福建气候条件下菜用大豆杂交方法研究
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摘要
【目的】为探索提高福建气候条件下杂交成功率的有效方法,加快我省菜用大豆育种效率,为菜用大豆育种提供参考依据。【方法】通过在福建秋季非雨天配制杂交组合试验,选择不同时间的花蕾、萼片保留方法、不同授粉时间段等9个处理,每个处理3个组合,研究对菜用大豆杂交成活率和成功率的影响。【结果】选择始花期的前3 d花蕾去雄授粉,可显著或极显著提高菜用大豆杂交成活率,分别比第5 d提高了11.34%、12.00%、8.67%,同时真杂种率在90%以上;保留萼片有效地保护了雌蕊柱头及幼荚,使菜用大豆杂交成活率提高了5.34%,真杂种率达97.92%;去雄后次日授粉有利于提高杂交的成活率,比上午去雄即授粉提高了21.34%。【结论】福建气候条件下提高菜用大豆杂交成功率的综合技术方法是:秋季高畦双行播种,父母本相邻播种并连续播种7 d,其中父本提前5 d开始播种;非雨天配制杂交组合;选择始花期的前3 d的花蕾,去除2个萼片保留3个萼片,去除全部花瓣和雄蕊,下午进行花蕾处理,次日上午6∶00～8∶00授粉;整个生长期精细管理。
【Objective】To improve the success rate in crossing, expedite the hybridization process, and provide information for future reference on the vegetable soybean breeding program specifically designed for the climatic conditions of Fujian Province. 【Method】 An experimentation employing 9 variations on floral budding time, sepals retention and pollination period with 3 combinations of soybean varieties for each hybridization treatment was conducted on rain-free autumn days. 【Result】(1) Conducting emasculation and pollination on buds within the first 3 days in the initial flowering stage significantly or extremely significantly improved the survival rates of the hybrid. The rates were 11.34% higher on the 1~(st) day, 12.00% on the 2~(nd) day and 8.67% on the 3~(rd) day than on the 5~(th) day buds. The true hybridization obtained was greater than 90%.(2) Retaining sepals on the buds effectively protected the pistil stigmas and young pods, as well as rendered a hybrid survival rate of 5.34% and a true hybridization rate of 97.92%. And,(3) Performing pollination the day after emasculation resulted in a 21.34% higher hybrid survival rate than if the pollination was carried out in the same morning. 【Conclusion】 The recommended hybridization procedures were, therefore, to sow seeds in double rows with the parents adjacent to each other and the father sowed 5 days in advance for 7 days in autumn, utilize buds no later than 3 days after flowering, cross under rain-free condition, remove two and retain 3 sepals on a bud, eliminate all flowers, treat the petals and stamens in the afternoon, perform pollination between 6:00 to 8:00 a.m. on the day after emasculation, and handle with care during the entire growth period.
【Objective】To improve the success rate in crossing, expedite the hybridization process, and provide information for future reference on the vegetable soybean breeding program specifically designed for the climatic conditions of Fujian Province. 【Method】 An experimentation employing 9 variations on floral budding time, sepals retention and pollination period with 3 combinations of soybean varieties for each hybridization treatment was conducted on rain-free autumn days. 【Result】(1) Conducting emasculation and pollination on buds within the first 3 days in the initial flowering stage significantly or extremely significantly improved the survival rates of the hybrid. The rates were 11.34% higher on the 1~(st) day, 12.00% on the 2~(nd) day and 8.67% on the 3~(rd) day than on the 5~(th) day buds. The true hybridization obtained was greater than 90%.(2) Retaining sepals on the buds effectively protected the pistil stigmas and young pods, as well as rendered a hybrid survival rate of 5.34% and a true hybridization rate of 97.92%. And,(3) Performing pollination the day after emasculation resulted in a 21.34% higher hybrid survival rate than if the pollination was carried out in the same morning. 【Conclusion】 The recommended hybridization procedures were, therefore, to sow seeds in double rows with the parents adjacent to each other and the father sowed 5 days in advance for 7 days in autumn, utilize buds no later than 3 days after flowering, cross under rain-free condition, remove two and retain 3 sepals on a bud, eliminate all flowers, treat the petals and stamens in the afternoon, perform pollination between 6:00 to 8:00 a.m. on the day after emasculation, and handle with care during the entire growth period.
引文
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[13]赵勇,汗宝坤.怎样提高大豆杂交的结实率[J].种子世界,1996(4):32-33. ZHAO Y,HAN B K.How to improve seed setting rate of soybean hybrids[J].Seed World,1996(4):32-33.(in Chinese)
[14]汤玉华,季志强.介绍一种提高大豆杂交成活率简便有效的方法[J].大豆科技,1998(3):18. TANG Y H,JI Z Q.A simple and effective method to improve the survival rate of soybean hybrids is introduced.[J].Soybean Bulletin,1998(3):18.(in Chinese)
[15]于文来,金鑫.怎样提高大豆杂交成活率[J].种子,1994(1):55-56. YU W L,JIN X, How to improve the survival rate of soybean hybrids[J].Seed,1994(1):55-56.(in Chinese)
[16]高敏,赵爱莉.大豆不去雄杂交技术与后期管理简介[J].农业与技术,1997(1):25-26. GAO M,ZHAO A L,Brief introduction of soybean non emasculation hybridization technology and later management[J].Agriculture & Technology,1997(1):25-26.(in Chinese)
[17]王树波.黑龙江省早熟大豆杂交技术及田间管理[J].黑龙江农业科学,2014(6):163-164. WANG S B.Hybridization technology and field management of early maturing soybean in Heilongjiang[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2014(6):163-164.(in Chinese)
[18]李卫东,大豆杂交成活率与气象因子效应的分析[J].大豆科学,1990,9(1):83-87. LI W D,Effect of meteorological factors on rate of soybean crossing success[J].Soybean Science,1990,9(1):83-87.(in Chinese)
[19]金文林.春大豆花蕾发育进程的观察[J].中国油料,1985(1):29-32. JIN W L, Observation on the development process of spring soybean buds[J].Chinese Oil,1985(1):29-32.(in Chinese)
[20]唐启义,冯明光.DPS数据处理系统——实验设计、统计分析及模型优化[M].北京:科学出版社,2006. TANG Q Y,FENG M G.DPS DATA Processing System—Experimental Design,Statistical Analysis and Modeling[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006.(in Chinese)
[21]韩德志,卢锐,闫洪睿,等.高纬寒地大豆杂交方法介绍[J].黑龙江农业科学,2016(11):159-161. HAN D Z,LU R,YAN H R, et al..Introduction of soybean hybrid methods in high latitude cold region[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Science,2016(11):159-161.(in Chinese)
[22]张秋英,李彦生,王国栋,等.菜用大豆品质及其影响因素研究进展[J].大豆科学, 2010, 29(6):1065-1070. ZHANG Q Y, LI Y S, WANG G D, et al.Quality and factors involved in vegetable soybean production[J].Soybean Science,2010,29(6):1065-1070.(in Chinese)
[2]韩天富,盖钧镒.世界菜用大豆生产、贸易和研究的进展[J].大豆科学,2002,21(4):278-284.HAN T F,GAI J Y.Advances in the production, trade and research of vegetable soybeans in the world[J].Soybean Science,2002,21(4):278-284.(in Chinese)
[3]顾卫红,郑洪健,张燕,等.菜用大豆的国际需求及科研生产动态(综述)[J].上海农业学报,2002,18(2):45-48.GU W H,ZHENG H J,ZHANG Y et al.Trends in production, demand and scientific researches on vegetable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]at home and abroad(review) [J].Acta Agriculturae Shanghai,2002,18(2):45-48.(in Chinese)
[4]陈学珍,谢皓,李婷婷, 等.我国菜用大豆研究与生产利用现状[J].北京农学院学报,2003,18(4):311-315.CHEN X Z,XIE H,Li T T et al.Research and production of vegetable soybean in china[J].Journal of Beijing Agricultural College, 2003,18(4):311-315.(in Chinese)
[5]胡润芳,张玉梅,王志纯,等.菜用大豆新品种‘闽豆5号’的选育及高产稳产特性[J].福建农业学报,2014,29(8):741-744.HU R F,ZHANG Y M,WANG Z C, et al.Breeding and character of high-steady yield of vegetable soybean Mindou 5[J].Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2014,29(8):741-744.(in Chinese)
[6]卢广远,施立善.大豆整体去雄杂交技术[J].大豆科技,2009(5):47-48.LU G Y,SHI L S.The soybean overall emasculation hybridization technique[J].Soybean Bulletin,2009(5):47-48.(in Chinese)
[7]于伟,李磊,李智,等.大豆杂交方法与技巧[J].作物杂志,2005(6):51-52.YU W, LI L, LI Z Wang M.Methods and skills of soybean hybridization[J].Crops,2005(6):51-52.(in Chinese)
[8]韩冬伟.影响大豆杂交成活率因素分析[J].黑龙江农业科学,2010(9):107-108.HAN D W.Analysis of factors affecting the survival rate of soybean hybrid[J].Hellongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2010(9):107-108.(in Chinese)
[9]张桂茹.大豆杂交技术[J].黑龙江农业科学,1999(2):28-29.ZHANG G R.Soybean hybrid technology[J].Hellongjiang Agricultural Sciences,1999(2)28-29.(in Chinese)
[10]张勇,孙石,杨兴勇,等.提高南繁条件下大豆杂交成功率的方法[J].作物学报,2014,40(7):1296-1303. ZHANG Y,SUN S,YANG X Y,Sun X G,Wu C X,Han T F.Improvement of soybean hybridization success rate during winter nursing in hainan Island[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2014,40(7):1296-1303.(in Chinese)
[11]王敏.影响大豆杂交成活率因素初探[J].安徽农学通报,2009,15(4)61-62. WANG M,Factors affecting survival rate of soybean hybrids[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,15(4)61-62.(in Chinese)
[12]樊翠芹,苗玉凤,王文秀,等.影响大豆杂交成功率的因素及提高途径[J].河北农业技术师范学院学报,1999,13(2):34-36. FAN C Q,MIAO Y F,WANG W X,Yang C Y.Factors affecting pod-setting ratio of soybean crossing and improving methods[J].Journal of Hebei Agrotechnicai Teachers College,1999,13(2):34-36.(in Chinese)
[13]赵勇,汗宝坤.怎样提高大豆杂交的结实率[J].种子世界,1996(4):32-33. ZHAO Y,HAN B K.How to improve seed setting rate of soybean hybrids[J].Seed World,1996(4):32-33.(in Chinese)
[14]汤玉华,季志强.介绍一种提高大豆杂交成活率简便有效的方法[J].大豆科技,1998(3):18. TANG Y H,JI Z Q.A simple and effective method to improve the survival rate of soybean hybrids is introduced.[J].Soybean Bulletin,1998(3):18.(in Chinese)
[15]于文来,金鑫.怎样提高大豆杂交成活率[J].种子,1994(1):55-56. YU W L,JIN X, How to improve the survival rate of soybean hybrids[J].Seed,1994(1):55-56.(in Chinese)
[16]高敏,赵爱莉.大豆不去雄杂交技术与后期管理简介[J].农业与技术,1997(1):25-26. GAO M,ZHAO A L,Brief introduction of soybean non emasculation hybridization technology and later management[J].Agriculture & Technology,1997(1):25-26.(in Chinese)
[17]王树波.黑龙江省早熟大豆杂交技术及田间管理[J].黑龙江农业科学,2014(6):163-164. WANG S B.Hybridization technology and field management of early maturing soybean in Heilongjiang[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2014(6):163-164.(in Chinese)
[18]李卫东,大豆杂交成活率与气象因子效应的分析[J].大豆科学,1990,9(1):83-87. LI W D,Effect of meteorological factors on rate of soybean crossing success[J].Soybean Science,1990,9(1):83-87.(in Chinese)
[19]金文林.春大豆花蕾发育进程的观察[J].中国油料,1985(1):29-32. JIN W L, Observation on the development process of spring soybean buds[J].Chinese Oil,1985(1):29-32.(in Chinese)
[20]唐启义,冯明光.DPS数据处理系统——实验设计、统计分析及模型优化[M].北京:科学出版社,2006. TANG Q Y,FENG M G.DPS DATA Processing System—Experimental Design,Statistical Analysis and Modeling[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006.(in Chinese)
[21]韩德志,卢锐,闫洪睿,等.高纬寒地大豆杂交方法介绍[J].黑龙江农业科学,2016(11):159-161. HAN D Z,LU R,YAN H R, et al..Introduction of soybean hybrid methods in high latitude cold region[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Science,2016(11):159-161.(in Chinese)
[22]张秋英,李彦生,王国栋,等.菜用大豆品质及其影响因素研究进展[J].大豆科学, 2010, 29(6):1065-1070. ZHANG Q Y, LI Y S, WANG G D, et al.Quality and factors involved in vegetable soybean production[J].Soybean Science,2010,29(6):1065-1070.(in Chinese)