基于遥感的黄土高原林草植被变化对河川径流的影响分析
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摘要
从黄土高原不同地貌区降雨产流机制入手,分析了林草植被影响流域水循环的可能环节;利用20世纪70年代以来不同时期的土地利用和植被盖度解译成果,以及同期实测的降雨和径流数据、供用水数据等,引入林草植被覆盖率、径流系数、产洪系数和基流系数等概念,从流域尺度上构建了林草植被覆盖率与河川径流的定量响应关系,结果发现,在半湿润或半干旱的黄土区,径流系数和产洪系数都将随林草植被的改善而减少,气候越干旱、径流或洪量减少越多;与同气候带的黄土区相比,盖沙黄土区林草植被改善所导致的减水量更大。不过,当林草植被覆盖率大于60%后,产洪系数变化减缓;最终河川径流将稳定在大于基流的某阈值附近。
The impact of vegetation coverage on flood or runoff yield in the Loess Plateau has been extensively studied,but the research has been primarily based on observations from slope runoff plots or secondary forest regions.This paper is based on vegetation information from remote sensing images,measured rainfall and runoff data and water consumed from the related basin in Loess Plateau over nearly 50 years.By introducing the concepts of runoff yield coefficient,flood yield coefficient,base flow yield coefficient,and the percentage of effective vegetation,we proposed the quantitative relation between vegetation coverage extracted from remote sensing images and runoff yield at the watershed scale.The response relations reveal that the runoff yield and flood volume will decrease with the increase of shrubs-herbs-arbor vegetation,especially in the dryer region,and the reduction of the runoff in sand-covered loess region is even more than that in the loess region with similar climate.But the flood volume will be kept at a stable level,when the percentage of effective vegetation is larger than 60%.The river's runoff will be stable at a threshold,which is more than its base-flow at last,with a further increase of vegetation.
The impact of vegetation coverage on flood or runoff yield in the Loess Plateau has been extensively studied,but the research has been primarily based on observations from slope runoff plots or secondary forest regions.This paper is based on vegetation information from remote sensing images,measured rainfall and runoff data and water consumed from the related basin in Loess Plateau over nearly 50 years.By introducing the concepts of runoff yield coefficient,flood yield coefficient,base flow yield coefficient,and the percentage of effective vegetation,we proposed the quantitative relation between vegetation coverage extracted from remote sensing images and runoff yield at the watershed scale.The response relations reveal that the runoff yield and flood volume will decrease with the increase of shrubs-herbs-arbor vegetation,especially in the dryer region,and the reduction of the runoff in sand-covered loess region is even more than that in the loess region with similar climate.But the flood volume will be kept at a stable level,when the percentage of effective vegetation is larger than 60%.The river's runoff will be stable at a threshold,which is more than its base-flow at last,with a further increase of vegetation.
引文
[1]Li Yuanhua,He Yongtao,Yang Liyun.A summary and perspective of forest vegetation impact on water yield.Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(5):398-406.[李文华,何永涛,杨丽韫.森林对径流影响研究的回顾与展望.自然资源学报,2001,16(5):398-406.]
[2]Chen Junfeng,Li Xiubin.The impact of forest change on watershed hydrology-discussing some controversies on forest hydrology.Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(5):474-480.[陈军峰,李秀彬.森林植被变化对流域水文影响的争论.自然资源学报,2001,16(5):474-480.]
[3]Tang Keli.The Soil and Water Conservation in China.Beijing:Science Press,2004:60-66.[唐克丽.中国水土保持.北京:科学出版社,2004:60-66.]
[4]Liu Shanjian.The impact of forest on hydrology and rivers.Yellow River,1984,(3):2-7.[刘善建.从对比分析看森林对水文和河流的影响.人民黄河,1984,(3):2-7.]
[5]Wu Qinxiao,Zhao Hongyan.Effectiveness of forest litter to soil and water con servation.Journal of Northwest Science and Technology University of Agriculture and Forest,2001,29(5):96-98.[吴钦孝,赵鸿雁.黄土高原森林枯枝落叶层保持水土的有效性.西北农林科技大学学报,2001,29(5):96-98.]
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[7]Liu Xiangdong,Su Ninghu,Wu Qinxiao.An evaluation on hydro-ecological function of forest in the Liupanshan Mountain.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1987,1(1):90-97.[刘向东,苏宁虎,吴钦孝.六盘山森林保持水土生态功能评价.水土保持学报,1987,1(1):90-97.]
[8]Liu Changming,Zhong Junxiang.The influence of forest cover upon annual runoff in the Loess Plateau of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,1978,33(2):112-127.[刘昌明,钟骏襄.黄土高原森林对年径流量影响的初步分析.地理学报,1978,33(2):112-127.]
[9]Cheng Jimin.Soil water regulation of the natural grassland of semi-arid loess hilly region.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2003,11(4):296-300.[程积民.黄土丘陵半干旱区天然草地土壤水份调控作用.草地学报,2003,11(4):296-300.]
[10]Ran Dachuan,Zuo Zhongguo,Wu Yonghong et al.The Response of Human Activities on the Water-Sediment-Change in the Middle Yellow River.Beijing:Science Press,2012:99-128.[冉大川,左仲国,吴永红等.黄河中游近期水沙变化对人类活动的响应.北京:科学出版社,2012:99-128.]
[11]Zhou Xu,Yang Shengtian,Liu Xiaoyan.Characteristics of soil and water conservation measures change in the watershed slope of the middle Yellow River Basin.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):64-72.[周旭,杨胜天,刘晓燕.黄河中游多沙粗沙区流域坡面水保措施变化特征.地理学报,2014,69(1):64-72.]
[12]Luo Ya,Yang Shengtian,Liu Xiaoyan.Land use change in the reach from Hekouzhen to Tongguan of the Yellow River during 1998-2010.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):64-72.[罗娅,杨胜天,刘晓燕.黄河河口镇—潼关区间1998-2010年土地利用变化特征.地理学报,2014,69(1):42-53.]
[13]Liu Xiaoyan,Yang Shengtian,Jin Shuangyan.The method to evaluate the sediment reduction from forest and grass land over large area in the loess hilly area.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,45(2):135-141.[刘晓燕,杨胜天,金双彦.黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙计算方法研究.水利学报,2014,45(2):135-141.]
[14]Toby N Carlson,David A.Ripley.On the relation between NDVI,fractional vegetation cover,and leaf area index.Remote Sens.Environ.,1997,62:241-252.
[15]Li Yushan.The properties of water cycle in soil and their effective on water cycle for land in the loess region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1983,3(2):91-101.[李玉山.黄土区土壤水分循环特征及其对陆地水分循环的影响.生态学报,1983,3(2):91-101.]
[16]Liu Changming,Hong Baoxin.The relation between rainstorm and runoff in Loess Plateau.Chinese Science Bulletin,1965,2(1):158-161.[刘昌明,洪宝鑫.黄土高原暴雨径流预报关系初步实验研究.科学通报,1965,2(1):158-161.]
[17]Wang Wanzhong.Study on the relation between rainfall characteristic and loss of soil in loess region.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1984,2:59-63.[王万忠.黄土地区降雨特性与土壤流失关系的研究III:关于侵蚀性降雨的标准问题.水土保持通报,1984,2:59-63.]
[18]Wang Tong.Yulin-Shenmu-Fugu mining area mine hydrogeological condition categorizing.Coal Geology of China,2010,23(1):21-24.[王佟.榆神府区矿井水文地质条件分类研究.中国煤炭地质,2010,23(1):21-24.]
[19]Wang Shuangming,Huang Qingheng,Fan Limin et al.Coal Mining and Ecological Water Level Protection in Ecologically Fragile Areas.Beijing:Science Press,2010:84-96.[王双明,黄庆亨,范立民等.生态脆弱区煤炭开发与生态水位保护.北京:科学出版社,2010:84-96.]
[20]Lan Yuedong,Kang Lingling.Effects of forest vegetation and ecological recovery of small watershed on water and sediment variations.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(1):35-38.[兰跃东,康玲玲.森林植被和小流域生态修复对水沙变化的影响研究.水土保持通报,2010,30(1):35-38.]
[21]Sun Ge.The forest's on the runoff and the research methods.The Research of Land and Natural Resources,1987,(2):67-71.[孙阁.森林对河川径流影响及其研究方法的探讨.国土与自然资源研究,1987,(2):67-71.]
[22]Wang Qinghua,Li Huai'en,Lu Kefeng et al.Analysis of affective of forest vegetation change on watershed runoff and flood.Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2004,15(2):21-23.[王清华,李怀恩,卢科锋等.森林植被变化对径流及洪水的影响分析.水资源与水工程学报,2004,15(2):21-23.]
[2]Chen Junfeng,Li Xiubin.The impact of forest change on watershed hydrology-discussing some controversies on forest hydrology.Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(5):474-480.[陈军峰,李秀彬.森林植被变化对流域水文影响的争论.自然资源学报,2001,16(5):474-480.]
[3]Tang Keli.The Soil and Water Conservation in China.Beijing:Science Press,2004:60-66.[唐克丽.中国水土保持.北京:科学出版社,2004:60-66.]
[4]Liu Shanjian.The impact of forest on hydrology and rivers.Yellow River,1984,(3):2-7.[刘善建.从对比分析看森林对水文和河流的影响.人民黄河,1984,(3):2-7.]
[5]Wu Qinxiao,Zhao Hongyan.Effectiveness of forest litter to soil and water con servation.Journal of Northwest Science and Technology University of Agriculture and Forest,2001,29(5):96-98.[吴钦孝,赵鸿雁.黄土高原森林枯枝落叶层保持水土的有效性.西北农林科技大学学报,2001,29(5):96-98.]
[6]Wu Qinxiao,Zhao Hongyan.Evaluation on role of forest litter to water source conservation and soil and water conservation.Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation,1998,4(2):23-28.[吴钦孝,赵鸿雁.森林枯枝落叶层涵养水源保持水土的作用评价.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(2):23-28.]
[7]Liu Xiangdong,Su Ninghu,Wu Qinxiao.An evaluation on hydro-ecological function of forest in the Liupanshan Mountain.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1987,1(1):90-97.[刘向东,苏宁虎,吴钦孝.六盘山森林保持水土生态功能评价.水土保持学报,1987,1(1):90-97.]
[8]Liu Changming,Zhong Junxiang.The influence of forest cover upon annual runoff in the Loess Plateau of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,1978,33(2):112-127.[刘昌明,钟骏襄.黄土高原森林对年径流量影响的初步分析.地理学报,1978,33(2):112-127.]
[9]Cheng Jimin.Soil water regulation of the natural grassland of semi-arid loess hilly region.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2003,11(4):296-300.[程积民.黄土丘陵半干旱区天然草地土壤水份调控作用.草地学报,2003,11(4):296-300.]
[10]Ran Dachuan,Zuo Zhongguo,Wu Yonghong et al.The Response of Human Activities on the Water-Sediment-Change in the Middle Yellow River.Beijing:Science Press,2012:99-128.[冉大川,左仲国,吴永红等.黄河中游近期水沙变化对人类活动的响应.北京:科学出版社,2012:99-128.]
[11]Zhou Xu,Yang Shengtian,Liu Xiaoyan.Characteristics of soil and water conservation measures change in the watershed slope of the middle Yellow River Basin.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):64-72.[周旭,杨胜天,刘晓燕.黄河中游多沙粗沙区流域坡面水保措施变化特征.地理学报,2014,69(1):64-72.]
[12]Luo Ya,Yang Shengtian,Liu Xiaoyan.Land use change in the reach from Hekouzhen to Tongguan of the Yellow River during 1998-2010.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):64-72.[罗娅,杨胜天,刘晓燕.黄河河口镇—潼关区间1998-2010年土地利用变化特征.地理学报,2014,69(1):42-53.]
[13]Liu Xiaoyan,Yang Shengtian,Jin Shuangyan.The method to evaluate the sediment reduction from forest and grass land over large area in the loess hilly area.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,45(2):135-141.[刘晓燕,杨胜天,金双彦.黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙计算方法研究.水利学报,2014,45(2):135-141.]
[14]Toby N Carlson,David A.Ripley.On the relation between NDVI,fractional vegetation cover,and leaf area index.Remote Sens.Environ.,1997,62:241-252.
[15]Li Yushan.The properties of water cycle in soil and their effective on water cycle for land in the loess region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1983,3(2):91-101.[李玉山.黄土区土壤水分循环特征及其对陆地水分循环的影响.生态学报,1983,3(2):91-101.]
[16]Liu Changming,Hong Baoxin.The relation between rainstorm and runoff in Loess Plateau.Chinese Science Bulletin,1965,2(1):158-161.[刘昌明,洪宝鑫.黄土高原暴雨径流预报关系初步实验研究.科学通报,1965,2(1):158-161.]
[17]Wang Wanzhong.Study on the relation between rainfall characteristic and loss of soil in loess region.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1984,2:59-63.[王万忠.黄土地区降雨特性与土壤流失关系的研究III:关于侵蚀性降雨的标准问题.水土保持通报,1984,2:59-63.]
[18]Wang Tong.Yulin-Shenmu-Fugu mining area mine hydrogeological condition categorizing.Coal Geology of China,2010,23(1):21-24.[王佟.榆神府区矿井水文地质条件分类研究.中国煤炭地质,2010,23(1):21-24.]
[19]Wang Shuangming,Huang Qingheng,Fan Limin et al.Coal Mining and Ecological Water Level Protection in Ecologically Fragile Areas.Beijing:Science Press,2010:84-96.[王双明,黄庆亨,范立民等.生态脆弱区煤炭开发与生态水位保护.北京:科学出版社,2010:84-96.]
[20]Lan Yuedong,Kang Lingling.Effects of forest vegetation and ecological recovery of small watershed on water and sediment variations.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(1):35-38.[兰跃东,康玲玲.森林植被和小流域生态修复对水沙变化的影响研究.水土保持通报,2010,30(1):35-38.]
[21]Sun Ge.The forest's on the runoff and the research methods.The Research of Land and Natural Resources,1987,(2):67-71.[孙阁.森林对河川径流影响及其研究方法的探讨.国土与自然资源研究,1987,(2):67-71.]
[22]Wang Qinghua,Li Huai'en,Lu Kefeng et al.Analysis of affective of forest vegetation change on watershed runoff and flood.Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2004,15(2):21-23.[王清华,李怀恩,卢科锋等.森林植被变化对径流及洪水的影响分析.水资源与水工程学报,2004,15(2):21-23.]