深层干化土壤水分恢复试验研究
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摘要
为探索黄土丘陵区深层干化土壤在不同覆盖措施下的土壤水分恢复特征,在陕西省米脂县丘陵山地建造大型模拟干化土壤土柱,地表分别进行薄膜覆盖、石子覆盖、树枝覆盖、栽植枣树、刺槐及裸地6个处理,对2014—2017年土壤水分进行定位监测。数据分析结果表明:至试验期结束,薄膜覆盖、石子覆盖、树枝覆盖、裸地土壤水分恢复深度分别为1 000、1 000、700、480 cm,薄膜覆盖、石子覆盖、树枝覆盖、裸地、枣树、刺槐0～1 000 cm深度范围内土壤储水量变化量分别为1 211. 4、853. 4、662. 5、523. 2、17. 8、-235. 7 mm,全年覆盖降雨贮存效率分别为63. 4%、42. 4%、29. 4%、23. 0%、-8. 5%、-20. 3%,4年生枣树耗水区域为0～300 cm范围,刺槐耗水深度达1 000 cm,枣树年均蒸散量为586. 4 mm、刺槐年均蒸散量为666. 5 mm,是枣树的1. 1倍。该研究结果对黄土区大面积干化土壤修复及合理选择人工栽植植物具有积极意义。
In order to explore the soil water recovery under deep ground cover in the loess hilly region,a simulated soil column with depth of 1 000 cm and diameter of 80 cm was constructed in the hilly hills of northern Shaanxi,and there were six treatments of surface: the film mulching was provided with 16 small holes with an asymmetric diameter of about 2 mm for rainwater to enter and regularly updated every year;the stone mulching was uniform graveled with diameter from 2 cm to 5 cm,covering a thickness of 10 cm;the branch mulching was cut jujube branches,the length was about 10 cm,evenly covered after drying,the thickness was 10 cm; bare land without any covered; planting jujube with a diameter of 1 cm and height of 50 cm,without any other covering measures,regularly removed weeds; planting locust with a diameter of 1 cm and a height of 50 cm,without any other covering measures,regularly removed weeds.Soil moisture content of sloping farmland was taken as reference. Analysis of the positioning monitoring data for 2014—2017 showed that at the end of the trial period,taking the average water content of sloping farmland as the recovery target,the film mulching,stone mulching,branch mulching and bare soil moisture recovery depth was 1 000 cm,1 000 cm,700 cm and 480 cm; taking the actual soil water content of sloping farmland as the recovery target,the film mulching and stone mulching soil moisture recovery depth was 1 000 cm,the branch mulching recovery depth was 740 cm,and the bare land recovery depth was 440 cm. From the degree of recovery,the results were consistent. The water storage capacities of film mulching,stone mulching,branch mulching,bare land,jujube tree and locust were increased by 1 211. 4 mm,853. 4 mm,662. 5 mm,523. 2 mm,17. 8 mm and-235. 7 mm,respectively.The precipitation storage efficiency were 63. 4%,42. 4%,29. 4%,23. 0%,-8. 5% and-20. 3%,respectively. The water consumption area of four years old jujube was ranged from 0 cm to 300 cm,its annual average evapotranspiration was 586. 4 mm,locust consumed water up to 1 000 cm,and its annual average evapotranspiration was 666. 5 mm,which was 1. 1 times of jujube. The research result had positive significance for the large-area dry soil restoration in the loess area and the rational selection of artificially planted plants.
In order to explore the soil water recovery under deep ground cover in the loess hilly region,a simulated soil column with depth of 1 000 cm and diameter of 80 cm was constructed in the hilly hills of northern Shaanxi,and there were six treatments of surface: the film mulching was provided with 16 small holes with an asymmetric diameter of about 2 mm for rainwater to enter and regularly updated every year;the stone mulching was uniform graveled with diameter from 2 cm to 5 cm,covering a thickness of 10 cm;the branch mulching was cut jujube branches,the length was about 10 cm,evenly covered after drying,the thickness was 10 cm; bare land without any covered; planting jujube with a diameter of 1 cm and height of 50 cm,without any other covering measures,regularly removed weeds; planting locust with a diameter of 1 cm and a height of 50 cm,without any other covering measures,regularly removed weeds.Soil moisture content of sloping farmland was taken as reference. Analysis of the positioning monitoring data for 2014—2017 showed that at the end of the trial period,taking the average water content of sloping farmland as the recovery target,the film mulching,stone mulching,branch mulching and bare soil moisture recovery depth was 1 000 cm,1 000 cm,700 cm and 480 cm; taking the actual soil water content of sloping farmland as the recovery target,the film mulching and stone mulching soil moisture recovery depth was 1 000 cm,the branch mulching recovery depth was 740 cm,and the bare land recovery depth was 440 cm. From the degree of recovery,the results were consistent. The water storage capacities of film mulching,stone mulching,branch mulching,bare land,jujube tree and locust were increased by 1 211. 4 mm,853. 4 mm,662. 5 mm,523. 2 mm,17. 8 mm and-235. 7 mm,respectively.The precipitation storage efficiency were 63. 4%,42. 4%,29. 4%,23. 0%,-8. 5% and-20. 3%,respectively. The water consumption area of four years old jujube was ranged from 0 cm to 300 cm,its annual average evapotranspiration was 586. 4 mm,locust consumed water up to 1 000 cm,and its annual average evapotranspiration was 666. 5 mm,which was 1. 1 times of jujube. The research result had positive significance for the large-area dry soil restoration in the loess area and the rational selection of artificially planted plants.
引文
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[2]李玉山.土壤水库的功能和作用[J].水土保持通报,1983(5):27-30.
[3]邵明安,贾小旭,王云强,等.黄土高原土壤干层研究进展与展望[J].地球科学进展,2016,31(1):14-22.SHAO Ming'an,JIA Xiaoxu,WANG Yunqiang,et al.A review of studies on dried soil layers in the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Earth Science,2016,31(1):14-22.(in Chinese)
[4]孙长忠,黄宝龙,陈海滨,等.黄土高原人工植被与其水分环境相互作用关系研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1998,20(3):7-14.SUN Changzhong,HUANG Baolong,CHEN Haibin,et al.Interaction between soil water conditions and different kinds of artificial plant cover in the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1998,20(3):7-14.(in Chinese)
[5]孙剑,李军,王美艳,等.黄土高原半干旱偏旱区苜蓿-粮食轮作土壤水分恢复效应[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(6):33-39.SUN Jian,LI Jun,WANG Meiyan,et al.Effects of alfalfa-grain rotation on soil moisture restoration in semi-arid and droughtinclined areas of the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(6):33-39.(in Chinese)
[6]王志强,刘宝元,王旭艳,等.黄土丘陵半干旱区人工林迹地土壤水分恢复研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):77-83.WANG Zhiqiang,LIU Baoyuan,WANG Xuyan,et al.Soil water restoration of different land use after artificial forest in the semi-arid area of Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2007,23(11):77-83.(in Chinese)
[7]侯庆春,黄旭,韩仕峰,等.黄土高原地区小老树成因及其改造途径的研究[J].水土保持学报,1991,5(1):64-72.HOU Qingchun,HUANG Xu,HAN Shifeng,et al.Study on the genesis and transformation of small old trees in the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1991,5(1):64-72.(in Chinese)
[8]侯庆春,韩蕊莲,韩仕锋.黄土高原人工林草地“土壤干层”问题初探[J].中国水土保持,1999(5):11-14.
[9]JANUSZ C.A long-term study of successional dynamics in the forest wetlands[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2008,255(3-4):630-642.
[10]李裕元,邵明安.黄土高原北部紫花苜蓿草地退化过程与植物多样性研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(12):2321-2327.LI Yuyuan,SHAO Ming'an.Degradation process and plant diversity of alfalfa grassland in North Loess Plateau of China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(12):2321-2327.(in Chinese)
[11]惠倩,董建国,汪有科,等.黄土丘陵区雨养梨枣树生长对初始土壤含水率的响应[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(4):25-30.HUI Qian,DONG Jianguo,WANG Youke,et al.Response of jujube growth to initial soil water content in rainfed regions in Loess Plateau[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2016,34(4):25-30.(in Chinese)
[12]朱显谟.重建土壤水库是黄土高原治本之道[J].中国科学院院刊,2006,21(4):320-324.ZHU Xianmo.Rebuild soil reservoir is an rational approach for soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006,21(4):320-324.(in Chinese)
[13]王力,卫三平,吴发启.黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤水分环境及植被生长响应---以燕沟流域为例[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1543-1553.WANG Li,WEI Sanping,WU Faqi.Soil water environment and vegetation growth in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau:a case study of Yangou catchment[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(3):1543-1553.(in Chinese)
[14]王俊,刘文兆,钟良平,等.长期连续种植苜蓿草地地上部分生物量与土壤水分的空间差异性[J].草业学报,2009,18(4):41-46.WANG Jun,LIU Wenzhao,ZHONG Liangping,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture and aboveground biomass of Medicago sativa under long term continuous planting[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2009,18(4):41-46.(in Chinese)
[15]胡敏,苗庆丰,史海滨,等.不同地膜覆盖对春玉米生长发育及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(2):173-177.HU Min,MIAO Qingfeng,SHI Haibin,et al.Effects of different film mulching on growth traits and water use efficiency for spring maize[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(2):173-177.(in Chinese)
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