):486-489.]
ZHANG DL,FANG FM,YAO YR,et al,2016.Distribution,sources and health risk assessment of heavy metals in foliar and surface dust of different functional areas of Huainan City[J].Acta Sci Circum,36(9):3322-3332.[张丹龙,方凤满,姚有如,等,2016.淮南市不同功能区叶面尘和地表灰尘中重金属分布特征、来源及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,36(9):3322-3332.]
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BERLIZOV AN,BLUM OB,FILBY RH,et al,2007.Testing applicability of black poplar(Populus nigra L.)bark to heavy metal air pollution monitoring in urban and industrial regions[J].Sci Total Environ,372(2-3):693-706.
DAI SD,MA KM,BAO L,et al,2013.Distribution of particle matters and contamination of heavy metals in the foliar dust of Sophora japonica in parks and their neighboring roads in Beijing[J].Acta Sci Circumst,33(1):154-162.[戴斯迪,马克明,宝乐,等,2013.北京城区公园及其邻近道路国槐叶面尘分布与重金属污染特征[J].环境科学学报,33(1):154-162.]
DEMIRAYAK A,KUTBAY,HG,KILIC D,et al,2011.Heavy metal accumulation in some natural and exotic plants in Samsun City[J].Ekoloji,20(79):1-11.
ELHASAN T,ALOMARI H,JIRIES A,et al,2003.Cypress tree(Cupressus semervirens L.)bark as an indicator for heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere of Amman City,Jordan[J].Environ Int,28(6):513-519.
GRATANI L,CRESCENTE MF,VARONE L,2008.Longterm monitoring of metal pollution by urban trees.[J].Atmos Environ,42(35):8273-8277.
GUO GH,LEI M,CHEN TB,et al,2008.Effect of road traffic on heavy metals in road dusts and roadside soils[J].Acta Sci Circum,28(10):1937-1945.[郭广慧,雷梅,陈同斌,等,2008.交通活动对公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属含量的影响[J].环境科学学报,28(10):1937-1945.]
GUO W,SHEN-TU YJ,ZHENG SQ,et al,2010.Research advances on mechanisms and rules of dust retention of the urban green areas[J].Ecol Environ Sci,26(6):1465-1470.[郭伟,申屠雅瑾,郑述强,等,2010.城市绿地滞尘作用机理和规律的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,26(6):1465-1470.]
JIANG GM,1996.PCA analysis on sulphur and heavy metals conten ts in different parts of woody species in Chengde of North China[J].J Appl Ecol,7(3):310-314.[蒋高明,1996.承德木本植物不同部位S及重金属含量特征的PCA分析[J].应用生态学报,7(3):310-314.]
LI RZ,ZHOU AJ,TONG F,et al,2011.Distribution of metals in urban dusts of Hefei and health risk assessment[J].J Environ Sci,32(9):2661-2668.[李如忠,周爱佳,童芳,等,2011.合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学,32(9):2661-2668.]
LI SD,LI XL,2000.Study on long-term behavior of heavy metals in soil-plant ecosystem[J].Acta Sci Circum,20(1):76-80.[李书鼎,李雪莲,2000.土壤植物系统重金属长期行为的研究[J].环境科学学报,20(1):76-80.]
LI X,POON CS,LIU PS,2001.Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong[J].Appl Geochem,16(11-12):1361-1368.
LIU B,LIN KF,ZHAO JH,et al,2016.Indicating function of different organs of Cinnamomum camphora to heavy metals in air[J].Bull Sci Technol,32(5):61-67.[刘波,林匡飞,赵建华,等,2016.香樟不同器官对空气中重金属的指示作用[J].科技通报,32(5):61-67.]
LIU CC,XIANG LY,XU R,2016.Analysis and assessment on trend of heavy metals concentrations and risk in water resource area in Changjiang Estuary[J].Environ Sci Technol,39(S1):393-397.[刘材材,项凌云,徐韧,2016.长江口水源地重金属含量趋势分析及风险评价[J].环境科学与技术,39(S1):393-397.]
LIU L,FANG YM,WANG SC,et al,2014.Analysis and assessment of atmospheric pollution based on accumulation characterization of heavy metals in platanus acerifolia leaves[J].J Environ Sci,35(3):839-846.[刘玲,方炎明,王顺昌,等,2014.基于悬铃木叶片重金属累积特性的大气污染分析和评价[J].环境科学,35(3):839-846.]
LIU L,YANG F,LIU ZG,et al,2008.Determination of heavy metals in soils and plants with microwave digestion and ICP-AES[J].Environ Chem,27(4):511-514.[刘雷,杨帆,刘足根,等,2008.微波消解ICP-AES法测定土壤及植物中的重金属[J].环境化学,27(4):511-514.]
LIU YR,ZHU SF,WEI XF,et al,2016.Assessment and pollution characteristics of heavy metals in soil of different functional areas in Luoyang[J].J Environ Sci,37(6):2322-2328.[刘亚纳,朱书法,魏学锋,等,2016.河南洛阳市不同功能区土壤重金属污染特征及评价[J].环境科学,37(6):2322-2328.]
LU SW,GAO C,YANG XB,et al,2014.Main greening tree species on soil heavy metal enrichment capability in different contaminated area of Beijing[J].J NE For Univ,(5):22-26.[鲁绍伟,高琛,杨新兵,等,2014.北京市不同污染区主要绿化树种对土壤重金属的富集能力[J].东北林业大学学报,(5):22-26.]
MANNING WJ,GODZIK B,2004.Bioindicator plants for ambient ozone in Central and Eastern Europe.[J].Environ Poll,130(130):33-39.
ONDER S,DURSUN S,2006.Air borne heavy metal pollution of Cedrus libani,(A.Rich.)in the city centre of Konya(Turkey)[J].Atmos Environ,40(6):1122-1133.
PANG B,2010.Study on the source apportionment and physicochemical characteristics of foliar dust and surface dust in urban areas[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University:28-30.[庞博,2010.城市叶面尘与地面尘理化特性及源解析研究[D].南京:南京林业大学:28-30.]
RUSU AM,JONES GC,CHIMONIDES PDJ,et al,2006.Biomonitoring using the lichen Hypogymnia physodes,and bark samples near Zlatna,Romania immediately following closure of a copper ore-processing plant[J].Environ Poll,143(1):81-88.
SUZUKI K,YABUKI T,ONO Y,2009.Roadside Rhododendron pulchrum leaves as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in traffic areas of Okayama,Japan[J].Environ Monit Assess,149(149):133-141.
TANG LQ,QIU EF,HAN YL,et al,2015.Variation of heavy metal enrichment efficiency in roadside trees of Sophora japonica L.with different diameters at breast height[J].Acta Ecol Sin,35(16):5353-5363.[唐丽清,邱尔发,韩玉丽,等,2015.不同径级国槐行道树重金属富集效能比较[J].生态学报,35(16):5353-5363.]
THORPE A,HARRISON RM,2008.Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic:A review[J].Sci Total Environ,400(1-3):270-282.
WANG AX,2010.Mosses and trees as indicators for heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere of Nanjing City,China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University:8-20.[王爱霞,2010.南京市空气重金属污染的藓类和树木监测[D].南京:南京林业大学:18-20.]
WANG HX,SHI H,LI YY,et al,2012.Distribution features of particle size and heavy metal elements in foliage-captured dust[J].J Safe Environ,12(1):170-174.[王会霞,石辉,李秧秧,等,2012.城市植物叶面尘粒径和几种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni)的分布特征[J].安全与环境学报,(1):172-176.]
WANG RF,QIU EF,TANG LQ,2014.Heavy metals distribution in roadside tree trunks under a heavy urban transportation condition[J].Acta Ecol Sin,34(15):4212-4222.[王荣芬,邱尔发,唐丽清,2014.行道树毛白杨树干中重金属元素分布[J].生态学报,34(15):4212-4222.]
WANG ZW,WANG YW,HOU YY,et al,2016.Relationship between landscape pattern and spatial variation of heavy metals in aquatic sediments in headwaters area of Yuqiao Reservoir[J].J Environ Sci,37(9):3423-3429.[王祖伟,王袆玮,侯迎迎,等,2016.于桥水库水源地水体沉积物重金属空间分异与景观格局的关系[J].环境科学,37(9):3423-3429.]
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