控释肥类型与施肥量对2年生油松容器苗苗圃表现的交互影响（英文）
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摘要
【目的】基于苗木养分加载模型,探究控释肥释放类型与施肥量对2年生油松容器苗苗圃的交互影响,选择最优施肥体系。【方法】以2年生油松容器苗为材料,设置2个肥料释放类型(双层膜和单层膜)和7个施肥梯度(0～9.2 g/L,即0～1 350 mg/株),生长季末测定苗木生长、养分状态及非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)水平。【结果】肥料类型与施肥量交互作用于苗木P和NSC水平;生物量、N及NSC含量与施肥量间存在曲线关系,双膜肥料释放类型在施肥量为4.5～6.1 g/L时苗木生长最佳;两种肥料释放类型下,施肥量为9.2 g/L对苗木地径、生物量和N含量产生毒害,施肥量为7.6～9.2 g/L对苗木淀粉和可溶性糖含量产生毒害。在苗木营养加载区间内,叶片养分质量分数分别为N 2.80%～3.05%、P 0.20%～0.24%、K 3.40%～3.41%。【结论】基于肥料成本和肥料利用效率,推荐2年生油松最佳施肥体系为双膜类型4.5 g/L (N 675 mg/株)。
【Objective】 Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs) are a critical parameter affecting seedling quality and have not been widely adopted while optimizing fertilizer regimes. Controlled-release fertilizer(CRF) is a simple and effective substitute for fertigation and can be used to optimize nutrient delivery in nursery settings. However, the mechanisms by which fertilizer type and dosage interact to influence nursery performance of multiple-year-old seedlings is poorly understood. 【Method】 Two-year-old, container-grown Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.(Chinese pine) seedlings were fertilized with CRF, with either one or two coating layers applied at seven dosages, ranging from 0 to 9.2 g/L medium(0 to 1 350 mg N per seedling). At the end of the second growing season, the dry mass, mineral nutrients and NSCs of the seedlings were measured. 【Result】 There was a significant interaction between the P and NSC status. Dry mass and content of N and NSC exhibited a curvilinear relationship with fertilizer dosage, reaching optimal values with multiple-layer CRF at 4.5-6.1 g/L. Furthermore, it appeared that dosage levels of 9.2 g/L were toxic for plant diameter, dry mass and N content, whereas dosages of 7.6-9.2 g/L were toxic for starch and soluble sugar content. For luxury conditions, the recommended needle concentrations of N, P and K are 2.80%-3.05%, 0.20%-0.24% and 3.40%-3.41%, respectively. 【Conclusion】Based on cost and fertilizer use efficiency, the ideal fertilization regime for the two-year-old P. tabulaeformis seedlings was the use of two-layered CRF at a dosage of 4.5 g/L(675 mg N per seedling).
【Objective】 Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs) are a critical parameter affecting seedling quality and have not been widely adopted while optimizing fertilizer regimes. Controlled-release fertilizer(CRF) is a simple and effective substitute for fertigation and can be used to optimize nutrient delivery in nursery settings. However, the mechanisms by which fertilizer type and dosage interact to influence nursery performance of multiple-year-old seedlings is poorly understood. 【Method】 Two-year-old, container-grown Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.(Chinese pine) seedlings were fertilized with CRF, with either one or two coating layers applied at seven dosages, ranging from 0 to 9.2 g/L medium(0 to 1 350 mg N per seedling). At the end of the second growing season, the dry mass, mineral nutrients and NSCs of the seedlings were measured. 【Result】 There was a significant interaction between the P and NSC status. Dry mass and content of N and NSC exhibited a curvilinear relationship with fertilizer dosage, reaching optimal values with multiple-layer CRF at 4.5-6.1 g/L. Furthermore, it appeared that dosage levels of 9.2 g/L were toxic for plant diameter, dry mass and N content, whereas dosages of 7.6-9.2 g/L were toxic for starch and soluble sugar content. For luxury conditions, the recommended needle concentrations of N, P and K are 2.80%-3.05%, 0.20%-0.24% and 3.40%-3.41%, respectively. 【Conclusion】Based on cost and fertilizer use efficiency, the ideal fertilization regime for the two-year-old P. tabulaeformis seedlings was the use of two-layered CRF at a dosage of 4.5 g/L(675 mg N per seedling).
引文
[1] VILLAR-SALVADOR P,PUéRTOLAS J,CUESTA B,et al.Increase in size and nitrogen concentration enhances seedling survival in Mediterranean plantations.Insights from an ecophysiological conceptual model of plant survival [J].New Forests,2012,43(5/6):755-770.DOI:10.1007/s11056-012-9328-6.
[2] OLIET J A,PUéRTOLAS J,PLANELLES R,et al.Nutrient loading of forest tree seedlings to promote stress resistance and field performance:a Mediterranean perspective [J].New Forests,2013,44:649-669.DOI:10.1007/s11056-013-9382-8.
[3] Van den DRIESSCHE R.Nursery growth of conifer seedlings using fertilizers of different solubilities and application time,and their forest growth [J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1988,18:172-180 DOI:10.1139/x88-027.
[4] LANDIS T D,TINUS R W,MCDONALD S E,et al.The container tree nursery manual.Vol.4 [M]// Seedling nutrition and irrigation.Agricultural Handbook.Washington (DC):USDA Forest Service,1989.
[5] DUMROESE R K,DAVIS A S,JACOBS D F.Nursery response of Acacia koa seedlings to container size,irrigation method,and fertilization rate [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2011,34(6):877-887 DOI:10.1080/01904167.2011.544356.
[6] LI G L,ZHU Y,LIU Y,et al.Combined effects of pre-hardening and fall fertilization on nitrogen translocation and storage in Quercus variabilis seedlings [J].European Journal of Forest Research,2014,133(6):983-992.DOI.10.1007/s10342-014-0816-4.
[7] USCOLA M,SALIFU K F,OLIET J A,et al.An exponential fertilization dose-response model to promote restoration of the Mediterranean oak Quercu ilex [J].New Forests,2015,46(5):795-812.DOI:10.1007/s11056-015-9493-5.
[8] 林平,邹尚庆,李国雷,等.油松容器苗生长和氮吸收对指数施肥的响应[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2013,37(3):23-28.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2013.03.005.LIN P,ZOU S Q,LI G L,et al.Response of growth and N uptake of Pinus tabulaeformis container seedlings to exponential fertilization [J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2013,37(3):23-28.
[9] SALIFU K F,TIMMER V R.Optimizing nitrogen loading of Picea mariana seedlings during nursery culture [J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33:1287-1294 DOI:10.1139/x03-057.
[10] BIRGE Z K D,SALIFU K F,JACOBS D F.Modified exponential nitrogen loading to promote morphological quality and nutrient storage of bareroot-cultured Quercus rubra and Quercus alba seedlings [J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,2006,21(4),306-316.DOI:10.1080/02827580600761611.
[11] SALIFU K F,JACOBS D F.Characterizing fertility targets and multi-element interactions in nursery culture of Quercus rubra seedlings [J].Annals of Forest Science,2006,63:231-237 DOI:10.1051/forest:2006001.
[12] WANG J X,LI G L,PINTO J R,et al.Both nursery and field performance determine suitable nitrogen supply of nursery-grown,exponentially fertilized Chinese pine [J].Silva Fennica,2015,49(3):1295.DOI:10.14214/sf.1295.
[13] VILLAR-SALVADOR P,USCOLA M,JACOBS D F,The role of stored carbohydrates and nitrogen in the growth and stress tolerance of planted forest trees [J].New Forests,2015,46(5):813-939.DOI:10.1007/s11056-015-9499-z.
[14] FU Y L,OLIET J A,LI G L,et al.Effect of controlled release fertilizer type and rate on mineral nutrients,non-structural carbohydrates,and field performance of Chinese pine container-grown seedlings [J].Silva Fennica,2017,51:2.DOI:10.14214/sf.1607.
[15] MILLARD P,GRELET G.Nitrogen storage and remobilization by trees:ecophysiological relevance in a changing world [J].Tree Physiology,2010,30(9):1083-1095.DOI:10.1093/treephys/tpq042.
[16] JACOBS D F,HAASE D L,ROSE R.Growth and foliar nutrition of Douglas-fir seedlings provided with supplemental Polymer-coated fertilizer [J].WJAF,2005,20(1):58-63 DOI:10.1093/wjaf/20.1.58.
[17] HAASE D L,ROSE R,TROBAUGH J.Field performance of three stock sizes of Douglas-fir container seedlings grown with slow-release fertilizer in the nursery growing medium [J].New Forests,2006,31:1-24.DOI:10.1007/s11056-004-5396-6.
[18] GROSSNICKLE S C.Ecophysiology of northern spruce species:the performance of planted seedlings [M].Ottawa,Canada:NRC Research Press,2000.
[19] KAAKINEN S,JOLKKONEN A,IIVONEN S,et al.Growth,allocation and tissue chemistry of Picea abies seedlings affected by nutrient supply during the second growing season[J].Tree Physiology,2004,24(6):707-719.DOI:10.1093/treephys/24.6.707.
[20] OLIET J A,PLANELLES R,ARTERO F,et al.Field performance of Pinus halepensis planted in Mediterranean arid conditions:relative influence of seedling morphology and mineral nutrition[J].New Forests,2009,37(3):313-331.DOI:10.1007/s11056-008-9126-3.
[21]李国雷,祝燕,李庆梅,等.红松苗龄型对苗木质量和造林效果的影响[J].林业科学,2012,48(1):35-41.LI G L,ZHU Y,LI Q M,et al.Effect of seedling age on the seedling quality and field performance of Pinus koraiensis [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2012,48(1):35-41.
[22] 徐化成,孙肇凤,郭广荣,等.油松天然林的地理分布和种源区的划分[J].林业科学,1981,17(3):258-270.XU H C,SUN Z F,GUO G R,et al.Geographic distribution of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.and classification of provenance regions [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1981,17(3):258-270.
[23] 国家林业局.中华人民共和国林业行业标准:容器育苗技术.LY/T 1000-2013 2013[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2013.
[24] LUNA T,WILKINSON K M.Collecting,processing,and storing seeds [M]// DUMROESE RK,LUNA T,LANDIS TD.Nursery manual for native plants:a guide for tribal nurseries-Vol.1.Nursery management.Agriculture Handbook 730.Washington,D C:Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,2009:113-131.
[25] 李国雷,刘勇,祝燕,等.苗木稳态营养加载技术研究进展[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,35 (2):117-123.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2011.02.025.LI G L,LIU Y,ZHU Y,et al.Study of techniques for steady-state nutrition supply of seedlings [J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2011,35(2):117-123.
[26] CLOSE D C,BAIL I,HUNTER S,et al.Defining seedling specifications for Eucalyptus globulus:effects of seedling size and container type on early after-planting performance[J].Australian Forestry,2006,69(1):2-8.DOI:10.1080/00049158.2006.10674981.
[27] PINTO J R,CHANDLER R A,DUMROESE R K.Growth,nitrogen use efficiency,and leachate comparison of subirrigated and overhead irrigated pale purple coneflower seedlings [J].HortScience,2008,43(3):897-901.DOI:10.21273/hortsci.43.3.897.
[28] LOWTHER J R.Use of a single sulphuric-hydrogen peroxide digest for the analysis of Pinus radiata needles [J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1980,11(2):175-188.DOI:10.1080/00103628009367026.
[29] ALLEN S E.Chemical analysis of ecological materials [M].Oxford,UK:Blackwell Scientific,1980:575.
[30] WANG X K,HUANG J L.Principles and techniques of plant physiological biochemical experiment [M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2015:171-186.
[31] 沈海龙.苗木培育学[M].东北林业大学出版社,2009.SHEN H L.Seedling culture [M].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University Press,2009.
[32]翟明普,沈国舫.森林培育学 [M].3版.北京:中国林业出版社,2016.ZHAI M P,SHEN G F.Silviculture[M].3 ed.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2016.
[33] RUTER J M.Influence of source,rate,and method of applicating controlled release fertilizer on nutrient release and growth of ‘Savannah’ holly [J].Fertilizer Research,1992,32(1):101-106.DOI:10.1007/bf01054399.
[34] PLANELLES R.Efectos de la fertilización N-P-K en vivero sobre la calidad funcional de planta de Ceratonia siliqua L [D].Madrid:Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,2004
[35] ANDIVIA E,FERNáNDEZ M,VáZQUE-PIQUé J.Autumn fertilization of Quercus ilex ssp.ballota (Desf.) Samp.nursery seedlings:effects on morpho-physiology and field performance [J].Annals of Forest Science,2011,68:543-553.DOI:10.1007/s13595-011-0048-4.
[36] VILLAR-SALVADOR P,PE?UELAS J L,JACOBS D F.Nitrogen nutrition and drought hardening exert opposite effects on the stress tolerance of Pinus pinea L.seedlings [J].Tree Physiology,2013,33(2):221-232.DOI:10.1093/treephys/tps133.
[37] NAMBIAR E K S,FIFE D N.Growth and nutrient retranslocation in needles of radiata pine in relation to nitrogen supply [J].Annals of Botany,1987,60:147-156 DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087431.
[38] CUESTA B,VILLAR-SALVADOR P,PUéRTOLAS J,et al.Why do large,nitrogen rich seedlings better resist stressful transplanting conditions?A physiological analysis in two functionally contrasting Mediterranean forest species [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2010b,260:71-78 DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.002.
[39] DUMROESE R K.Hardening fertilization and nutrient loading of conifer seedlings [M] // RILEY LE,DUMROESE RK,LANDIS TD.Technical coordinators.National Proceedings:Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2002.Utah:USDA Forest Service,Proceedings RMRS-P-2003,28:31-36.
[40] 康瑶瑶.长白落叶松移植苗分级施肥培育技术研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.KANG Y Y.Studies on techniques of fertilizering and grading for Larix olgensis transplantings[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2011.
[41] 孙慧彦.长白落叶松苗木质量动态评价与施肥技术研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.SUN H Y.Studies on dynamic quality evaluation and fertilization techniques of Larix olgensis henry seedlings [D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2011.
[2] OLIET J A,PUéRTOLAS J,PLANELLES R,et al.Nutrient loading of forest tree seedlings to promote stress resistance and field performance:a Mediterranean perspective [J].New Forests,2013,44:649-669.DOI:10.1007/s11056-013-9382-8.
[3] Van den DRIESSCHE R.Nursery growth of conifer seedlings using fertilizers of different solubilities and application time,and their forest growth [J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1988,18:172-180 DOI:10.1139/x88-027.
[4] LANDIS T D,TINUS R W,MCDONALD S E,et al.The container tree nursery manual.Vol.4 [M]// Seedling nutrition and irrigation.Agricultural Handbook.Washington (DC):USDA Forest Service,1989.
[5] DUMROESE R K,DAVIS A S,JACOBS D F.Nursery response of Acacia koa seedlings to container size,irrigation method,and fertilization rate [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2011,34(6):877-887 DOI:10.1080/01904167.2011.544356.
[6] LI G L,ZHU Y,LIU Y,et al.Combined effects of pre-hardening and fall fertilization on nitrogen translocation and storage in Quercus variabilis seedlings [J].European Journal of Forest Research,2014,133(6):983-992.DOI.10.1007/s10342-014-0816-4.
[7] USCOLA M,SALIFU K F,OLIET J A,et al.An exponential fertilization dose-response model to promote restoration of the Mediterranean oak Quercu ilex [J].New Forests,2015,46(5):795-812.DOI:10.1007/s11056-015-9493-5.
[8] 林平,邹尚庆,李国雷,等.油松容器苗生长和氮吸收对指数施肥的响应[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2013,37(3):23-28.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2013.03.005.LIN P,ZOU S Q,LI G L,et al.Response of growth and N uptake of Pinus tabulaeformis container seedlings to exponential fertilization [J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2013,37(3):23-28.
[9] SALIFU K F,TIMMER V R.Optimizing nitrogen loading of Picea mariana seedlings during nursery culture [J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33:1287-1294 DOI:10.1139/x03-057.
[10] BIRGE Z K D,SALIFU K F,JACOBS D F.Modified exponential nitrogen loading to promote morphological quality and nutrient storage of bareroot-cultured Quercus rubra and Quercus alba seedlings [J].Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,2006,21(4),306-316.DOI:10.1080/02827580600761611.
[11] SALIFU K F,JACOBS D F.Characterizing fertility targets and multi-element interactions in nursery culture of Quercus rubra seedlings [J].Annals of Forest Science,2006,63:231-237 DOI:10.1051/forest:2006001.
[12] WANG J X,LI G L,PINTO J R,et al.Both nursery and field performance determine suitable nitrogen supply of nursery-grown,exponentially fertilized Chinese pine [J].Silva Fennica,2015,49(3):1295.DOI:10.14214/sf.1295.
[13] VILLAR-SALVADOR P,USCOLA M,JACOBS D F,The role of stored carbohydrates and nitrogen in the growth and stress tolerance of planted forest trees [J].New Forests,2015,46(5):813-939.DOI:10.1007/s11056-015-9499-z.
[14] FU Y L,OLIET J A,LI G L,et al.Effect of controlled release fertilizer type and rate on mineral nutrients,non-structural carbohydrates,and field performance of Chinese pine container-grown seedlings [J].Silva Fennica,2017,51:2.DOI:10.14214/sf.1607.
[15] MILLARD P,GRELET G.Nitrogen storage and remobilization by trees:ecophysiological relevance in a changing world [J].Tree Physiology,2010,30(9):1083-1095.DOI:10.1093/treephys/tpq042.
[16] JACOBS D F,HAASE D L,ROSE R.Growth and foliar nutrition of Douglas-fir seedlings provided with supplemental Polymer-coated fertilizer [J].WJAF,2005,20(1):58-63 DOI:10.1093/wjaf/20.1.58.
[17] HAASE D L,ROSE R,TROBAUGH J.Field performance of three stock sizes of Douglas-fir container seedlings grown with slow-release fertilizer in the nursery growing medium [J].New Forests,2006,31:1-24.DOI:10.1007/s11056-004-5396-6.
[18] GROSSNICKLE S C.Ecophysiology of northern spruce species:the performance of planted seedlings [M].Ottawa,Canada:NRC Research Press,2000.
[19] KAAKINEN S,JOLKKONEN A,IIVONEN S,et al.Growth,allocation and tissue chemistry of Picea abies seedlings affected by nutrient supply during the second growing season[J].Tree Physiology,2004,24(6):707-719.DOI:10.1093/treephys/24.6.707.
[20] OLIET J A,PLANELLES R,ARTERO F,et al.Field performance of Pinus halepensis planted in Mediterranean arid conditions:relative influence of seedling morphology and mineral nutrition[J].New Forests,2009,37(3):313-331.DOI:10.1007/s11056-008-9126-3.
[21]李国雷,祝燕,李庆梅,等.红松苗龄型对苗木质量和造林效果的影响[J].林业科学,2012,48(1):35-41.LI G L,ZHU Y,LI Q M,et al.Effect of seedling age on the seedling quality and field performance of Pinus koraiensis [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2012,48(1):35-41.
[22] 徐化成,孙肇凤,郭广荣,等.油松天然林的地理分布和种源区的划分[J].林业科学,1981,17(3):258-270.XU H C,SUN Z F,GUO G R,et al.Geographic distribution of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.and classification of provenance regions [J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1981,17(3):258-270.
[23] 国家林业局.中华人民共和国林业行业标准:容器育苗技术.LY/T 1000-2013 2013[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2013.
[24] LUNA T,WILKINSON K M.Collecting,processing,and storing seeds [M]// DUMROESE RK,LUNA T,LANDIS TD.Nursery manual for native plants:a guide for tribal nurseries-Vol.1.Nursery management.Agriculture Handbook 730.Washington,D C:Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,2009:113-131.
[25] 李国雷,刘勇,祝燕,等.苗木稳态营养加载技术研究进展[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,35 (2):117-123.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2011.02.025.LI G L,LIU Y,ZHU Y,et al.Study of techniques for steady-state nutrition supply of seedlings [J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2011,35(2):117-123.
[26] CLOSE D C,BAIL I,HUNTER S,et al.Defining seedling specifications for Eucalyptus globulus:effects of seedling size and container type on early after-planting performance[J].Australian Forestry,2006,69(1):2-8.DOI:10.1080/00049158.2006.10674981.
[27] PINTO J R,CHANDLER R A,DUMROESE R K.Growth,nitrogen use efficiency,and leachate comparison of subirrigated and overhead irrigated pale purple coneflower seedlings [J].HortScience,2008,43(3):897-901.DOI:10.21273/hortsci.43.3.897.
[28] LOWTHER J R.Use of a single sulphuric-hydrogen peroxide digest for the analysis of Pinus radiata needles [J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1980,11(2):175-188.DOI:10.1080/00103628009367026.
[29] ALLEN S E.Chemical analysis of ecological materials [M].Oxford,UK:Blackwell Scientific,1980:575.
[30] WANG X K,HUANG J L.Principles and techniques of plant physiological biochemical experiment [M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2015:171-186.
[31] 沈海龙.苗木培育学[M].东北林业大学出版社,2009.SHEN H L.Seedling culture [M].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University Press,2009.
[32]翟明普,沈国舫.森林培育学 [M].3版.北京:中国林业出版社,2016.ZHAI M P,SHEN G F.Silviculture[M].3 ed.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2016.
[33] RUTER J M.Influence of source,rate,and method of applicating controlled release fertilizer on nutrient release and growth of ‘Savannah’ holly [J].Fertilizer Research,1992,32(1):101-106.DOI:10.1007/bf01054399.
[34] PLANELLES R.Efectos de la fertilización N-P-K en vivero sobre la calidad funcional de planta de Ceratonia siliqua L [D].Madrid:Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,2004
[35] ANDIVIA E,FERNáNDEZ M,VáZQUE-PIQUé J.Autumn fertilization of Quercus ilex ssp.ballota (Desf.) Samp.nursery seedlings:effects on morpho-physiology and field performance [J].Annals of Forest Science,2011,68:543-553.DOI:10.1007/s13595-011-0048-4.
[36] VILLAR-SALVADOR P,PE?UELAS J L,JACOBS D F.Nitrogen nutrition and drought hardening exert opposite effects on the stress tolerance of Pinus pinea L.seedlings [J].Tree Physiology,2013,33(2):221-232.DOI:10.1093/treephys/tps133.
[37] NAMBIAR E K S,FIFE D N.Growth and nutrient retranslocation in needles of radiata pine in relation to nitrogen supply [J].Annals of Botany,1987,60:147-156 DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087431.
[38] CUESTA B,VILLAR-SALVADOR P,PUéRTOLAS J,et al.Why do large,nitrogen rich seedlings better resist stressful transplanting conditions?A physiological analysis in two functionally contrasting Mediterranean forest species [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2010b,260:71-78 DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.002.
[39] DUMROESE R K.Hardening fertilization and nutrient loading of conifer seedlings [M] // RILEY LE,DUMROESE RK,LANDIS TD.Technical coordinators.National Proceedings:Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2002.Utah:USDA Forest Service,Proceedings RMRS-P-2003,28:31-36.
[40] 康瑶瑶.长白落叶松移植苗分级施肥培育技术研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.KANG Y Y.Studies on techniques of fertilizering and grading for Larix olgensis transplantings[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2011.
[41] 孙慧彦.长白落叶松苗木质量动态评价与施肥技术研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.SUN H Y.Studies on dynamic quality evaluation and fertilization techniques of Larix olgensis henry seedlings [D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2011.