道格拉斯《自述》中的异质叙事策略研究
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摘要
《弗雷德里克·道格拉斯:一个美国奴隶的自述,由他本人亲自撰写》是美国奴隶叙事的经典之作,它的成功和经典化离不开巧妙的异质叙事策略。传统的奴隶叙事试图借黑人身份和白人文化的融合建立自己的独立身份,而道格拉斯的《自述》则强调了自己作为黑人的异质性身份。黑人歌曲成为黑奴将信息编码的载体和保护黑人文化的工具,与科维的打斗颠覆了作为奴隶制根基的主奴关系,而非暴力不合作的策略则让道格拉斯能够与奴隶制抗争,最终获得自由。
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,an American Slave,Written by Himself is a classic of American slave narratives.Its success and classicization cannot be separated from brilliant heterogeneous narrative strategies.The traditional slave narrative attempts to establish its own independent identity through the fusion of black identity and white culture,while Douglass' s narrative emphasizes his heterogeneous identity as a black man.The black songs became the carrier of the black slaves' information coding and the tool to protect the black culture.The fight with Covey subverted the master-slave relationship,which is the foundation of slavery system,while the nonviolent and non-cooperative strategies allowed Douglass to fight with slavery and ultimately become free.
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,an American Slave,Written by Himself is a classic of American slave narratives.Its success and classicization cannot be separated from brilliant heterogeneous narrative strategies.The traditional slave narrative attempts to establish its own independent identity through the fusion of black identity and white culture,while Douglass' s narrative emphasizes his heterogeneous identity as a black man.The black songs became the carrier of the black slaves' information coding and the tool to protect the black culture.The fight with Covey subverted the master-slave relationship,which is the foundation of slavery system,while the nonviolent and non-cooperative strategies allowed Douglass to fight with slavery and ultimately become free.
引文
[1]盖茨.意指的猴子:一个非裔美国文学批评理论[M].王元陆译.北京:北京大学出版社,2011.
[2]施咸荣.美国黑人奴隶歌曲[J].美国研究,1990(1).
[3]王育平,杨金才.从惠特利到道格拉斯看美国黑人奴隶文学中的自我建构[J].外国文学研究,2005(2).
[4]Kohn M.Frederick Douglass's masterslave dialectic[J].The Journal of Politics,2005,67(2):497-514.
[5]Gates Jr H L.The signifying monkey:Atheory of African American literary criticism[M].Oxford University Press,2014.
[6]Jones D C.Literacy,Orality,and Silence:"Reading"the Exigencies of Oppression in Fredrick Douglass'1845"Narrative."[J].Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Conference on College Composition and Communication,1995.
[7]Messmer D.”If not in the word,in the sound":Frederick Douglass's mediation of literacy through song[J].ATQ:19th century American literature and culture,2007,21(1):5-22.
(1)弗雷德里克·道格拉斯.道格拉斯自述[M].李文俊译.北京:三联书店,1988:19.引自该书此后只标页码,不另做注。
(2)在当时奴隶制的社会环境下,奴隶主能给一个奴隶二角五分钱,是很少见的。
(3)“地下铁路”(Underground Railroad)是美国内战前废奴运动的重要途径,白人、黑人和印第安土著人通过提供秘密逃亡路线、交通工具、安全住所等资源帮助黑奴从南方逃到北方或越境进入加拿大从而获得自由。
[2]施咸荣.美国黑人奴隶歌曲[J].美国研究,1990(1).
[3]王育平,杨金才.从惠特利到道格拉斯看美国黑人奴隶文学中的自我建构[J].外国文学研究,2005(2).
[4]Kohn M.Frederick Douglass's masterslave dialectic[J].The Journal of Politics,2005,67(2):497-514.
[5]Gates Jr H L.The signifying monkey:Atheory of African American literary criticism[M].Oxford University Press,2014.
[6]Jones D C.Literacy,Orality,and Silence:"Reading"the Exigencies of Oppression in Fredrick Douglass'1845"Narrative."[J].Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Conference on College Composition and Communication,1995.
[7]Messmer D.”If not in the word,in the sound":Frederick Douglass's mediation of literacy through song[J].ATQ:19th century American literature and culture,2007,21(1):5-22.
(1)弗雷德里克·道格拉斯.道格拉斯自述[M].李文俊译.北京:三联书店,1988:19.引自该书此后只标页码,不另做注。
(2)在当时奴隶制的社会环境下,奴隶主能给一个奴隶二角五分钱,是很少见的。
(3)“地下铁路”(Underground Railroad)是美国内战前废奴运动的重要途径,白人、黑人和印第安土著人通过提供秘密逃亡路线、交通工具、安全住所等资源帮助黑奴从南方逃到北方或越境进入加拿大从而获得自由。