我国多层次社会保障体系内部影响:促进还是抑制?
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摘要
习近平在党的十九大报告中做出了全面建成多层次社会保障体系的战略部署,各层次之间的影响机制值得研究。基于政策反馈理论发现,一个层次可以通过两个平行的中介机制影响另一个层次,具体表现为:解释效应,行动者对层次Ⅰ的认知影响他对层次Ⅱ的认知,继而影响行动意愿;资源效应,行动者在层次Ⅰ的资源变化影响他在层次Ⅱ的预算,继而影响行动能力。以2008-2015年A股上市公司为样本,检验社会保险影响补充保险的双重中介机制。结果显示:基本养老保险通过解释效应促进企业年金参保和缴费,通过资源效应抑制企业年金参保;基本医疗保险通过解释效应促进补充医疗保险参保和缴费,没有显著的资源效应;社会保险对补充保险既有推动作用也有抑制作用。建议科学评估社会保障体系各层次之间的解释效应和资源效应,规避相互挤出,从解释效应和资源效应两面着手推动多层次社会保障体系的完善。
In the report to the 19 th National Congress of the CPC, XI Jinping made a strategic plan for building a multi-level social security system in all respects. Thus the influence mechanism among different levels is worth studying. On the basis of the policy feedback theory, it is found that one level can influence the other level through two parallel intermediary mechanisms, which are specifically manifested as: the explanation effect,that is to say that actor's cognition of Level I influences his cognition of Level II, which in turn affects his ac‐tion will; and the resource effect, that is to say that actor's resource change in Level I affects his budget in Level Ⅱ, which in turn influences his action capability. Taking A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2015 as samples, this article will examine the dual intermediary mechanism of social insurance's influence on supple‐mentary insurance. The result shows that the basic endowment insurance promotes the participation and pay‐ment of enterprise annuity through the explanation effect, and restrains the participation of enterprise annuity through the resource effect; that basic medical insurance promotes the participation and payment of supple‐mentary medical insurance through the explanation effect, but there is no significant resource effect; and that social insurance has both promoting and restraining effects on supplementary insurance. It is suggested to eval‐uate the explanation effect and resource effect among different levels of social security system scientifically, to avoid mutual exclusion, and to promote the construction of multi-level social security system from both ex‐planation effect and resource effect.
In the report to the 19 th National Congress of the CPC, XI Jinping made a strategic plan for building a multi-level social security system in all respects. Thus the influence mechanism among different levels is worth studying. On the basis of the policy feedback theory, it is found that one level can influence the other level through two parallel intermediary mechanisms, which are specifically manifested as: the explanation effect,that is to say that actor's cognition of Level I influences his cognition of Level II, which in turn affects his ac‐tion will; and the resource effect, that is to say that actor's resource change in Level I affects his budget in Level Ⅱ, which in turn influences his action capability. Taking A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2015 as samples, this article will examine the dual intermediary mechanism of social insurance's influence on supple‐mentary insurance. The result shows that the basic endowment insurance promotes the participation and pay‐ment of enterprise annuity through the explanation effect, and restrains the participation of enterprise annuity through the resource effect; that basic medical insurance promotes the participation and payment of supple‐mentary medical insurance through the explanation effect, but there is no significant resource effect; and that social insurance has both promoting and restraining effects on supplementary insurance. It is suggested to eval‐uate the explanation effect and resource effect among different levels of social security system scientifically, to avoid mutual exclusion, and to promote the construction of multi-level social security system from both ex‐planation effect and resource effect.
引文
[1]尹蔚民.全面建成多层次社会保障体系[M].党的十九大报告辅导读本.北京:人民出版社,2017:344-349.
[2]王延中.习近平新时代我国社会保障体系的改革方向[J].社会保障评论, 2018(1):13-26.
[3]鲁全.中国共产党对社会保障认识的变迁与发展(1997-2017)[J].国家行政学院学报,2017(6):99-104.
[4]周弘,彭姝祎.国际金融危机后世界社会保障发展趋势[J].中国人民大学学报,2015(3):26-34.
[5]郭磊.基本养老保险挤出了企业年金吗——基于政策反馈理论的实证研究[J].社会保障评论,2018(1):65-81.
[6]战洋.作为团结机制的慈善及其困境——一则政治人类学分析[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014(5):156-164.
[7]郑功成.中国社会福利改革与发展战略:从照顾弱者到普惠全民[J].中国人民大学学报,2011(2):47-60.
[8]丁学娜.职业福利补充功能的定位研究——基于中国企业职业福利转型视角[J].社会保障评论,2018(1):153-159.
[9]杨翠迎,汪润泉,沈亦骏.政策费率与征缴水平:中国城镇职工社会保险缴费背离性分析[J].公共行政评论,2018(3):162-177.
[10]郭磊,周岩.目标群体、模糊-冲突与企业职工养老保险政策执行[J].中国公共政策评论,2016(2):65-87.
[11] NYLAND C., THOMSON S. BRUCE, ZHU CHERRIE J.. Employer attitudes towards social insurance compliance in Shanghai, China[J]. International social security review, 2011, 64(4):73–98.
[12] METTLER S., SOSS JOE. The consequences of public policy or democratic citizenship:bridging policy studies and mass politics.[J]. Perspectives on politics,2004, 2(1):55-73.
[13] KORPI W., PALME JOAKIM. The paradox of redistribution and strategies of equality:welfare state institutions, inequality, and poverty in the western countries[J]. American sociological review, 1998, 63(5):661-687.
[14] WEAVER VESLA M., LERMAN AMY E.. Political consequences of the carceral state[J]. American political science review, 2010, 104(4):817-833.
[15] PATASHNIK ERIC M., ZELIZER JULIAN E..The struggle to remake politics:liberal reform and the limits of policy feedback in the contemporary American State[J]. Perspectives on politics, 2013, 11(4):1071-1087.
[16] FLAVIN PATRICK, GRIFFIN JOHN D.. Policy,preferences, and participation:government's impact on democratic citizenship[J]. Journal of politics, 2009, 71(2):544-559.
[17] METTLER SUZANNE, WELCH ERIC. Civic generation:Policy feedback effects of the GI bill on political involvement over the life course[J]. British journal of political science, 2004, 34(3):497-518.
[18] ROSE DEONDRA EUNIQUE. The development of U.S. higher education policy and its impact on the gender dynamics of American citizenship[J]. Herbs in the treatment of children, 2012, 31(3):257–263.
[19] CAMPBELL ANDREA LOUISE. Policy makes mass politics[J]. Annual review of political science, 2012, 15(1):333-351.
[20] CHEN JOWEI. Voter partisanship and the effect of distributive spending on political participation[J].American journal of political science, 2013, 57(1):200-217.
[21] FARICY CHRISTOPHER. The politics of social policy in America:The causes and effects of indirect versus direct social spending[J]. Social science electronic publishing, 2011, 73(1):74-83.
[22]郭磊,秦酉.省级政府社会政策创新扩散研究——以企业年金税收优惠政策为例[J].甘肃行政学院学报, 2017(1):67-77.
[23]郭磊,苏涛永,秦酉.是否创新与如何创新:政策创新扩散机制的动态比较研究[J].中国软科学,2019(5):160-167.
[24]郭磊,苏涛永.人力资源、税收、所有制与企业年金参保——基于家庭金融微观数据的实证研究[J].公共管理学报,2015,12(1):94-106.
[25] HERNANES E., PIGGOTT J., ZHANG T.,STROM S.. Occupational pensions, tenure and taxes[J]. Journal of pension economics and finance,2011,10(3):435-456.
[26] ELLIS RANDALL P., Ma CHING-TO ALBERT.Health insurance, cost expectations, and adverse job turnover[J]. Health economics, 2011, 20(1):27.
[27] HLERS ANNA L., SCHUBERT GUNTER. Effective policy implementation in China's local state[J].Modern China, 2015, 41(4):1164-1182.
[28]宋晓梧.企业社会保险缴费成本与政策调整取向[J].社会保障评论,2017,1(1):63-82.
(1)参见国家医疗保障局网站http://www.nhsa.gov.cn/.访问时间:2019年5月19日。
[2]王延中.习近平新时代我国社会保障体系的改革方向[J].社会保障评论, 2018(1):13-26.
[3]鲁全.中国共产党对社会保障认识的变迁与发展(1997-2017)[J].国家行政学院学报,2017(6):99-104.
[4]周弘,彭姝祎.国际金融危机后世界社会保障发展趋势[J].中国人民大学学报,2015(3):26-34.
[5]郭磊.基本养老保险挤出了企业年金吗——基于政策反馈理论的实证研究[J].社会保障评论,2018(1):65-81.
[6]战洋.作为团结机制的慈善及其困境——一则政治人类学分析[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014(5):156-164.
[7]郑功成.中国社会福利改革与发展战略:从照顾弱者到普惠全民[J].中国人民大学学报,2011(2):47-60.
[8]丁学娜.职业福利补充功能的定位研究——基于中国企业职业福利转型视角[J].社会保障评论,2018(1):153-159.
[9]杨翠迎,汪润泉,沈亦骏.政策费率与征缴水平:中国城镇职工社会保险缴费背离性分析[J].公共行政评论,2018(3):162-177.
[10]郭磊,周岩.目标群体、模糊-冲突与企业职工养老保险政策执行[J].中国公共政策评论,2016(2):65-87.
[11] NYLAND C., THOMSON S. BRUCE, ZHU CHERRIE J.. Employer attitudes towards social insurance compliance in Shanghai, China[J]. International social security review, 2011, 64(4):73–98.
[12] METTLER S., SOSS JOE. The consequences of public policy or democratic citizenship:bridging policy studies and mass politics.[J]. Perspectives on politics,2004, 2(1):55-73.
[13] KORPI W., PALME JOAKIM. The paradox of redistribution and strategies of equality:welfare state institutions, inequality, and poverty in the western countries[J]. American sociological review, 1998, 63(5):661-687.
[14] WEAVER VESLA M., LERMAN AMY E.. Political consequences of the carceral state[J]. American political science review, 2010, 104(4):817-833.
[15] PATASHNIK ERIC M., ZELIZER JULIAN E..The struggle to remake politics:liberal reform and the limits of policy feedback in the contemporary American State[J]. Perspectives on politics, 2013, 11(4):1071-1087.
[16] FLAVIN PATRICK, GRIFFIN JOHN D.. Policy,preferences, and participation:government's impact on democratic citizenship[J]. Journal of politics, 2009, 71(2):544-559.
[17] METTLER SUZANNE, WELCH ERIC. Civic generation:Policy feedback effects of the GI bill on political involvement over the life course[J]. British journal of political science, 2004, 34(3):497-518.
[18] ROSE DEONDRA EUNIQUE. The development of U.S. higher education policy and its impact on the gender dynamics of American citizenship[J]. Herbs in the treatment of children, 2012, 31(3):257–263.
[19] CAMPBELL ANDREA LOUISE. Policy makes mass politics[J]. Annual review of political science, 2012, 15(1):333-351.
[20] CHEN JOWEI. Voter partisanship and the effect of distributive spending on political participation[J].American journal of political science, 2013, 57(1):200-217.
[21] FARICY CHRISTOPHER. The politics of social policy in America:The causes and effects of indirect versus direct social spending[J]. Social science electronic publishing, 2011, 73(1):74-83.
[22]郭磊,秦酉.省级政府社会政策创新扩散研究——以企业年金税收优惠政策为例[J].甘肃行政学院学报, 2017(1):67-77.
[23]郭磊,苏涛永,秦酉.是否创新与如何创新:政策创新扩散机制的动态比较研究[J].中国软科学,2019(5):160-167.
[24]郭磊,苏涛永.人力资源、税收、所有制与企业年金参保——基于家庭金融微观数据的实证研究[J].公共管理学报,2015,12(1):94-106.
[25] HERNANES E., PIGGOTT J., ZHANG T.,STROM S.. Occupational pensions, tenure and taxes[J]. Journal of pension economics and finance,2011,10(3):435-456.
[26] ELLIS RANDALL P., Ma CHING-TO ALBERT.Health insurance, cost expectations, and adverse job turnover[J]. Health economics, 2011, 20(1):27.
[27] HLERS ANNA L., SCHUBERT GUNTER. Effective policy implementation in China's local state[J].Modern China, 2015, 41(4):1164-1182.
[28]宋晓梧.企业社会保险缴费成本与政策调整取向[J].社会保障评论,2017,1(1):63-82.
(1)参见国家医疗保障局网站http://www.nhsa.gov.cn/.访问时间:2019年5月19日。