数字时代远程开放教育:英国篇
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摘要
1858年伦敦大学取消对学习者的住校要求,自此,英国开始为学生提供远程学习机会。一百多年后的1969年,英国开放大学获得皇家特许状。本文追溯英国远程学习的发展历程,包括其四个组成部分(英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰)的不同拨款机制和质量保障过程。文章还探讨了远程学习作为一种学习模式在早期所取得的成功,以及政府对业余学生和人文学科拨款的变化在现阶段给高等学校,尤其是英国开放大学带来的挑战。大规模公开在线课程(慕课)和其他非正式学习机会也对传统远程学习产生影响。本文最后总结了远程开放e-Learning领域取得的一些成就,包括被融入英国高等教育体系和对这种学习模式学术质量的认可。
Because of its geography, distance education has a long history in Canada. This article looks at the range and type of institutions that currently offer open and distance education(ODE), how quality in ODE course design is achieved, and how Canada resembles and also differs from the USA in this field.The article analyses the numerous innovations in distance education and online learning in Canada, and ends with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities that Canada faces in this area.
Because of its geography, distance education has a long history in Canada. This article looks at the range and type of institutions that currently offer open and distance education(ODE), how quality in ODE course design is achieved, and how Canada resembles and also differs from the USA in this field.The article analyses the numerous innovations in distance education and online learning in Canada, and ends with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities that Canada faces in this area.
引文
Ashby,A.,Richardson,J.T.E.,&Woodley,A.(2011).National student feedback surveys in distance education:an investigation at the UKOpen University.Open Learning:The Journal of Open,Distance and e-Learning,26(1),5-25.
HESA.(2013).Table T3e-Non-continuation two years following year of entry:UK domiciled part-time first degree entrants 2011/12.Retrieved fromhttps://www.hesa.ac.uk/pis/noncon
HESA.(2016).Statistical first release:Higher education student enrol?ments and qualifications obtained at higher education providers in the United Kingdom 2014/15,SFR 224.Retrieved from https://www.hesa.ac.uk/news/14-01-2016/sfr224-enrolments-and-qualifications
House of Commons Education and Skills Committee.(2005).UK e-Uni?versity.Retrieved from http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmeduski/205/205.pdf
Kenyon Jones,C.(2008).The PeoplesUniversity 1858-2008:150 years of the University of London and its External Students.Cambridge Uni?versity Press,University of London.
Kerrison,M.(2016).From Present to Future of the MOOC.Presentation at the University of London International Programmes,Centre for Dis?tance Education Conference,March 11,2016.
Mills,R.(1999).Diversity,convergence and the evolution of student support in higher educationin the UK.In A.Tait&R.Mills(Eds.),The convergence of distance and conventional education(pp.71-85).London:Routledge.
Panciroli,E.,Engstrand,S.,Graham,E.,&Clarke,S.(2015).‘Blended’learning at the University of the Highlands and Islands:A case study in self-awareness and policy making.Journal of Perspectives in Ap?plied Academic Practice,3(1),39-48.Retrieved from http://jpaap.na?pier.ac.uk/index.php/JPAAP/article/view/149/pdf
Quality Assurance Agency for UK Higher Education(QAA).(2010).Code of practice for the assurance of academic quality and standards in higher education:Collaborative provision and flexibleand distribut?ed learning(including e-learning).QAA,London,UK(Code of prac?tice for the assurance of academic-Amplified version October).
Quality Assurance Agency for UK Higher Education(QAA).(2012).The quality code for UK higher education.Retrieved from http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/Quality-Code-introduction.pdf
QualityAssuranceAgencyforUKHigherEducation(QAA).(2014).State?ment on massive open online courses.Retrieved from http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/QAAposition-statement-MOOCs.pdf
QualityAssuranceAgencyforUKHigherEducation(QAA).(2016).Higher education review.Retrieved from http://www.qaa.ac.uk/reviews-andreports/how-we-review-highereducation/higher-education-review
ScottishFundingCouncil(SFC).(2017-18).Outcome agreements for uni?versities-Indicative funding decisions for AY 2017-18.Retrieved from http://www.sfc.ac.uk/web/FILES/Announcements_SFCAN092017/SFC_AN_09_2017_Outcome_Agreement_Funding_for_Universi?ties_-_Final_Allocations_for_AY_2017-18.pdf
Simpson,O.(2004).The impact on retention of interventions to support distance learning students.Open Learning:the Journal of Open,Dis?tance and e-Learning,19(1),79-95.
Smith,M.,&Macdonald,D.(2015).Assessing quality and effectiveness in fully online distance education.Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practic,3(1),24-38.Retrieved from http://jpaap.napier.ac.uk/index.php/JPAAP/article/view/147.
Tait,A.(2008).What are open universities for?Open Learning:The Journal of Open,Distance and e-Learning,23(2),85-94.
Tait,A.(2016).The end of distance education?In Presentation at the University of London International Programmes,Centre for Distance Education Conference,March 11,2016.
Tait,A.,&Mills,R.(1999).The convergence of distance and convention?al education.London and New York:Routledge.
TheGuardian.(2017).Part-time student numbers collapse.Retrievedfrom https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/may/02/part-time-stu?dent-numbers-collapse-universities
THES.(2016a,March 3).Open University posts￡7m loss as student numbers slump.Retrieved from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/open-university-posts-ps7m-lossstudent-numbers-slump
THES.(2016b,August 10).National student survey 2016:Overall satis?faction results.Retrieved from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/national-student-survey-2016-overall-satisfaction-re?sults
Weinbren,D.(2015).The open university:A history.Manchester Univer?sity in association with the Open University.
White,D.,Warren,N.,Faughnan,S.,&Manton,M.(2010).Study of UKonline learning.Report to HEFCE.Department for Continuing Educa?tion,University of Oxford.Retrieved from http://www.hefce.ac.uk/me?dia/hefce/content/pubs/2010/rd1710/rd17_10.pdf
*This article is aA mcheraipctaesr in A.Qayyum&O.Zawacki-Richter(Eds.),Open and Distance Education in Australia,Europe and the,SpringerBriefs in Open and Distance Education(https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0298-5_10)which is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
(1)迈克·沙普尔斯奥森.2013.移动学习:研究、实践和挑战[J].中国远程教育(3):5-11,44.
(2)蒙德·辛普.2013.主动提供动力支持克服“远程教育缺陷”[J].中国远程教育(7):5-11,95.
(3)奥蒙德·辛普森.2015.远程教育的面授教学--文献及案例述评探索一流的个性化综合学习支持[J].中国远程教育(9):14-24,79.
(4)帕特·阿特金斯.2013.[J].中国远程教育(7)彼强英国学校的“信息通信技术教学”:22,95.
(5)得·特文宁,菲奥纳·亨利.2013.加:12-Vital项目启示[J].中国远程教育(12):20-31,33,32,95.
(6)瑞姬妮·.2014.应用新技术促进远程语言学习的互动与交流[生J].中国远程教育(支持服务5):11-19,9.
(7)伦·泰特.2014.从实地到虚拟空间:重构数字时代远程e-learning[J].中国远程教育(6):19-27,95.
(1)玛丽·索普.2014.在线交互:论坛使用策略的重要性[J].中国远程教育(7):15-23,95.
(2)丁·库珀.2014.如何满足远程教育残疾学生需求?--来自英国开放大学的经验[J].中国远程教育(12):18-27,95.
(3)安妮·盖斯凯尔,罗杰·米尔斯.2015.远程教育和e-learning的挑战:质量、认可度和成效[J].中国远程教育(1):5-15,41,79.
(4)安妮·盖斯凯尔,罗杰·米尔斯.2017.新技术使更多人接受高等教育了吗?[J].中国远程教育(1):20-29,79-80.
(5)安迪·莱恩,莎莉·凯尔德,马丁·韦勒.2015.慕课的潜在社会、经济和环境效益--从运营和历史角度与一门大规模“封闭在线”课程的比较学习的[J].中国远程教育(能性与挑战):18-24,79.
(6)丽贝卡·弗格森.2016.增强[J].中国远程教育(5):5-13,79.
(7)海伦·法利,安妮·派克,乌古尔·德米拉伊,纳巴什·汤郎英耳其和尼日利亚.2016.数字化高等教育进监狱--来自澳大利亚、国、土所大学的经验[J].中国远程教育(7):26-35,43,79-80.
(1)苏辛.2004.南橘北枳[J].中国远程教育(23):1.
HESA.(2013).Table T3e-Non-continuation two years following year of entry:UK domiciled part-time first degree entrants 2011/12.Retrieved fromhttps://www.hesa.ac.uk/pis/noncon
HESA.(2016).Statistical first release:Higher education student enrol?ments and qualifications obtained at higher education providers in the United Kingdom 2014/15,SFR 224.Retrieved from https://www.hesa.ac.uk/news/14-01-2016/sfr224-enrolments-and-qualifications
House of Commons Education and Skills Committee.(2005).UK e-Uni?versity.Retrieved from http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmeduski/205/205.pdf
Kenyon Jones,C.(2008).The PeoplesUniversity 1858-2008:150 years of the University of London and its External Students.Cambridge Uni?versity Press,University of London.
Kerrison,M.(2016).From Present to Future of the MOOC.Presentation at the University of London International Programmes,Centre for Dis?tance Education Conference,March 11,2016.
Mills,R.(1999).Diversity,convergence and the evolution of student support in higher educationin the UK.In A.Tait&R.Mills(Eds.),The convergence of distance and conventional education(pp.71-85).London:Routledge.
Panciroli,E.,Engstrand,S.,Graham,E.,&Clarke,S.(2015).‘Blended’learning at the University of the Highlands and Islands:A case study in self-awareness and policy making.Journal of Perspectives in Ap?plied Academic Practice,3(1),39-48.Retrieved from http://jpaap.na?pier.ac.uk/index.php/JPAAP/article/view/149/pdf
Quality Assurance Agency for UK Higher Education(QAA).(2010).Code of practice for the assurance of academic quality and standards in higher education:Collaborative provision and flexibleand distribut?ed learning(including e-learning).QAA,London,UK(Code of prac?tice for the assurance of academic-Amplified version October).
Quality Assurance Agency for UK Higher Education(QAA).(2012).The quality code for UK higher education.Retrieved from http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/Quality-Code-introduction.pdf
QualityAssuranceAgencyforUKHigherEducation(QAA).(2014).State?ment on massive open online courses.Retrieved from http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/QAAposition-statement-MOOCs.pdf
QualityAssuranceAgencyforUKHigherEducation(QAA).(2016).Higher education review.Retrieved from http://www.qaa.ac.uk/reviews-andreports/how-we-review-highereducation/higher-education-review
ScottishFundingCouncil(SFC).(2017-18).Outcome agreements for uni?versities-Indicative funding decisions for AY 2017-18.Retrieved from http://www.sfc.ac.uk/web/FILES/Announcements_SFCAN092017/SFC_AN_09_2017_Outcome_Agreement_Funding_for_Universi?ties_-_Final_Allocations_for_AY_2017-18.pdf
Simpson,O.(2004).The impact on retention of interventions to support distance learning students.Open Learning:the Journal of Open,Dis?tance and e-Learning,19(1),79-95.
Smith,M.,&Macdonald,D.(2015).Assessing quality and effectiveness in fully online distance education.Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practic,3(1),24-38.Retrieved from http://jpaap.napier.ac.uk/index.php/JPAAP/article/view/147.
Tait,A.(2008).What are open universities for?Open Learning:The Journal of Open,Distance and e-Learning,23(2),85-94.
Tait,A.(2016).The end of distance education?In Presentation at the University of London International Programmes,Centre for Distance Education Conference,March 11,2016.
Tait,A.,&Mills,R.(1999).The convergence of distance and convention?al education.London and New York:Routledge.
TheGuardian.(2017).Part-time student numbers collapse.Retrievedfrom https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/may/02/part-time-stu?dent-numbers-collapse-universities
THES.(2016a,March 3).Open University posts￡7m loss as student numbers slump.Retrieved from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/open-university-posts-ps7m-lossstudent-numbers-slump
THES.(2016b,August 10).National student survey 2016:Overall satis?faction results.Retrieved from https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/national-student-survey-2016-overall-satisfaction-re?sults
Weinbren,D.(2015).The open university:A history.Manchester Univer?sity in association with the Open University.
White,D.,Warren,N.,Faughnan,S.,&Manton,M.(2010).Study of UKonline learning.Report to HEFCE.Department for Continuing Educa?tion,University of Oxford.Retrieved from http://www.hefce.ac.uk/me?dia/hefce/content/pubs/2010/rd1710/rd17_10.pdf
*This article is aA mcheraipctaesr in A.Qayyum&O.Zawacki-Richter(Eds.),Open and Distance Education in Australia,Europe and the,SpringerBriefs in Open and Distance Education(https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0298-5_10)which is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
(1)迈克·沙普尔斯奥森.2013.移动学习:研究、实践和挑战[J].中国远程教育(3):5-11,44.
(2)蒙德·辛普.2013.主动提供动力支持克服“远程教育缺陷”[J].中国远程教育(7):5-11,95.
(3)奥蒙德·辛普森.2015.远程教育的面授教学--文献及案例述评探索一流的个性化综合学习支持[J].中国远程教育(9):14-24,79.
(4)帕特·阿特金斯.2013.[J].中国远程教育(7)彼强英国学校的“信息通信技术教学”:22,95.
(5)得·特文宁,菲奥纳·亨利.2013.加:12-Vital项目启示[J].中国远程教育(12):20-31,33,32,95.
(6)瑞姬妮·.2014.应用新技术促进远程语言学习的互动与交流[生J].中国远程教育(支持服务5):11-19,9.
(7)伦·泰特.2014.从实地到虚拟空间:重构数字时代远程e-learning[J].中国远程教育(6):19-27,95.
(1)玛丽·索普.2014.在线交互:论坛使用策略的重要性[J].中国远程教育(7):15-23,95.
(2)丁·库珀.2014.如何满足远程教育残疾学生需求?--来自英国开放大学的经验[J].中国远程教育(12):18-27,95.
(3)安妮·盖斯凯尔,罗杰·米尔斯.2015.远程教育和e-learning的挑战:质量、认可度和成效[J].中国远程教育(1):5-15,41,79.
(4)安妮·盖斯凯尔,罗杰·米尔斯.2017.新技术使更多人接受高等教育了吗?[J].中国远程教育(1):20-29,79-80.
(5)安迪·莱恩,莎莉·凯尔德,马丁·韦勒.2015.慕课的潜在社会、经济和环境效益--从运营和历史角度与一门大规模“封闭在线”课程的比较学习的[J].中国远程教育(能性与挑战):18-24,79.
(6)丽贝卡·弗格森.2016.增强[J].中国远程教育(5):5-13,79.
(7)海伦·法利,安妮·派克,乌古尔·德米拉伊,纳巴什·汤郎英耳其和尼日利亚.2016.数字化高等教育进监狱--来自澳大利亚、国、土所大学的经验[J].中国远程教育(7):26-35,43,79-80.
(1)苏辛.2004.南橘北枳[J].中国远程教育(23):1.