红河哈尼稻作梯田旅游资源价值空间差异评价
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摘要
红河哈尼稻作梯田拥有丰富的自然与文化景观资源,是全球/中国重要农业文化遗产、世界文化遗产。目前该地区旅游发展水平空间极不平衡,在对其资源进行科学评价的基础上,提出差异化发展的策略是现实需要,也具有示范意义。本研究以哈尼稻作梯田十大片区所在8个乡镇的旅游资源为评价对象,根据自然景观与人文景观特征的差异,从资源特征和影响力两个方面,分别构建评价指标体系(自然景观6个指标,人文景观7个指标),采用层次分析-模糊数学分析方法对其资源价值进行评价。研究结果表明,自然景观价值方面,马鞍底乡、阿得博乡和三猛乡依托国家级保护区资源具有较明显的优势,其中马鞍底乡因景观奇特、规模宏大而优势突出,甲寅镇则因其水域和植物等组合景观而具有自然景观优势;人文景观价值方面,攀枝花乡、新街镇、甲寅镇和宝华镇因梯田而知名度高,民族文化典型而优势明显,其他乡镇也因具有优美的梯田景观、古村落、传统文化等人文景观资源而得到较高评价。哈尼稻作梯田系统的人文景观价值高于自然景观价值,但自然景观资源尚未得到开发,旅游发展水平空间差异巨大。最后,本研究根据各乡镇的资源优势,提出了各有侧重的旅游发展策略。
Tourism, as a type of non-pollution industry with low cost and short return period on investment, has become the first choice of local governments for economic development. Agricultural heritage site, as a kind of traditional rural area, has obvious advantages in terms of its abundant tourism resources. However, agricultural heritage site usually covers a big region including many counties or towns. There is the need that each sub-region develops different types of tourism, depending on its resource advantages, to avoid competition between sub-regions. Honghe Hani Rice Terrace System(HHRTS) enjoys a lot of natural and cultural landscapes and the titles of globally and nationally important agricultural heritage and world cultural heritage systems, but is located in impoverished counties. Tourism development in this area now is imbalanced in space. Thus, in this study, a scientific assessment of the resources in Hani Terrace area was conducted, on which basis a tourism development route for the area was proposed. In the study, the qualities of tourism resources in 8 towns of HHRTS site were assessed using the AHP-Fuzzy method. Based on the differences among the natural and human landscapes, an evaluation index system for resource characteristics and impact were constructed, which included 6 indexes(appreciation value, rare degree, scale, diversity, popularity and grade) for the natural landscape and 7 indexes(history, scale, cultural value, art value, popularity, originality and protection grade) for the human landscape. The weight and value of each index was marked by tourism experts. The assessment of tourism resources in 8 towns were done by researchers with long-term experience in Hani Terraces. The results showed that in the natural landscape resources, Maandi Town had an overwhelming advantage. Adebo Town and Sanmeng Town had an advantage over other towns due to their national-level natural reserves. Jiayin Town also had an advantage due to its good mix of water and plant landscapes. Panzhihua Town, Xinjie Town, Jiayin Town and Baohua Town had huge advantage over other towns because of the famous terraced landscape and advertisement. Then other towns had higher evaluation because of the human landscape, such as terraces, ancient villages and traditional cultures. In summary, the human landscape value was higher than the natural landscape value for HHRTS. Actually, the natural landscape also had a high value, but it still was not fully developed. The development level of tourism in Hani Terraces area varied in space. Therefore, different tourism development strategies for 8 towns were proposed, driven by tourism resource advantages of each town. Jiayin Town and Baohua Town were good for tourism in terraced agricultural activities because of special tourism villages and agricultural handicrafts. Xinjie Town, Panzhihua Town and Niujiaozhai Town were good for tourism in Hani terraced sightseeing and cultural experience of minority to make use of the ethnic culture and terraced landscapes. Sanmeng Town should develop minority festival experience and health-keeping traveling because of its good environment and ethnic culture. Then Adebo Town was to develop leisure agriculture and eco-tourism based on farming culture and natural reserves. Finally, Ma'andi Town was to build tourism in mountain and water sightseeing and artistic creation because of the fantastic natural sceneries.
Tourism, as a type of non-pollution industry with low cost and short return period on investment, has become the first choice of local governments for economic development. Agricultural heritage site, as a kind of traditional rural area, has obvious advantages in terms of its abundant tourism resources. However, agricultural heritage site usually covers a big region including many counties or towns. There is the need that each sub-region develops different types of tourism, depending on its resource advantages, to avoid competition between sub-regions. Honghe Hani Rice Terrace System(HHRTS) enjoys a lot of natural and cultural landscapes and the titles of globally and nationally important agricultural heritage and world cultural heritage systems, but is located in impoverished counties. Tourism development in this area now is imbalanced in space. Thus, in this study, a scientific assessment of the resources in Hani Terrace area was conducted, on which basis a tourism development route for the area was proposed. In the study, the qualities of tourism resources in 8 towns of HHRTS site were assessed using the AHP-Fuzzy method. Based on the differences among the natural and human landscapes, an evaluation index system for resource characteristics and impact were constructed, which included 6 indexes(appreciation value, rare degree, scale, diversity, popularity and grade) for the natural landscape and 7 indexes(history, scale, cultural value, art value, popularity, originality and protection grade) for the human landscape. The weight and value of each index was marked by tourism experts. The assessment of tourism resources in 8 towns were done by researchers with long-term experience in Hani Terraces. The results showed that in the natural landscape resources, Maandi Town had an overwhelming advantage. Adebo Town and Sanmeng Town had an advantage over other towns due to their national-level natural reserves. Jiayin Town also had an advantage due to its good mix of water and plant landscapes. Panzhihua Town, Xinjie Town, Jiayin Town and Baohua Town had huge advantage over other towns because of the famous terraced landscape and advertisement. Then other towns had higher evaluation because of the human landscape, such as terraces, ancient villages and traditional cultures. In summary, the human landscape value was higher than the natural landscape value for HHRTS. Actually, the natural landscape also had a high value, but it still was not fully developed. The development level of tourism in Hani Terraces area varied in space. Therefore, different tourism development strategies for 8 towns were proposed, driven by tourism resource advantages of each town. Jiayin Town and Baohua Town were good for tourism in terraced agricultural activities because of special tourism villages and agricultural handicrafts. Xinjie Town, Panzhihua Town and Niujiaozhai Town were good for tourism in Hani terraced sightseeing and cultural experience of minority to make use of the ethnic culture and terraced landscapes. Sanmeng Town should develop minority festival experience and health-keeping traveling because of its good environment and ethnic culture. Then Adebo Town was to develop leisure agriculture and eco-tourism based on farming culture and natural reserves. Finally, Ma'andi Town was to build tourism in mountain and water sightseeing and artistic creation because of the fantastic natural sceneries.
引文
[1]洪银兴.消费经济:十二五时期新的经济增长点[J].南京社会科学,2011,(3):1–5HONG Y X.Consumer economy:New economic growth point in the twelfth five-year period[J].Social Sciences in Nanjing,2011,(3):1–5
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[3]张遵东,章立峰.贵州民族地区乡村旅游扶贫对农民收入的影响研究——以雷山县西江苗寨为例[J].贵州民族研究,2011,32(6):66–71ZHANG Z D,ZHANG L F.Effects of farmer’s income by rural tourism poverty alleviation in Guizhou national areas—Taking Xijiang Miao Village in Leishan County as an example[J].Guizhou Ethnic Studies,2011,32(6):66–71
[4]保继刚,楚义芳.旅游地理学[M].第3版.北京:高等教育出版社,2012BAO J G,CHU Y F.Tourism Geography[M].3rd ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012
[5]杨柳.海南省乡村旅游扶贫绩效及实证研究[J].中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(5):217–221YANG L.Poverty alleviation by rural tourism in Hainan[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2017,38(5):217–221
[6]张侨.旅游扶贫模式和扶贫效应研究——基于海南省贫困地区的调查数据分析[J].技术经济与管理研究,2016,(11):124–128ZHANG Q.Study on the mode and effect of tourism poverty alleviation—Analysis based on the survey data about Hainan Province poor areas[J].Technoeconomics&Management Research,2016,(11):124–128
[7]赵荣.农村贫困地区旅游扶贫效益研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2015ZHAO R.Study on the effect of tourism poverty alleviation[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2015
[8]鲁明勇,尹贻梅.区域旅游开发中的“同类质资源悲剧”博弈分析[J].中国地质大学学报:社会科学版,2011,11(2):108–113LU M Y,YIN Y M.Game theory analysis on the“Tragedy of Homogeneous Resources”in regional tourism development[J].Journal of China University of Geosciences:Social Sciences Edition,2011,11(2):108–113
[9]梁佳,吕兴洋,曲颖.形象趋同与个性趋异:资源同质目的地品牌差异化定位研究[J].人文地理,2016,31(5):113–118LIANG J,LYU X Y,QU Y.Image convergence&personality divergence:The study of differential brand positioning for destinations with homogeneous resources[J].Human Geography,2016,31(5):113–118
[10]ZHANG Y X,MIN Q W,JIAO W J,et al.Values and conservation of Honghe Hani rice terraces system as a GIAHS site[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2016,7(3):197–204
[11]LOTHIAN A.Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics:Is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder?[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1999,44(4):177–198
[12]GOBSTER P H,CHENOWETH R E.The dimensions of aesthetic preference:A quantitative analysis[J].Journal of Environment Management,1989,29(1):47–72
[13]程乾,付俊.基于游客感知的古村落旅游资源评价研究[J].经济地理,2010,30(2):329–333CHENG Q,FU J.Research on evaluation of ancient village tourism resources based on visitor perception[J].Economic Geography,2010,30(2):329–333
[14]冯卫英,朱世桂,黎星辉.基于层次分析法的茶文化旅游资源评价——以江苏宜兴阳羡茶文化博览园为例[J].南京农业大学学报:社会科学版,2013,13(1):127–134FENG W Y,ZHU S G,LI X H.Evaluation of the tea tourism resources applied the AHP method:A case study of Yangxian tea exposition in Yixing[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University:Social Sciences Edition,2013,13(1):127–134
[15]周彬,赵旭东,王宾梅,等.渔文化旅游资源开发潜力评价研究——以浙江省象山县为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(12):1440–1445ZHOU B,ZHAO X D,WANG B M,et al.Assessment on the development potential of fishing cultural tourism resources—A case study of Xiangshan County of Zhejiang Province[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(12):1440–1445
[16]王霄,黄震方,袁林旺,等.生态旅游资源潜力评价——以江苏盐城海滨湿地为例[J].经济地理,2007,27(5):830–834WANG X,HUANG Z F,YUAN L W,et al.A study on potential assessment of ecotourism resources:A case of coastal wetlands in Yancheng[J].Economic Geography,2007,27(5):830–834
[17]曾瑜皙,钟林生.中国旅游资源评价研究回顾与展望[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,2017,40(2):1–10ZENG Y X,ZHONG L S.Retrospects and prospects on the evaluation of tourism resources in China[J].Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University,2017,40(2):1–10
[18]林贤彪,颜燕燕,闵庆文,等.农业文化遗产非使用价值评估及其影响因素分析——以福州茉莉花种植与茶文化遗产为例[J].资源科学,2014,36(5):1089–1097LIN X B,YAN Y Y,MIN Q W,et al.Evaluating the non-use value of agricultural heritage across jasmine planted and tea cultural systems in Fuzhou[J].Resources Science,2014,36(5):1089–1097
[19]陈洪凯,方艳,吴楚.风景名胜区景观价值评价方法研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(Z2):74–80CHEN H K,FANG Y,WU C.Study on the evaluation method for landscape value in scenic spot[J].Resources and Development in the Yangtze Basin,2012,21(Z2):74–80
[20]董瑞杰,董治宝,吴晋峰,等.罗布泊雅丹地貌旅游资源评价与开发研究[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1235–1243DONG R J,DONG Z B,WU J F,et al.Evaluation and development on Yardang landform tourism resources in Lop Nor of China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(4):1235–1243
[21]WANG X,LI X,ZHEN F,et al.How smart is your tourist attraction?:measuring tourist preferences of smart tourism attractions via a FCEM-AHP and IPA approach[J].Tourism Management,2016,54:309–320
[22]CHAN F T S,KUMAR N.Global supplier development considering risk factors using fuzzy extended AHP-based approach[J].Omega,2007,35(4):417–431
[23]黄绍文.试论元阳县梯田文化生态旅游资源类型与开发对策[J].红河学院学报,2004,2(1):69–74HUANG S W.On developing ecological tourism of the terraced field culture in Yuanyang[J].Journal of Honghe University,2004,2(1):69–74
[24]杨春.全域旅游视角下云南元阳哈尼梯田旅游产业发展战略研究[D].昆明:云南师范大学,2016YANG C.Study on the development strategy of Yunnan Yuanyang Hani terrace tourism industry from the perspective of region-based tourism[D].Kunming:Yunnan Normal University,2016
[25]何超,李萌,李婷婷,等.多目标综合评价中四种确定权重方法的比较与分析[J].湖北大学学报:自然科学版,2016,38(2):172–178HE C,LI M,LI T T,et al.Comparison and analysis of the four methods of the determining weights in multi-objective comprehensive evaluation[J].Journal of Hubei University:Natural Science,2016,38(2):172–178
[26]TIAN M,MIN Q W,LUN F,et al.Evaluation of tourism water capacity in agricultural heritage sites[J].Sustainability,2015,7(11):15548–15569
[27]李明瀚.基于资源基础理论的同质化旅游产品竞争策略研究——以元阳梯田为例[D].昆明:云南大学,2013LI M H.Applying resource-based theory to study the competitive strategy of coessential competition among tourism products:A case study on Yuanyang terraces[D].Kunming:Yunnan University,2013
[2]梁琦.构建生态消费经济观——兼评我国适度消费理论[J].经济学家,1997,(3):29–33LIANG Q.To form an economic outlook of ecological consumption:Also comment on theory of consumption in reasonable degree of our country[J].Economist,1997,(3):29–33
[3]张遵东,章立峰.贵州民族地区乡村旅游扶贫对农民收入的影响研究——以雷山县西江苗寨为例[J].贵州民族研究,2011,32(6):66–71ZHANG Z D,ZHANG L F.Effects of farmer’s income by rural tourism poverty alleviation in Guizhou national areas—Taking Xijiang Miao Village in Leishan County as an example[J].Guizhou Ethnic Studies,2011,32(6):66–71
[4]保继刚,楚义芳.旅游地理学[M].第3版.北京:高等教育出版社,2012BAO J G,CHU Y F.Tourism Geography[M].3rd ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012
[5]杨柳.海南省乡村旅游扶贫绩效及实证研究[J].中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(5):217–221YANG L.Poverty alleviation by rural tourism in Hainan[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2017,38(5):217–221
[6]张侨.旅游扶贫模式和扶贫效应研究——基于海南省贫困地区的调查数据分析[J].技术经济与管理研究,2016,(11):124–128ZHANG Q.Study on the mode and effect of tourism poverty alleviation—Analysis based on the survey data about Hainan Province poor areas[J].Technoeconomics&Management Research,2016,(11):124–128
[7]赵荣.农村贫困地区旅游扶贫效益研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2015ZHAO R.Study on the effect of tourism poverty alleviation[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2015
[8]鲁明勇,尹贻梅.区域旅游开发中的“同类质资源悲剧”博弈分析[J].中国地质大学学报:社会科学版,2011,11(2):108–113LU M Y,YIN Y M.Game theory analysis on the“Tragedy of Homogeneous Resources”in regional tourism development[J].Journal of China University of Geosciences:Social Sciences Edition,2011,11(2):108–113
[9]梁佳,吕兴洋,曲颖.形象趋同与个性趋异:资源同质目的地品牌差异化定位研究[J].人文地理,2016,31(5):113–118LIANG J,LYU X Y,QU Y.Image convergence&personality divergence:The study of differential brand positioning for destinations with homogeneous resources[J].Human Geography,2016,31(5):113–118
[10]ZHANG Y X,MIN Q W,JIAO W J,et al.Values and conservation of Honghe Hani rice terraces system as a GIAHS site[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology,2016,7(3):197–204
[11]LOTHIAN A.Landscape and the philosophy of aesthetics:Is landscape quality inherent in the landscape or in the eye of the beholder?[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1999,44(4):177–198
[12]GOBSTER P H,CHENOWETH R E.The dimensions of aesthetic preference:A quantitative analysis[J].Journal of Environment Management,1989,29(1):47–72
[13]程乾,付俊.基于游客感知的古村落旅游资源评价研究[J].经济地理,2010,30(2):329–333CHENG Q,FU J.Research on evaluation of ancient village tourism resources based on visitor perception[J].Economic Geography,2010,30(2):329–333
[14]冯卫英,朱世桂,黎星辉.基于层次分析法的茶文化旅游资源评价——以江苏宜兴阳羡茶文化博览园为例[J].南京农业大学学报:社会科学版,2013,13(1):127–134FENG W Y,ZHU S G,LI X H.Evaluation of the tea tourism resources applied the AHP method:A case study of Yangxian tea exposition in Yixing[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University:Social Sciences Edition,2013,13(1):127–134
[15]周彬,赵旭东,王宾梅,等.渔文化旅游资源开发潜力评价研究——以浙江省象山县为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(12):1440–1445ZHOU B,ZHAO X D,WANG B M,et al.Assessment on the development potential of fishing cultural tourism resources—A case study of Xiangshan County of Zhejiang Province[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(12):1440–1445
[16]王霄,黄震方,袁林旺,等.生态旅游资源潜力评价——以江苏盐城海滨湿地为例[J].经济地理,2007,27(5):830–834WANG X,HUANG Z F,YUAN L W,et al.A study on potential assessment of ecotourism resources:A case of coastal wetlands in Yancheng[J].Economic Geography,2007,27(5):830–834
[17]曾瑜皙,钟林生.中国旅游资源评价研究回顾与展望[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,2017,40(2):1–10ZENG Y X,ZHONG L S.Retrospects and prospects on the evaluation of tourism resources in China[J].Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University,2017,40(2):1–10
[18]林贤彪,颜燕燕,闵庆文,等.农业文化遗产非使用价值评估及其影响因素分析——以福州茉莉花种植与茶文化遗产为例[J].资源科学,2014,36(5):1089–1097LIN X B,YAN Y Y,MIN Q W,et al.Evaluating the non-use value of agricultural heritage across jasmine planted and tea cultural systems in Fuzhou[J].Resources Science,2014,36(5):1089–1097
[19]陈洪凯,方艳,吴楚.风景名胜区景观价值评价方法研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(Z2):74–80CHEN H K,FANG Y,WU C.Study on the evaluation method for landscape value in scenic spot[J].Resources and Development in the Yangtze Basin,2012,21(Z2):74–80
[20]董瑞杰,董治宝,吴晋峰,等.罗布泊雅丹地貌旅游资源评价与开发研究[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1235–1243DONG R J,DONG Z B,WU J F,et al.Evaluation and development on Yardang landform tourism resources in Lop Nor of China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(4):1235–1243
[21]WANG X,LI X,ZHEN F,et al.How smart is your tourist attraction?:measuring tourist preferences of smart tourism attractions via a FCEM-AHP and IPA approach[J].Tourism Management,2016,54:309–320
[22]CHAN F T S,KUMAR N.Global supplier development considering risk factors using fuzzy extended AHP-based approach[J].Omega,2007,35(4):417–431
[23]黄绍文.试论元阳县梯田文化生态旅游资源类型与开发对策[J].红河学院学报,2004,2(1):69–74HUANG S W.On developing ecological tourism of the terraced field culture in Yuanyang[J].Journal of Honghe University,2004,2(1):69–74
[24]杨春.全域旅游视角下云南元阳哈尼梯田旅游产业发展战略研究[D].昆明:云南师范大学,2016YANG C.Study on the development strategy of Yunnan Yuanyang Hani terrace tourism industry from the perspective of region-based tourism[D].Kunming:Yunnan Normal University,2016
[25]何超,李萌,李婷婷,等.多目标综合评价中四种确定权重方法的比较与分析[J].湖北大学学报:自然科学版,2016,38(2):172–178HE C,LI M,LI T T,et al.Comparison and analysis of the four methods of the determining weights in multi-objective comprehensive evaluation[J].Journal of Hubei University:Natural Science,2016,38(2):172–178
[26]TIAN M,MIN Q W,LUN F,et al.Evaluation of tourism water capacity in agricultural heritage sites[J].Sustainability,2015,7(11):15548–15569
[27]李明瀚.基于资源基础理论的同质化旅游产品竞争策略研究——以元阳梯田为例[D].昆明:云南大学,2013LI M H.Applying resource-based theory to study the competitive strategy of coessential competition among tourism products:A case study on Yuanyang terraces[D].Kunming:Yunnan University,2013