Precipitation differences cause contrast patterns of glacier-melt water supplied discharge of two glacier basins between northern and southern Third Pole
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摘要
<正>In the Third Pole (TP) region, there are about 100,000 km2of glaciers [1], distributed mainly in the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. Glacier melt-water from these glaciers not only feeds rivers, such as the Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganges, Yellow and Yangtze, which finally reach the seas, but also feeds the rivers, such as the Tarim River, Heihe River and a lot of other rivers, which finally reach the arid areas or deserts. The Asian Water Tower [2]is, therefore, proposed to characterize the significance of the glaciers and glacier melt water at all the river heads in the TP, which is important water resource both for regulating seasonal water demands in the arid areas or deserts and for sea level rising. In addition, they also change the water cycle at a large scale [3].
引文
[1]Yao T,Thompson L,Yang W,et al.Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings.Nat Clim Change2012;2:663-7.
[2]Immerzeel W,Bierkens M.Climate change will affect the Asian water towers.Science 2010;328:1382-5.
[3]Shi J,Zhao T,Du J,et al.Observing Earth’s water cycle from space.SPIENewsroom 2014;10(1117/2).pp.1201411.005659.
[4]Shi Y,Liu S.Estimation on the response of glaciers in China to the global warming in the 21st century.Chin Sci Bull 2000;45:668-72.
[5]Wang Q,Yi S,Sun W.Precipitation-driven glacier changes in the Pamir and Hindu Kush mountains.Geophys Res Lett 2017;44:2817-24.
[6]Yang W,Yao T,Guo X,et al.Mass balance of a maritime glacier on the southeast Tibetan Plateau and its climatic sensitivity.J Geophys Res-Atmos2013;118:9579-94.
[7]Lei Y,Yao T,Bird B,et al.Coherent lake growth on the central Tibetan Plateau since the 1970s:characterization and attribution.J Hydrol 2013;483:61-7.
[8]Kaab A,Leinss S,Gilbert A,et al.Massive collapse of two glaciers in western Tibet in 2016 after surge-like instability.Nat Geosci 2018;11:114-9.
[9]Huss M,Hock R.Global-scale hydrological response to future climate change.Nat Clim Change 2018;8:135-40.
[10]Wang S.Glacier mass balance and its surface runoff in the Beida River catchment,Qilian Mountain.Doctor Dissertation.Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;2018.
[11]Ragettli S,Bolch T,Pellicciotti F.Heterogeneous glacier thinning patterns over the last 40 years in Langtang Himal.Cryosphere 2016;10:2075-97.
[12]Brun F,Berthier E,Wagnon P,et al.A spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from 2000 to 2016.Nat Geosci2017;10:668-73.
[13]Niraj S,Pradhananga I,Rijan B,et al.Estimation of discharge from Langtang River basin,Nepal,using a glacio-hydrological model.Ann Glaciol2014;55:223-31.
[14]Immerzeel W,Pellicciotti F,Bierkens M.Rising river flows throughout the twenty-first century in two Himalayan glacierized watersheds.Nat Geosci2013;6:742-5.
[15]Anushilan A,Rijan B.Mass and energy balance estimation of Yala Glacier(2011-2017),Langtang Valley.Nepal.Water.2019;11:1-17.
[2]Immerzeel W,Bierkens M.Climate change will affect the Asian water towers.Science 2010;328:1382-5.
[3]Shi J,Zhao T,Du J,et al.Observing Earth’s water cycle from space.SPIENewsroom 2014;10(1117/2).pp.1201411.005659.
[4]Shi Y,Liu S.Estimation on the response of glaciers in China to the global warming in the 21st century.Chin Sci Bull 2000;45:668-72.
[5]Wang Q,Yi S,Sun W.Precipitation-driven glacier changes in the Pamir and Hindu Kush mountains.Geophys Res Lett 2017;44:2817-24.
[6]Yang W,Yao T,Guo X,et al.Mass balance of a maritime glacier on the southeast Tibetan Plateau and its climatic sensitivity.J Geophys Res-Atmos2013;118:9579-94.
[7]Lei Y,Yao T,Bird B,et al.Coherent lake growth on the central Tibetan Plateau since the 1970s:characterization and attribution.J Hydrol 2013;483:61-7.
[8]Kaab A,Leinss S,Gilbert A,et al.Massive collapse of two glaciers in western Tibet in 2016 after surge-like instability.Nat Geosci 2018;11:114-9.
[9]Huss M,Hock R.Global-scale hydrological response to future climate change.Nat Clim Change 2018;8:135-40.
[10]Wang S.Glacier mass balance and its surface runoff in the Beida River catchment,Qilian Mountain.Doctor Dissertation.Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;2018.
[11]Ragettli S,Bolch T,Pellicciotti F.Heterogeneous glacier thinning patterns over the last 40 years in Langtang Himal.Cryosphere 2016;10:2075-97.
[12]Brun F,Berthier E,Wagnon P,et al.A spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from 2000 to 2016.Nat Geosci2017;10:668-73.
[13]Niraj S,Pradhananga I,Rijan B,et al.Estimation of discharge from Langtang River basin,Nepal,using a glacio-hydrological model.Ann Glaciol2014;55:223-31.
[14]Immerzeel W,Pellicciotti F,Bierkens M.Rising river flows throughout the twenty-first century in two Himalayan glacierized watersheds.Nat Geosci2013;6:742-5.
[15]Anushilan A,Rijan B.Mass and energy balance estimation of Yala Glacier(2011-2017),Langtang Valley.Nepal.Water.2019;11:1-17.