员工自我监控能力如何影响社会网络中心性:靠领导还是广撒网?
|
摘要
社会资本对个体在组织中的发展至关重要,但现有文献对个体如何在组织中获取社会资本这一问题关注不足。本文结合人格理论和社会资本理论,探究了组织中员工社会网络中心性形成的内在机制。基于对10个工作团队整体网络中174个个体数据的结构方程模型分析,本文发现:(1)自我监控能力强的员工往往拥有更高的社会网络中心性;(2)员工的两种社会交往方式——领导-下属交换和交往多样化,能够完全中介自我监控能力对社会网络中心性的正向影响。本研究探讨了工作场所中员工的自我监控能力对其社会网络中心性产生影响的内在机制,对理解组织中员工社会资本的形成和来源具有重要意义。
Social capital is essential to individual development in organizations, however, the current literature has not paid due attentions on how employees acquire social capital. Drawing upon personality and social capital theory, this study explored the underlying mechanism of the formation of employees' social network centrality.Using structural equation modelling on 174 individual data in 10 work teams' whole network, the following results were found:(1) employees with high self-monitoring are more likely to acquire social network centrality;(2) two kinds of social interaction, namely interaction with high status individuals and diverse colleagues, fully mediate the positive influence of self-monitoring on social network centrality. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the in?uences of employees' self-monitoring on their social network centrality in workplace, which is of great signi?cance to understanding employees' social capital formation and source.
Social capital is essential to individual development in organizations, however, the current literature has not paid due attentions on how employees acquire social capital. Drawing upon personality and social capital theory, this study explored the underlying mechanism of the formation of employees' social network centrality.Using structural equation modelling on 174 individual data in 10 work teams' whole network, the following results were found:(1) employees with high self-monitoring are more likely to acquire social network centrality;(2) two kinds of social interaction, namely interaction with high status individuals and diverse colleagues, fully mediate the positive influence of self-monitoring on social network centrality. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the in?uences of employees' self-monitoring on their social network centrality in workplace, which is of great signi?cance to understanding employees' social capital formation and source.
引文
1.边燕杰,张文宏.(2001).经济体制,社会网络与职业流动.中国社会科学,(2),77-89.
2.边燕杰.(2004).城市居民社会资本的来源及作用:网络观点与调查发现.中国社会科学,(3),136-146.
3.刘军.(2009).整体网分析讲义.上海:格致出版社.
4.王颂.(2017).横向交往还是纵向交往?--工具性交往对社会资本的影响.心理学报,49(1),116-127.
5.吴瀚,姚小涛.(2012).以基于内部互动的社会资本视角再看高层管理团队.管理学报,9(9),1300-1306.
6.张勉,魏钧,杨百寅.(2009).社会资本的来源:工作咨询网络中心性的前因变量.管理世界,50(5),133-136.
7.邹宇春,敖丹,李建栋.(2012).中国城市居民的信任格局及社会资本影响.中国社会科学,(5),131-148.
8.Adler,P.S.,&Kwon,S.W.(2002).Social capital:Prospects for a new concept.Academy of Management Review,27(1),17-40.
9.Bagozzi,R.P.,&Edwards,J.R.(1998).A general approach for representing constructs in organizational research.Organizational Research Methods,1(1),45-87.
10.Bagozzi,R.P.,&Heatherton,T.F.(1994).A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs:Application to state self-esteem.Structural Equation Modeling,1(1),35-67.
11.Baldwin,T.T.,Bedell,M.D.,&Johnson,J.L.(1997).The social fabric of a team-based MBA program:Network effects on student satisfaction and performance.Academy of Management Journal,40(6),1369-1397.
12.Baron,R.A.(1989).Personality and organizational conflict:Effects of the type A behavior pattern and selfmonitoring.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,44(2),196-281.
13.Baumeister,R.F.,&Twenge,J.M.(2003).Handbook of Psychology:Personality and Social Psychology,New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.
14.Blau,P.M.(1977).Inequality and Heterogeneity:APrimitive Theory of Social Structure.New York:Free Press.
15.Bollen,K.A.(1987).Total,direct,and indirect effects in Structural Equation Models.In C.C.Clogg(Eds).Sociological Methodology(pp.39-69).Washington,DC:American Sociological Association.
16.Bollen,K.A.(1989).Structural Equations with Latent Variables.New York:Wiley.
17.Bolys,M.,Kotobi,L.,&Furnham,A.(2017).How"dark side"personality traits affect social network position.Psychology,8(4),550-562.
18.Borgatti,S.P.,Everett,M.G.,&Freeman,L.C.(2002).Ucinet for Windows:Software for Social Network Analysis.Harvard:Analytic Technologies.
19.Bourdieu,P.(1986).The Forms of Capital.In John G.Richardson(Eds).Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education(pp.241-258).Westport,CT:Greenwood Press.
20.Burt,R.S.(1992).Structural Holes:The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
21.Casciaro,T.,Gino,F.,&Kouchaki,M.(2014).The contaminating effects of building instrumental ties:How networking can make us feel dirty.Administrative Science Quarterly,59(4),705-735.
22.Coleman,J.(1988).Social capital in the creation of human capital.American Journal of Sociology,94,S95-S120.
23.Coser,L.A.(1975).Presidential address:Two methods in search of a substance.American Sociological Review,40(6),691-700.
24.Eisenberg,E.M.,Monge,P.R.,&Miller,K.I.(1983).Involvement in communication networks as a predictor of organizational commitment.Human Communication Research,10(2),179-201.
25.Erdogan,B.,Bauer,T.N.,&Walter,J.(2015).Deeds that help and words that hurt:Helping and gossip as moderators of the relationship between leader-member exchange and advice network centrality.Personnel Psychology,68(1),185-214.
26.Fang,R.,Landis,B.,Zhang,Z.,Anderson,M.H.,Shaw,J.D.,&Kilduff,M.(2015).Integrating personality and social networks:A meta-analysis of personality,network position,and work outcomes in organizations.Organization Science,26(4),1243-1260.
27.Flynn,F.J.,Reagans,R.E.,Amanatullah,E.T.,&Ames,D.R.(2006).Helping one's way to the top:Self-monitors achieve status by helping others and knowing who helps whom.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(6),1123-1137.
28.Gangestad,S.W.,&Snyder,M.(2000).Self-monitoring:Appraisal and reappraisal.Psychological Bulletin,126(4),530-555.
29.Graen,G.B.,&Ginsburgh,S.(1977).Job resignation as a function of role orientation and leader acceptance:A longitudinal investigation of organizational assimilation.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,19(1),1-17.
30.Graen,G.B.,&Scandura,T.A.(1986).A theory of dyadic career reality.In K.Rowland&G.R.Ferris(Eds).Research on Personnel and Human Resource Management(pp.147-181).Greenwich,CT:JAI Press.
31.Granovetter,M.S.(1973).The strength of weak ties.American Journal of Sociology,78(6),1360-1380.
32.Hall,R.J.,Snell,A.F.,&Foust,M.S.(1999).Item parceling strategies in SEM:Investigating the subtle effects of unmodeled secondary constructs.Organizational Research Methods,2(3),233-256.
33.Ho,V.T.,Pollack,J.M.(2014).Passion isn't always a good thing:Examining entrepreneurs network centrality and financial performance with a dualistic model of passion.Journal of Management Studies,51(3),433-459.
34.Ibarra,H.(1992).Homophily and differential returns:Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm.Administrative Science Quarterly,37(3),422-447.
35.Ibarra,H.(1993).Personal networks of women and minorities in management:A conceptual framework.Academy of Management Review,18(1),56-87.
36.Jokisaari,M.(2013).The role of leader-member and social network relations in newcomers'role performance.Journal of Vocational Behavior,82(2),96-104.
37.Kelloway,E.K.(1998).Using LISREL for Structural Equation Modeling:A Researchers Guide.Beverly Hills,CA:Sage Publications.
38.Kilduff,M.,&Krackhardt,D.(1994).Bringing the individual back in:A structural analysis of the internal market for reputation in organizations.Academy of Management Journal,37(1),87-108.
39.Kilduff,M.,&Tsai,W.(2003).Social networks and organizations.Beverly Hills,CA:Sage Publications.
40.Klein,K.J.,Lim,B.,Saltz,J.L.,&Mayer,D.M.(2004).How do they get there?An examination of the antecedents of centrality in team networks.Academy of Management Journal,47(6),952-963.
41.Kotter,J.P.(1982).What effective general managers really do.Harvard Business Review,60,156-167.
42.Lennox,R.D.,&Wolfe,R.N.(1984).Revision of the self-monitoring scale.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,46(6),1349-1364.
43.Liden,R.C.,&Graen,G.(1980).Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership.Academy of Management Journal,23(3),451-465.
44.Lin,N.(1982).Social resources and instrumental action.In P.V.Marsden and N.Lin(Eds).Social Structure and Network Analysis(pp.131-145).Beverly Hills,CA:Sage Publications.
45.Lin,N.(2001).Social Capital:A Theory of Social Structure and Action.New York:Cambridge University Press.
46.Little,T.D.,Cunningham,W.A.,Shahar,G.,&Widaman,K.F.(2002).To parcel or not to parcel:Exploring the question,weighing the merits.Structural Equation Modeling,9(2),151-173.
47.Luthans,F.,Rosenkrantz,S.A.,&Hennessey,H.W.(1985).What do successful managers really do?An observation study of managerial activities.Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,21(3),255-270.
48.Marsden,P.V.(1988).Homogeneity in confiding relations.Social Networks,10(1),57-76.
49.Mehra,A.,Kilduff,M.,&Brass,D.J.(2001).The social networks of high and low self-monitors:Implications for workplace performance.Administrative Science Quarterly,46(1),121-146.
50.Michael,J.,&Yukl,G.(1993).Managerial level and subunit function as determinants of networking behavior in organizations.Group&Organization Management,18(3),328-351.
51.Nahapiet,J.,&Ghoshal,S.(1998).Social capital,intellectual capital and the organizational advantage.Academy of Management Review,23(2),242-266.
52.Oh,H.,&Kilduff,M.(2008).The ripple effect of personality on social structure:Self-monitoring origins of network brokerage.Journal of Applied Psychology,93(5),1155-1164.
53.Perry-Smith,J.E.,&Shalley,C.E.(2003).The social side of creativity:A static and dynamic social network perspective.Academy of Management Review,29(1),89-106.
54.Preacher,K.J.,&Hayes,A.F.(2004).SPSS and SASprocedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models.Behavior Research Methods,36(4),717-731.
55.Putnam,R.D.(1993).The prosperous community.The American Prospect,4(13),35-42.
56.Putnam,R.D.(1995).Bowling alone:American's declining social capital.Journal of Demography,6(1),65-78.
57.Snyder,M.(1979).Self-monitoring processes.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,12(12),85-128.
58.Snyder,M.,&Gangestad,S.(1986).On the nature of self-monitoring:Matters of assessment,matters of validity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(1),125-139.
59.Sparrowe,R.T.,&Liden,R.C.(2005).Two routes to influence:Integrating leader-member exchange and social network perspectives.Administrative Science Quarterly,50(4),505-535.
60.Sparrowe,R.T.,Liden,R.C.,Wayne,S.J.,&Kraimer,M.L.(2001).Social networks and the performance of individuals and groups.Academy of Management Journal,44(2),316-325.
61.Toegel,G.,Anand,N.,&Kilduff,M.(2007).Emotion helpers:The role of high positive affectivity and high selfmonitoring managers.Personnel Psychology,60(2),337-365.
62.Turner,R.G.(1980).Self-monitoring and humor production.Journal of Personality,48(2),163-172.
63.Wakabayashi,M.,Graen,G.,&Graen,M.(1988).J a p a n e s e m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r e s s:M o b i l i t y i n t o m i d d l e management.Journal of Applied Psychology,73(2),217-227.
64.Wang,S.,Hu,Q.J.,&Dong,B.W.(2015).Managing personal networks:An examination of how high self-monitors achieve better job performance.Journal of Vocational Behavior,91,180-188.
65.Wang,X.H.,Fang,Y.,Qureshi,I.,&Janssen,O.(2015).Understanding employee innovative behavior:Integrating the social network and leader-member exchange perspectives.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(3),403-420.
66.Wu,J.B.,Tsui,A.S.,&Kinicki,A.J.(2010).Consequences of differentiated leadership in groups.Academy of Management Journal,53(1),90-106.
67.Zaccaro,S.J.,Foti,R.J.,&Kenny,D.A.(1991).Self-monitoring and trait-based variance in leadership:An investigation of leader flexibility across multiple group situations.Journal of Applied Psychology,76(2),308-315.
2.边燕杰.(2004).城市居民社会资本的来源及作用:网络观点与调查发现.中国社会科学,(3),136-146.
3.刘军.(2009).整体网分析讲义.上海:格致出版社.
4.王颂.(2017).横向交往还是纵向交往?--工具性交往对社会资本的影响.心理学报,49(1),116-127.
5.吴瀚,姚小涛.(2012).以基于内部互动的社会资本视角再看高层管理团队.管理学报,9(9),1300-1306.
6.张勉,魏钧,杨百寅.(2009).社会资本的来源:工作咨询网络中心性的前因变量.管理世界,50(5),133-136.
7.邹宇春,敖丹,李建栋.(2012).中国城市居民的信任格局及社会资本影响.中国社会科学,(5),131-148.
8.Adler,P.S.,&Kwon,S.W.(2002).Social capital:Prospects for a new concept.Academy of Management Review,27(1),17-40.
9.Bagozzi,R.P.,&Edwards,J.R.(1998).A general approach for representing constructs in organizational research.Organizational Research Methods,1(1),45-87.
10.Bagozzi,R.P.,&Heatherton,T.F.(1994).A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs:Application to state self-esteem.Structural Equation Modeling,1(1),35-67.
11.Baldwin,T.T.,Bedell,M.D.,&Johnson,J.L.(1997).The social fabric of a team-based MBA program:Network effects on student satisfaction and performance.Academy of Management Journal,40(6),1369-1397.
12.Baron,R.A.(1989).Personality and organizational conflict:Effects of the type A behavior pattern and selfmonitoring.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,44(2),196-281.
13.Baumeister,R.F.,&Twenge,J.M.(2003).Handbook of Psychology:Personality and Social Psychology,New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.
14.Blau,P.M.(1977).Inequality and Heterogeneity:APrimitive Theory of Social Structure.New York:Free Press.
15.Bollen,K.A.(1987).Total,direct,and indirect effects in Structural Equation Models.In C.C.Clogg(Eds).Sociological Methodology(pp.39-69).Washington,DC:American Sociological Association.
16.Bollen,K.A.(1989).Structural Equations with Latent Variables.New York:Wiley.
17.Bolys,M.,Kotobi,L.,&Furnham,A.(2017).How"dark side"personality traits affect social network position.Psychology,8(4),550-562.
18.Borgatti,S.P.,Everett,M.G.,&Freeman,L.C.(2002).Ucinet for Windows:Software for Social Network Analysis.Harvard:Analytic Technologies.
19.Bourdieu,P.(1986).The Forms of Capital.In John G.Richardson(Eds).Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education(pp.241-258).Westport,CT:Greenwood Press.
20.Burt,R.S.(1992).Structural Holes:The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
21.Casciaro,T.,Gino,F.,&Kouchaki,M.(2014).The contaminating effects of building instrumental ties:How networking can make us feel dirty.Administrative Science Quarterly,59(4),705-735.
22.Coleman,J.(1988).Social capital in the creation of human capital.American Journal of Sociology,94,S95-S120.
23.Coser,L.A.(1975).Presidential address:Two methods in search of a substance.American Sociological Review,40(6),691-700.
24.Eisenberg,E.M.,Monge,P.R.,&Miller,K.I.(1983).Involvement in communication networks as a predictor of organizational commitment.Human Communication Research,10(2),179-201.
25.Erdogan,B.,Bauer,T.N.,&Walter,J.(2015).Deeds that help and words that hurt:Helping and gossip as moderators of the relationship between leader-member exchange and advice network centrality.Personnel Psychology,68(1),185-214.
26.Fang,R.,Landis,B.,Zhang,Z.,Anderson,M.H.,Shaw,J.D.,&Kilduff,M.(2015).Integrating personality and social networks:A meta-analysis of personality,network position,and work outcomes in organizations.Organization Science,26(4),1243-1260.
27.Flynn,F.J.,Reagans,R.E.,Amanatullah,E.T.,&Ames,D.R.(2006).Helping one's way to the top:Self-monitors achieve status by helping others and knowing who helps whom.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(6),1123-1137.
28.Gangestad,S.W.,&Snyder,M.(2000).Self-monitoring:Appraisal and reappraisal.Psychological Bulletin,126(4),530-555.
29.Graen,G.B.,&Ginsburgh,S.(1977).Job resignation as a function of role orientation and leader acceptance:A longitudinal investigation of organizational assimilation.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,19(1),1-17.
30.Graen,G.B.,&Scandura,T.A.(1986).A theory of dyadic career reality.In K.Rowland&G.R.Ferris(Eds).Research on Personnel and Human Resource Management(pp.147-181).Greenwich,CT:JAI Press.
31.Granovetter,M.S.(1973).The strength of weak ties.American Journal of Sociology,78(6),1360-1380.
32.Hall,R.J.,Snell,A.F.,&Foust,M.S.(1999).Item parceling strategies in SEM:Investigating the subtle effects of unmodeled secondary constructs.Organizational Research Methods,2(3),233-256.
33.Ho,V.T.,Pollack,J.M.(2014).Passion isn't always a good thing:Examining entrepreneurs network centrality and financial performance with a dualistic model of passion.Journal of Management Studies,51(3),433-459.
34.Ibarra,H.(1992).Homophily and differential returns:Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm.Administrative Science Quarterly,37(3),422-447.
35.Ibarra,H.(1993).Personal networks of women and minorities in management:A conceptual framework.Academy of Management Review,18(1),56-87.
36.Jokisaari,M.(2013).The role of leader-member and social network relations in newcomers'role performance.Journal of Vocational Behavior,82(2),96-104.
37.Kelloway,E.K.(1998).Using LISREL for Structural Equation Modeling:A Researchers Guide.Beverly Hills,CA:Sage Publications.
38.Kilduff,M.,&Krackhardt,D.(1994).Bringing the individual back in:A structural analysis of the internal market for reputation in organizations.Academy of Management Journal,37(1),87-108.
39.Kilduff,M.,&Tsai,W.(2003).Social networks and organizations.Beverly Hills,CA:Sage Publications.
40.Klein,K.J.,Lim,B.,Saltz,J.L.,&Mayer,D.M.(2004).How do they get there?An examination of the antecedents of centrality in team networks.Academy of Management Journal,47(6),952-963.
41.Kotter,J.P.(1982).What effective general managers really do.Harvard Business Review,60,156-167.
42.Lennox,R.D.,&Wolfe,R.N.(1984).Revision of the self-monitoring scale.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,46(6),1349-1364.
43.Liden,R.C.,&Graen,G.(1980).Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership.Academy of Management Journal,23(3),451-465.
44.Lin,N.(1982).Social resources and instrumental action.In P.V.Marsden and N.Lin(Eds).Social Structure and Network Analysis(pp.131-145).Beverly Hills,CA:Sage Publications.
45.Lin,N.(2001).Social Capital:A Theory of Social Structure and Action.New York:Cambridge University Press.
46.Little,T.D.,Cunningham,W.A.,Shahar,G.,&Widaman,K.F.(2002).To parcel or not to parcel:Exploring the question,weighing the merits.Structural Equation Modeling,9(2),151-173.
47.Luthans,F.,Rosenkrantz,S.A.,&Hennessey,H.W.(1985).What do successful managers really do?An observation study of managerial activities.Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,21(3),255-270.
48.Marsden,P.V.(1988).Homogeneity in confiding relations.Social Networks,10(1),57-76.
49.Mehra,A.,Kilduff,M.,&Brass,D.J.(2001).The social networks of high and low self-monitors:Implications for workplace performance.Administrative Science Quarterly,46(1),121-146.
50.Michael,J.,&Yukl,G.(1993).Managerial level and subunit function as determinants of networking behavior in organizations.Group&Organization Management,18(3),328-351.
51.Nahapiet,J.,&Ghoshal,S.(1998).Social capital,intellectual capital and the organizational advantage.Academy of Management Review,23(2),242-266.
52.Oh,H.,&Kilduff,M.(2008).The ripple effect of personality on social structure:Self-monitoring origins of network brokerage.Journal of Applied Psychology,93(5),1155-1164.
53.Perry-Smith,J.E.,&Shalley,C.E.(2003).The social side of creativity:A static and dynamic social network perspective.Academy of Management Review,29(1),89-106.
54.Preacher,K.J.,&Hayes,A.F.(2004).SPSS and SASprocedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models.Behavior Research Methods,36(4),717-731.
55.Putnam,R.D.(1993).The prosperous community.The American Prospect,4(13),35-42.
56.Putnam,R.D.(1995).Bowling alone:American's declining social capital.Journal of Demography,6(1),65-78.
57.Snyder,M.(1979).Self-monitoring processes.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,12(12),85-128.
58.Snyder,M.,&Gangestad,S.(1986).On the nature of self-monitoring:Matters of assessment,matters of validity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(1),125-139.
59.Sparrowe,R.T.,&Liden,R.C.(2005).Two routes to influence:Integrating leader-member exchange and social network perspectives.Administrative Science Quarterly,50(4),505-535.
60.Sparrowe,R.T.,Liden,R.C.,Wayne,S.J.,&Kraimer,M.L.(2001).Social networks and the performance of individuals and groups.Academy of Management Journal,44(2),316-325.
61.Toegel,G.,Anand,N.,&Kilduff,M.(2007).Emotion helpers:The role of high positive affectivity and high selfmonitoring managers.Personnel Psychology,60(2),337-365.
62.Turner,R.G.(1980).Self-monitoring and humor production.Journal of Personality,48(2),163-172.
63.Wakabayashi,M.,Graen,G.,&Graen,M.(1988).J a p a n e s e m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r e s s:M o b i l i t y i n t o m i d d l e management.Journal of Applied Psychology,73(2),217-227.
64.Wang,S.,Hu,Q.J.,&Dong,B.W.(2015).Managing personal networks:An examination of how high self-monitors achieve better job performance.Journal of Vocational Behavior,91,180-188.
65.Wang,X.H.,Fang,Y.,Qureshi,I.,&Janssen,O.(2015).Understanding employee innovative behavior:Integrating the social network and leader-member exchange perspectives.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(3),403-420.
66.Wu,J.B.,Tsui,A.S.,&Kinicki,A.J.(2010).Consequences of differentiated leadership in groups.Academy of Management Journal,53(1),90-106.
67.Zaccaro,S.J.,Foti,R.J.,&Kenny,D.A.(1991).Self-monitoring and trait-based variance in leadership:An investigation of leader flexibility across multiple group situations.Journal of Applied Psychology,76(2),308-315.