领导力涌现研究综述与未来展望
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摘要
传统关于领导力的研究往往认为领导者只能由单一的、正式任命的个体来担任,而随着组织结构转型的深化,企业开始更加依赖团队成员所提供的非正式领导力,从而使领导力涌现受到关注。领导力涌现是指在团队内部个体对其他成员所表现出的领导力的感知过程。本文通过梳理现有关于领导力涌现的文献,介绍了领导力涌现的概念与测量,明确了领导力涌现形成的理论基础与路径,厘清了领导力涌现的研究现状,最后指出了现有研究的局限性以及未来值得进一步探讨的研究方向。
Traditional research of leadership usually argues that a leader can only be served by a single and formally appointed individual.However,with deepening transformation of organizational structure,more and more firms depend on the informal leadership provided by team members,thereby making leadership emergence be focused on.Leadership emergence refers to the process that individuals within a team perceive the leadership demonstrated by other members.Through a systematic literature review,this paper introduces the concept and measurement of leadership emergence,makes clear the theoretical base and routes of the formation of leadership emergence,and clarifies the existing studies.Finally,this paper puts forward the limitations of the existing research and the research directions deserving further study.
Traditional research of leadership usually argues that a leader can only be served by a single and formally appointed individual.However,with deepening transformation of organizational structure,more and more firms depend on the informal leadership provided by team members,thereby making leadership emergence be focused on.Leadership emergence refers to the process that individuals within a team perceive the leadership demonstrated by other members.Through a systematic literature review,this paper introduces the concept and measurement of leadership emergence,makes clear the theoretical base and routes of the formation of leadership emergence,and clarifies the existing studies.Finally,this paper puts forward the limitations of the existing research and the research directions deserving further study.
引文
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[2]Barling J,Weatherhead J G.Persistent exposure to poverty during childhood limits later leader emergence[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2016,101(9):1305-1318.
[3]Barry B,Stewart G L.Composition,process,and performance in self-managed groups:The role of personality[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1997,82(1):62-78.
[4]Brunell A B,Gentry W A,Campbell W K,et al.Leader emergence:The case of the narcissistic leader[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2008,34(12):1663-1676.
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[8]Colbert A E,Judge T A,Choi D,et al.Assessing the trait theory of leadership using self and observer ratings of personality:The mediating role of contributions to group success[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2012,23(4):670-685.
[9]C?téS,Lopes P N,Salovey P,et al.Emotional intelligence and leadership emergence in small groups[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2010,21(3):496-508.
[10]De Rue D V,Nahrgang J D,Ashford S J.Interpersonal perceptions and the emergence of leadership structures in groups:Anetwork perspective[J].Organization Science,2015,26(4):1192-1209.
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[17]Ho G C,Shih M,Walters D J.Labels and leaders:The influence of framing on leadership emergence[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2012,23(5):943-952.
[18]Joseph D L,Dhanani L Y,Shen W,et al.Is a happy leader a good leader?A meta-analytic investigation of leader trait affect and leadership[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2015,26(4):557-576.
[19]Judge T A,Bono J E,Ilies R,et al.Personality and leadership:A qualitative and quantitative review[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2002,87(4):765-780.
[20]Judge T A,Le Pine J A,Rich B L.Loving yourself abundantly:Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self-and other perceptions of workplace deviance,leadership,and task and contextual performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2006,91(4):762-776.
[21]Kalish Y,Luria G.Leadership emergence over time in short-lived groups:Integrating expectations states theory with temporal person-perception and self-serving bias[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2016,101(10):1474-1486.
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[23]Kent R L,Moss S E.Effects of sex and gender role on leader emergence[J].Academy of Management Journal,1994,37(5):1335-1346.
[24]Kolb J A.Are we still stereotyping leadership?A look at gender and other predictors of leader emergence[J].Small Group Research,1997,28(3):370-393.
[25]Lanaj K,Hollenbeck J R.Leadership over-emergence in self-managing teams:The role of gender and countervailing biases[J].Academy of Management Journal,2015,58(5):1476-1494.
[26]Lemoine G J,Aggarwal I,Steed L B.When women emerge as leaders:Effects of extraversion and gender composition in groups[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2016,27(3):470-486.
[27]Li Y,Chun H,Ashkanasy N M,et al.A multi-level study of emergent group leadership:Effects of emotional stability and group conflict[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Management,2012,29(2):351-366.
[28]Liu S B,Jiang K F,Chen J X,et al.Linking employee boundary spanning behavior to task performance:The influence of informal leader emergence and group power distance[J].The International Journal of Human Resource Management,doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1216872.
[29]Luria G,Berson Y.How do leadership motives affect informal and formal leadership emergence?[J]Journal of Organizational Behavior,2013,34(7):995-1015.
[30]Luria G,Kalish Y,Weinstein M.Learning disability and leadership:Becoming an effective leader[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2014,35(6):747-761.
[31]Marinova S V,Moon H,Kamdar D.Getting ahead or getting along?The two-faced conceptualization of conscientiousness and leadership emergence[J].Organization Science,2013,24(4):1257-1276.
[32]Melwani S,Mueller J S,Overbeck J R.Looking down:The influence of contempt and compassion on emergent leadership categorizations[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2012,97(6):1171-1185.
[33]Neubert M J,Taggar S.Pathways to informal leadership:The moderating role of gender on the relationship of individual differences and team member network centrality to informal leadership emergence[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2004,15(2):175-194.
[34]Nevicka B,De Hoogh A H B,Van Vianen A E M,et al.All I need is a stage to shine:Narcissists’leader emergence and performance[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2011,22(5):910-925.
[35]Paunonen S V,L?nnqvist J E,Verkasalo M,et al.Narcissism and emergent leadership in military cadets[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2006,17(5):475-486.
[36]Paunova M.The emergence of individual and collective leadership in task groups:A matter of achievement and ascription[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2015,26(6):935-957.
[37]Reichard R J,Riggio R E,Guerin D W,et al.A longitudinal analysis of relationships between adolescent personality and intelligence with adult leader emergence and transformational leadership[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2011,22(3):471-481.
[38]Riggio R E,Riggio H R,Salinas C,et al.The role of social and emotional communication skills in leader emergence and effectiveness[J].Group Dynamics:Theory,Research,and Practice,2003,7(2):83-103.
[39]Schaumberg R L,Flynn F J.Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown:The link between guilt proneness and leadership[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2012,103(2):327-342.
[40]Serban A,Yammarino F J,Dionne S D,et al.Leadership emergence in face-to-face and virtual teams:A multi-level model with agent-based simulations,quasi-experimental and experimental tests[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2015,26(3):402-418.
[41]Taggar S,Hackew R,Saha S.Leadership emergence in autonomous work teams:Antecedents and outcomes[J].Personnel Psychology,1999,52(4):899-926.
[42]Walter F,Cole M S,van der Vegt G S,et al.Emotion recognition and emergent leadership:Unraveling mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2012,23(5):977-991.
[43]Wolff S B,Pescosolido A T,Druskat V U.Emotional intelligence as the basis of leadership emergence in self-managed teams[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2002,13(5):505-522.
[44]Zhang Z,Waldman D A,Wang Z.A multilevel investigation of leader-member exchange,informal leader emergence,and individual and team performance[J].Personnel Psychology,2012,65(1):49-78.
[2]Barling J,Weatherhead J G.Persistent exposure to poverty during childhood limits later leader emergence[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2016,101(9):1305-1318.
[3]Barry B,Stewart G L.Composition,process,and performance in self-managed groups:The role of personality[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1997,82(1):62-78.
[4]Brunell A B,Gentry W A,Campbell W K,et al.Leader emergence:The case of the narcissistic leader[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2008,34(12):1663-1676.
[5]Charlier S D,Stewart G L,Greco L M,et al.Emergent leadership in virtual teams:A multilevel investigation of individual communication and team dispersion antecedents[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2016,27(5):745-764.
[6]Chaturvedi S,Zyphur M J,Arvey R D,et al.The heritability of emergent leadership:Age and gender as moderating factors[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2012,23(2):219-232.
[7]Cogliser C C,Gardner W L,Gavin M B,et al.Big five personality factors and leader emergence in virtual teams:Relationships with team trustworthiness,member performance contributions,and team performance[J].Group&Organization Management,2012,37(6):752-784.
[8]Colbert A E,Judge T A,Choi D,et al.Assessing the trait theory of leadership using self and observer ratings of personality:The mediating role of contributions to group success[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2012,23(4):670-685.
[9]C?téS,Lopes P N,Salovey P,et al.Emotional intelligence and leadership emergence in small groups[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2010,21(3):496-508.
[10]De Rue D V,Nahrgang J D,Ashford S J.Interpersonal perceptions and the emergence of leadership structures in groups:Anetwork perspective[J].Organization Science,2015,26(4):1192-1209.
[11]Dobbins G H,Long W S,Dedrick E J,et al.The role of self-monitoring and gender on leader emergence:A laboratory and field study[J].Journal of Management,1990,16(3):609-618.
[12]Eagly A H,Karau S J.Gender and the emergence of leaders:A meta-analysis[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991,60(5):685-710.
[13]Ellis R J,Cronshaw S F.Self-monitoring and leader emergence:A test of moderator effects[J].Small Group Research,1992,23(1):113-129.
[14]Foti R J,Hauenstein N M A.Pattern and variable approaches in leadership emergence and effectiveness[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2007,92(2):347-355.
[15]Garland H,Beard J F.Relationship between self-monitoring and leader emergence across two task situations[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1979,64(1):72-76.
[16]Grijalva E,Harms P D,Newman D A,et al.Narcissism and leadership:A meta-analytic review of linear and nonlinear relationships[J].Personnel Psychology,2015,68(1):1-47.
[17]Ho G C,Shih M,Walters D J.Labels and leaders:The influence of framing on leadership emergence[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2012,23(5):943-952.
[18]Joseph D L,Dhanani L Y,Shen W,et al.Is a happy leader a good leader?A meta-analytic investigation of leader trait affect and leadership[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2015,26(4):557-576.
[19]Judge T A,Bono J E,Ilies R,et al.Personality and leadership:A qualitative and quantitative review[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2002,87(4):765-780.
[20]Judge T A,Le Pine J A,Rich B L.Loving yourself abundantly:Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self-and other perceptions of workplace deviance,leadership,and task and contextual performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2006,91(4):762-776.
[21]Kalish Y,Luria G.Leadership emergence over time in short-lived groups:Integrating expectations states theory with temporal person-perception and self-serving bias[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2016,101(10):1474-1486.
[22]Kellett J B,Humphrey R H,Sleeth R G.Empathy and the emergence of task and relations leaders[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2006,17(2):146-162.
[23]Kent R L,Moss S E.Effects of sex and gender role on leader emergence[J].Academy of Management Journal,1994,37(5):1335-1346.
[24]Kolb J A.Are we still stereotyping leadership?A look at gender and other predictors of leader emergence[J].Small Group Research,1997,28(3):370-393.
[25]Lanaj K,Hollenbeck J R.Leadership over-emergence in self-managing teams:The role of gender and countervailing biases[J].Academy of Management Journal,2015,58(5):1476-1494.
[26]Lemoine G J,Aggarwal I,Steed L B.When women emerge as leaders:Effects of extraversion and gender composition in groups[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2016,27(3):470-486.
[27]Li Y,Chun H,Ashkanasy N M,et al.A multi-level study of emergent group leadership:Effects of emotional stability and group conflict[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Management,2012,29(2):351-366.
[28]Liu S B,Jiang K F,Chen J X,et al.Linking employee boundary spanning behavior to task performance:The influence of informal leader emergence and group power distance[J].The International Journal of Human Resource Management,doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1216872.
[29]Luria G,Berson Y.How do leadership motives affect informal and formal leadership emergence?[J]Journal of Organizational Behavior,2013,34(7):995-1015.
[30]Luria G,Kalish Y,Weinstein M.Learning disability and leadership:Becoming an effective leader[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2014,35(6):747-761.
[31]Marinova S V,Moon H,Kamdar D.Getting ahead or getting along?The two-faced conceptualization of conscientiousness and leadership emergence[J].Organization Science,2013,24(4):1257-1276.
[32]Melwani S,Mueller J S,Overbeck J R.Looking down:The influence of contempt and compassion on emergent leadership categorizations[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2012,97(6):1171-1185.
[33]Neubert M J,Taggar S.Pathways to informal leadership:The moderating role of gender on the relationship of individual differences and team member network centrality to informal leadership emergence[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2004,15(2):175-194.
[34]Nevicka B,De Hoogh A H B,Van Vianen A E M,et al.All I need is a stage to shine:Narcissists’leader emergence and performance[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2011,22(5):910-925.
[35]Paunonen S V,L?nnqvist J E,Verkasalo M,et al.Narcissism and emergent leadership in military cadets[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2006,17(5):475-486.
[36]Paunova M.The emergence of individual and collective leadership in task groups:A matter of achievement and ascription[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2015,26(6):935-957.
[37]Reichard R J,Riggio R E,Guerin D W,et al.A longitudinal analysis of relationships between adolescent personality and intelligence with adult leader emergence and transformational leadership[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2011,22(3):471-481.
[38]Riggio R E,Riggio H R,Salinas C,et al.The role of social and emotional communication skills in leader emergence and effectiveness[J].Group Dynamics:Theory,Research,and Practice,2003,7(2):83-103.
[39]Schaumberg R L,Flynn F J.Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown:The link between guilt proneness and leadership[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2012,103(2):327-342.
[40]Serban A,Yammarino F J,Dionne S D,et al.Leadership emergence in face-to-face and virtual teams:A multi-level model with agent-based simulations,quasi-experimental and experimental tests[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2015,26(3):402-418.
[41]Taggar S,Hackew R,Saha S.Leadership emergence in autonomous work teams:Antecedents and outcomes[J].Personnel Psychology,1999,52(4):899-926.
[42]Walter F,Cole M S,van der Vegt G S,et al.Emotion recognition and emergent leadership:Unraveling mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2012,23(5):977-991.
[43]Wolff S B,Pescosolido A T,Druskat V U.Emotional intelligence as the basis of leadership emergence in self-managed teams[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2002,13(5):505-522.
[44]Zhang Z,Waldman D A,Wang Z.A multilevel investigation of leader-member exchange,informal leader emergence,and individual and team performance[J].Personnel Psychology,2012,65(1):49-78.