错误的“冰臼”成因说
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摘要
在过去的20多年中,有学者将暴露于地表,地貌学称之为壶穴的所有臼状地形统称为"冰臼",且作为古冰川作用的证据。事实上,他们宣传的"冰臼"是流水或差异风化形成的壶穴,而非古冰川所成。在众多论著中,以韩同林先生《发现冰臼》造成的混乱为最。从冰川学的角度来看,冰川运动、消融等理论并不支持"冰臼"是由冰川作用所成的观点,其主要错误之处有三:①在冰川学中,"Moulin"一词指的是冰川表面热融形成的负地形,所涉及是冰川冰,而非冰川的下覆岩床;②此书借用早已放弃的冰水穿洞假说来论述"冰臼群"的形成过程,在常态运动的冰川上是行不通的;③书中冰融水形成的圆柱状滚流假说更与事实不符。这几点足以说明"冰臼成因说"是不能成立的,仅是一种错误的推测而已。
The landform similar to mortar was called "moulin" by Han Tonglin and some other scholars.They considered these landforms were formed by the scouring of meltwater,which ran through the crevasses from top to bottom and its continual dropping wore away the bedrock.Therefore,the "moulins" and "moulin groups" are regarded as a very important evidence of ancient glaciers.Actually,the so-called "moulins" or "moulin groups" are multiple genesis landforms,called "kettle holes" or "potholes" in modern geomorphology.Reviewing the available literatures,the most chaos was caused by Moulin Discovery that has been written by Mr.Han Tonglin.On the sight of glaciology,the theories such as glacier movement and ablation,which do not support the view that "Moulin" is formed by glacialization.The following are some comments on the mistakes in that book.Firstly,according to the knowledge of glaciology,moulins or moulin groups are a kind of negative relief on glacier surface and formed by melting,rather than the bedrock.In other words,they refer to glacial ice,not the bedrock.Secondly,Brogger' s hypothesis of moulin formation——meltwater penetrated through crevasses to erode the bedrock has already been abandoned.However,Mr.Han chose this abandoned hypothesis to interpretate the formation of moulins or moulin groups in his book.On the basis of glacier knowledge,it is impossible for moulins or moulin groups to form beneath glaciers due to the movement of glacier.Thirdly,the hypothesis of cylindrical roller meltwater flow that focus on one point to erode the bedrock is not consistent with the facts,for the meltwater lubricates the glacier's bottom and accelerates its movement.In addition,there are more or less rock debris and confined groundwater at the bottom of glacier,they will keep the bedrock from erosion.The above comments indicate that the hypothesis in Han Tonglin's book is not correct,it is just a surmise of Mr.Han Tonglin and some other scholars.
The landform similar to mortar was called "moulin" by Han Tonglin and some other scholars.They considered these landforms were formed by the scouring of meltwater,which ran through the crevasses from top to bottom and its continual dropping wore away the bedrock.Therefore,the "moulins" and "moulin groups" are regarded as a very important evidence of ancient glaciers.Actually,the so-called "moulins" or "moulin groups" are multiple genesis landforms,called "kettle holes" or "potholes" in modern geomorphology.Reviewing the available literatures,the most chaos was caused by Moulin Discovery that has been written by Mr.Han Tonglin.On the sight of glaciology,the theories such as glacier movement and ablation,which do not support the view that "Moulin" is formed by glacialization.The following are some comments on the mistakes in that book.Firstly,according to the knowledge of glaciology,moulins or moulin groups are a kind of negative relief on glacier surface and formed by melting,rather than the bedrock.In other words,they refer to glacial ice,not the bedrock.Secondly,Brogger' s hypothesis of moulin formation——meltwater penetrated through crevasses to erode the bedrock has already been abandoned.However,Mr.Han chose this abandoned hypothesis to interpretate the formation of moulins or moulin groups in his book.On the basis of glacier knowledge,it is impossible for moulins or moulin groups to form beneath glaciers due to the movement of glacier.Thirdly,the hypothesis of cylindrical roller meltwater flow that focus on one point to erode the bedrock is not consistent with the facts,for the meltwater lubricates the glacier's bottom and accelerates its movement.In addition,there are more or less rock debris and confined groundwater at the bottom of glacier,they will keep the bedrock from erosion.The above comments indicate that the hypothesis in Han Tonglin's book is not correct,it is just a surmise of Mr.Han Tonglin and some other scholars.
引文
陈华堂,邱世钧,黄山,范小平.1999.揭西丰顺“冰臼群”成因商榷.热带地理,19:376~380.
韩同林.2004.发现冰臼.北京:华夏出版社,1~190.
黄茂桓,王茂海,宋国平,李纲,沈颖.1996.海螺沟冰川消融区的水力状况.冰川冻土,18(增):46~50.
李洪江,崔之久,赵亮.2001.内蒙、河北山区壶穴的成因探讨——兼壶穴的成因分类,地理学报,56:223~231.
李吉均,苏珍.1996.横断山冰川.北京:科学出版社,1~282.
李孟华,谢小康.1999.“冰臼“与“壶穴“之争.热带地理,19:381~384.
李乃胜,石学法,赵松龄,于洪军.2003.崂山地质与古冰川研究.北京:海洋出版社,1~351.
李培英,徐兴永,赵松龄.2008.海岸带黄土与古冰川遗迹.北京:海洋出版社,1~337.
刘尚仁.2000.关于冰臼形成与保存机理认识上的几个误区.热带地理,20:156~161.
吕洪波.杨超.2005.山东新泰青云山发现第四纪大陆冰川遗迹.地质论评,5l(5):608.
吕洪波,任晓辉,杨超.2006.赤峰等地第四纪大陆冰川的地貌证据.地质论评,52:379~383.
吕洪波,章雨旭.2008a.壶穴、锅穴、冰臼、岩臼等术语的辨析与使用建议.地质通报,27(6):917~922.
吕洪波,任晓辉,许民,欧阳江城.2008b.壶穴差异风化或风蚀作用成因质疑.地质论评,54(2):192~198.
吕洪波,任晓辉,许民,欧阳江城.2010a.再论山脊壶穴的冰川融水成因——兼与施雅风院士商榷.地质论评,56(5):693~702.
吕洪波,章雨旭,王俊.2010b.北京延庆白龙潭被揭示为一巨型山谷壶穴.地质论评,56(6):885~887.
吕洪波.徐兴永.易亮.李萍.2012.山东鲁山混合岩表面发现第四纪冰川剥蚀的直接证据——颤痕.地质学报,86(3):514~521.
秦大河,任贾文.2001.南极冰川学.北京:科学出版社,1~239.
施雅风.1981.庐山真的有第四纪冰川吗?自然辩证法通讯,(2):41~45.
施雅风,崔之久,李吉均等.1989.中国东部第四纪冰川与环境问题.北京:科学出版社,1~462.
施雅风,崔之久,苏珍.2006.中国第四纪冰川与环境变化.石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,1~618.
施雅风.2010a.韩同林的“冰臼论”是对花岗岩类岩石“负球状风化”的误解.地质论评,56(3):349~354.
施雅风.2010b.论李四光教授的庐山第四纪冰川是对泥石流的误读.地质论评,56(5):684~688.
施雅风.201I a.中国东部中低山地有无发育第四纪冰川的可能性?地质论评,57(1):44~49
施雅风,赵井东,王杰.201lb.中国第四纪冰川新论.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1~213.
田明中,孙洪艳,武法东,孙继民,顾国君.2005.克什克腾世界地质公园地质遗迹的科学价值.第六届世界华人地质科学研讨会暨中国地质学会2005年学术会议论文摘要,211~215.
吴忱.2007.“冰臼“是古地貌面上的流水侵蚀遗迹-壶穴-就韩同林《发现冰臼》一书中的资料谈华北北部的“冰臼“.地理与信息科学,23:74~77.
杨超群.2001.冰臼与壶穴之争述评.热带地理,2l:86~93.
杨针娘,曾群柱.2001.冰川水文学.重庆:重庆出版社,1~375.
章雨旭.2005.“冰臼“成因争鸣--以克什克腾旗青山岩臼群为例.地质评论,5l:680~712.
章雨旭,刘恋.2011.山脊壶穴不能作为中国东部第四纪冰川的证据.学术争鸣.科技导报,29:62~68.
赵松龄.2010.中国东部低海拔型古冰川遗迹.北京:海洋出版社,1~392.
周尚哲.2006.锅穴一定是第四纪冰川的标志吗?第四纪研究,26:117~125.
朱银奎.2014.崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的特征及成因探讨.地质论评,60(2):397~408.
Alexander H S.1932.Pothole erosion.The Journal of Geology,40;305~337.
Benn D I,Evans D J A.2010.Glacier and Glaciation(second edition).London;Hodder Education,1~802.
Bennett M R,Glasser N F.2009.Glacial Geology:Ice Sheet and Landforms(second edition).Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,1~385.
Chen Huatang,Qin Shijun,Huang Shan,Fan Xiaoping.1999&.A discussion on the cause of formaion of the Pothole landform in Jiexi and Fengshun counites,Guangdong,Tropical Geography,19(4):376~380.
Cuffey K M,Palerson W S B.2010.The Physics of Glaciers(fourth edition).Amsterdam:Butterworth-Heinemann,1~704.
Cui Zhijiu,Li Hongjiang,Nan Ling,Li Dewen.1999.The discovery and environmental significance of Chifeng Wind route and huge pots of Inner Mongolia and Hebei province.Chinses Science Bulletin,44:1531~1536.
Embleton C,King C A M.1975.Glacial Geomophology.London;Edward Arnold,1~573.
Han Tonglin.2004#.Moulin discovered.Beijing;Huaxia Publishing House,2004:l~190
Huang Maohuan,Wang Maohai,Song Guoping,Li Gang,Shen Ying.1996&.Hydraulic effect in the abation area of the Hailuogou Glacier.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,18(S):46~50.
Li Hongjiang,Cui Zhijiu,Zhao Liang.2001&.Oringin of Pots in Inner Mongolia and Northern Hebei--Also about the Classification of Pots.Acta Geographica Sinica,56(2):223~231.
Li Jijun,Su Zhen.1996&.Glaciers in the Hengduan Mountains.Beijing;Science Press,1~282.
Li Menghua,Xie Xiaokang.1999&.A Discussion on"Glacial-mortar"and"Pot-hole",Tropical Geography,19(4):381~384.
Li Naisheng,Shi Xuefa,Zhao Songling,Yu Hongjun.2003#.Study on Geology and Palaeo-Glaciation of Mt.Laoshan.Beijing;China Ocean Press,1~351.
Li Peiying,Xu Xingyong,Zhao Songling.2008#.The loess and the Paleo-Glaciation Remains in the Coastal Zone of China.Beijing;China Ocean Press,1~337.
Liu Shangren.2000&.Some Mistaken Views in Cognition of the Mechanism of Formation and Conservation of Moulin.Tropical Geography,20(2);156~161.
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Shi Yafeng.2011 a#.Is it really possible for glacier to develop on the Mountains which below 2500m asl in the eastern China?Geological Review,57(1):44~49.
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Yang Chaoqun.2001&.A Review of The Controversy over the Question of Moulin and Pothole,Tropical Geography,21(1):86~93.
Yang Zhenniang,Zeng Qunzhu.2001#.Glacier Hydrology.Chongqing:Chongqing publishing House:1~375.
Zhang Yuxun.2005#.An Argument on the Origin of Potholes:A Case of the Qingshan Area,Hexigten Qi,Inner Mongolia.Geological Review,51(6):680,712.
Zhang Yuxun,Liu lian.2011&.Potholes on Hilltops is Not the Evidence for Quaternary Glaciaer in Eastern China.Science and Technology Review,29(33):62~68.
Zhao Songling.2010#.The Paleo-Glaciation Remains at low Altitudes in Eastern China.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1~392.
Zhou Shangzhe.2006&.Are all Potholes markers of Quaternary Glaciations?Quaternary Sciences,26:117~125.
Zhu Yinkui.2014&.Characteristics and origin of granite hilltop potholes in Mount Laoshan.Geological Review,60(2):397~408.
韩同林.2004.发现冰臼.北京:华夏出版社,1~190.
黄茂桓,王茂海,宋国平,李纲,沈颖.1996.海螺沟冰川消融区的水力状况.冰川冻土,18(增):46~50.
李洪江,崔之久,赵亮.2001.内蒙、河北山区壶穴的成因探讨——兼壶穴的成因分类,地理学报,56:223~231.
李吉均,苏珍.1996.横断山冰川.北京:科学出版社,1~282.
李孟华,谢小康.1999.“冰臼“与“壶穴“之争.热带地理,19:381~384.
李乃胜,石学法,赵松龄,于洪军.2003.崂山地质与古冰川研究.北京:海洋出版社,1~351.
李培英,徐兴永,赵松龄.2008.海岸带黄土与古冰川遗迹.北京:海洋出版社,1~337.
刘尚仁.2000.关于冰臼形成与保存机理认识上的几个误区.热带地理,20:156~161.
吕洪波.杨超.2005.山东新泰青云山发现第四纪大陆冰川遗迹.地质论评,5l(5):608.
吕洪波,任晓辉,杨超.2006.赤峰等地第四纪大陆冰川的地貌证据.地质论评,52:379~383.
吕洪波,章雨旭.2008a.壶穴、锅穴、冰臼、岩臼等术语的辨析与使用建议.地质通报,27(6):917~922.
吕洪波,任晓辉,许民,欧阳江城.2008b.壶穴差异风化或风蚀作用成因质疑.地质论评,54(2):192~198.
吕洪波,任晓辉,许民,欧阳江城.2010a.再论山脊壶穴的冰川融水成因——兼与施雅风院士商榷.地质论评,56(5):693~702.
吕洪波,章雨旭,王俊.2010b.北京延庆白龙潭被揭示为一巨型山谷壶穴.地质论评,56(6):885~887.
吕洪波.徐兴永.易亮.李萍.2012.山东鲁山混合岩表面发现第四纪冰川剥蚀的直接证据——颤痕.地质学报,86(3):514~521.
秦大河,任贾文.2001.南极冰川学.北京:科学出版社,1~239.
施雅风.1981.庐山真的有第四纪冰川吗?自然辩证法通讯,(2):41~45.
施雅风,崔之久,李吉均等.1989.中国东部第四纪冰川与环境问题.北京:科学出版社,1~462.
施雅风,崔之久,苏珍.2006.中国第四纪冰川与环境变化.石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,1~618.
施雅风.2010a.韩同林的“冰臼论”是对花岗岩类岩石“负球状风化”的误解.地质论评,56(3):349~354.
施雅风.2010b.论李四光教授的庐山第四纪冰川是对泥石流的误读.地质论评,56(5):684~688.
施雅风.201I a.中国东部中低山地有无发育第四纪冰川的可能性?地质论评,57(1):44~49
施雅风,赵井东,王杰.201lb.中国第四纪冰川新论.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1~213.
田明中,孙洪艳,武法东,孙继民,顾国君.2005.克什克腾世界地质公园地质遗迹的科学价值.第六届世界华人地质科学研讨会暨中国地质学会2005年学术会议论文摘要,211~215.
吴忱.2007.“冰臼“是古地貌面上的流水侵蚀遗迹-壶穴-就韩同林《发现冰臼》一书中的资料谈华北北部的“冰臼“.地理与信息科学,23:74~77.
杨超群.2001.冰臼与壶穴之争述评.热带地理,2l:86~93.
杨针娘,曾群柱.2001.冰川水文学.重庆:重庆出版社,1~375.
章雨旭.2005.“冰臼“成因争鸣--以克什克腾旗青山岩臼群为例.地质评论,5l:680~712.
章雨旭,刘恋.2011.山脊壶穴不能作为中国东部第四纪冰川的证据.学术争鸣.科技导报,29:62~68.
赵松龄.2010.中国东部低海拔型古冰川遗迹.北京:海洋出版社,1~392.
周尚哲.2006.锅穴一定是第四纪冰川的标志吗?第四纪研究,26:117~125.
朱银奎.2014.崂山花岗岩山脊壶穴的特征及成因探讨.地质论评,60(2):397~408.
Alexander H S.1932.Pothole erosion.The Journal of Geology,40;305~337.
Benn D I,Evans D J A.2010.Glacier and Glaciation(second edition).London;Hodder Education,1~802.
Bennett M R,Glasser N F.2009.Glacial Geology:Ice Sheet and Landforms(second edition).Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,1~385.
Chen Huatang,Qin Shijun,Huang Shan,Fan Xiaoping.1999&.A discussion on the cause of formaion of the Pothole landform in Jiexi and Fengshun counites,Guangdong,Tropical Geography,19(4):376~380.
Cuffey K M,Palerson W S B.2010.The Physics of Glaciers(fourth edition).Amsterdam:Butterworth-Heinemann,1~704.
Cui Zhijiu,Li Hongjiang,Nan Ling,Li Dewen.1999.The discovery and environmental significance of Chifeng Wind route and huge pots of Inner Mongolia and Hebei province.Chinses Science Bulletin,44:1531~1536.
Embleton C,King C A M.1975.Glacial Geomophology.London;Edward Arnold,1~573.
Han Tonglin.2004#.Moulin discovered.Beijing;Huaxia Publishing House,2004:l~190
Huang Maohuan,Wang Maohai,Song Guoping,Li Gang,Shen Ying.1996&.Hydraulic effect in the abation area of the Hailuogou Glacier.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,18(S):46~50.
Li Hongjiang,Cui Zhijiu,Zhao Liang.2001&.Oringin of Pots in Inner Mongolia and Northern Hebei--Also about the Classification of Pots.Acta Geographica Sinica,56(2):223~231.
Li Jijun,Su Zhen.1996&.Glaciers in the Hengduan Mountains.Beijing;Science Press,1~282.
Li Menghua,Xie Xiaokang.1999&.A Discussion on"Glacial-mortar"and"Pot-hole",Tropical Geography,19(4):381~384.
Li Naisheng,Shi Xuefa,Zhao Songling,Yu Hongjun.2003#.Study on Geology and Palaeo-Glaciation of Mt.Laoshan.Beijing;China Ocean Press,1~351.
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