花后持续干旱对玉米生理参数及产量的影响
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摘要
为研究玉米开花后的持续干旱对其生理过程及产量的影响,采用在玉米灌浆阶段持续控水的方式开展干旱胁迫试验,对主要光合参量(净光合速率P_n、蒸腾速率T_r)、光响应参数、水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency,WUE)及产量结构进行观测和计算,分析它们对干旱的响应特征。结果表明:玉米花后干旱可导致P_n、T_r、WUE以及最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))随干旱持续时间延长而减小,干旱持续15—27 d,1200μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)光强处P_n和T_r减小幅度分别由50. 0%增大到75. 1%、71. 7%增大到83. 6%; WUE和P_(nmax)减小幅度分别由21. 7%增大到47. 9%,由50. 9%增大到73. 2%;玉米百粒重和茎秆重分别显著减小11. 6%和23. 2%,果穗长、果穗粗和籽粒与茎秆比没有明显受到影响,秃尖比和株籽粒重虽有大幅增大和减小,但并不显著;研究时段内干旱导致玉米减产11. 7%。
For understanding the response characteristics of physiological process and yield of spring maize to drought stress,a field experiment with continuous no-water complementing was conducted from filling to mature stage of spring maize " Danyu 39". In the meantime,main variables associated with photosynthesis including net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and transpiration rate (T_r),photo response parameter,water use efficiency (WUE) and yield factors were observed and calculated as well as their response characteristics to drought stress were investigated. The results indicate that P_n,T_r,WUE and maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_(nmax)) are decreasing with the duration of drought prolonging after flowering. During the 15th to 27th day of water controlling,the decrement rates for P_nand T_rvary from 50. 0% to 75. 1% and 71. 7% to 83. 6% under the light intensity of 1200 μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),and those for WUE and P_(nmax)expand from 21. 7% to 47. 9% and 50. 9% to 73. 2%,respectively. In addition,the drought stress also induces significant decreases of 11. 6% and 23. 2% for hundred-grain and stalk weight of maize. However,the length and thickness of maize cluster as well as the ratio of grain to stalk do not vary significantly,while the radio of bare-tip and plant grain weight demonstrate a non-significant increasing and decreasing trend,respectively. Besides,a reduction rate of 11. 7% for maize yield is caused by the drought during the studied period.
For understanding the response characteristics of physiological process and yield of spring maize to drought stress,a field experiment with continuous no-water complementing was conducted from filling to mature stage of spring maize " Danyu 39". In the meantime,main variables associated with photosynthesis including net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and transpiration rate (T_r),photo response parameter,water use efficiency (WUE) and yield factors were observed and calculated as well as their response characteristics to drought stress were investigated. The results indicate that P_n,T_r,WUE and maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_(nmax)) are decreasing with the duration of drought prolonging after flowering. During the 15th to 27th day of water controlling,the decrement rates for P_nand T_rvary from 50. 0% to 75. 1% and 71. 7% to 83. 6% under the light intensity of 1200 μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),and those for WUE and P_(nmax)expand from 21. 7% to 47. 9% and 50. 9% to 73. 2%,respectively. In addition,the drought stress also induces significant decreases of 11. 6% and 23. 2% for hundred-grain and stalk weight of maize. However,the length and thickness of maize cluster as well as the ratio of grain to stalk do not vary significantly,while the radio of bare-tip and plant grain weight demonstrate a non-significant increasing and decreasing trend,respectively. Besides,a reduction rate of 11. 7% for maize yield is caused by the drought during the studied period.
引文
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[18]Yang J C,Zhang J H.Grain filling of cereals under soil drying[J].New Phytologist,2006,169(2):223-236.
[2]米娜,蔡福,张玉书,等.不同生育期持续干旱对玉米的影响及其与减产率的定量关系[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(5):1563-1570.
[3]纪瑞鹏,车宇胜,朱永宁,等.干旱对东北春玉米生长发育和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(11):3021-3026.
[4]徐英,李曼华,李辉,等.不同发育期的干旱对华北地区夏玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(1):108-112.
[5]马树庆,王琪,陈凤涛,等.春旱背景下春玉米苗情对产量的影响及减产评估模式[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(S1):171-179.
[6]蔡福,米娜,纪瑞鹏,等.关键生育阶段持续干旱对东北春玉米光合特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(6):1578-1589.
[7]米娜,蔡福,张玉书,等.雨养作物产量差研究进展[J].气象与环境学报,2018,34(6):140-147.
[8]蔡福,明惠青,谢艳兵,等.东北地区春玉米关键生育期干旱对根系生长的影响[J].气象与环境学报,2018,34(2):75-81.
[9]张仁和,薛吉全,浦军,等.干旱胁迫对玉米苗期植株生长和光合特性的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(3):521-528.
[10]张兴华,高杰,杜伟莉,等.干旱胁迫对玉米品种苗期叶片光合特性的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(1):154-159.
[11]于文颖,纪瑞鹏,冯锐,等.不同生育期玉米叶片光合特性及水分利用效率对水分胁迫的响应[J].生态学报,2015,35(9):2902-2909.
[12]卜令铎,张仁和,常宇,等.苗期玉米叶片光合特性对水分胁迫的响应[J].生态学报,2010,30(5):1184-1191.
[13]Pinheiro C,Chaves M M.Photosynthesis and drought:can w e make metabolic connections from available data?[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2011,62(3):869-882.
[14]中国气象局.农业气象观测规范[M].北京:气象出版社,1993.
[15]Ye Z P,Yu Q.A coupled model of stomatal conductance and photosynthesis for w inter w heat[J].Photosynthetica,2008,46(4):637-640.
[16]Kyei-Boahen S,Lada R,Astatkie T,et al.Photosynthetic response of carrots to varying irradiances[J].Photosynthetica,2003,41(2):301-305.
[17]韩瑞锋,李建明,胡晓辉,等.甜瓜幼苗叶片光合变化特性[J].生态学报,2012,32(5):1471-1480.
[18]Yang J C,Zhang J H.Grain filling of cereals under soil drying[J].New Phytologist,2006,169(2):223-236.