山东中低山丘陵古冰川遗迹质疑
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摘要
近年来,有关山东中低山丘陵"古冰川遗迹"时有报道,使中国东部第四纪冰川问题在某种意义上再起纷争。为作澄清,通过实地考察对业已报道的"古冰川遗迹"进行质疑,指出其列举的"冰碛垄""古冰斗""擦痕""颤痕"等不符合冰川地貌证据的专有属性和判别标准,冰期划分和雪线重建不符合科学发现与科学事实确证所需的充分条件,即不满足"将古论今"、地貌组合三要素系统配套、成因-环境一致性的判别原则和方法。因此认为,山东中低山丘陵不存在第四纪冰川遗迹。部分学者提出"低海拔型古冰川"的论断,是基于例外主义的泛冰川论,必然会引致"雪球地球"事件进而颠覆第四纪为灵生纪的科学基础。
A contention about whether extensive Quaternary glaciation exited or not in middle and low mountainous areas in Eastern China(east of 105°E) has been lasting for about a century, and many scholars in Chinese and overseas contributed their knowledge to it and published many results in print. With the development of glacial geomorphology, sedimentology, archaeology, the Quaternary science discipline has made significant progress, the wrong idea about extensive glaciation in middle and low mountainous areas in Eastern China has been denied and systematically corrected in the 1980 s. There are undisputed glacial landforms that formed in the last glacial cycle well preserved in Mt. Helan, Mt. Taibai, Mt. Changbai and high alpine in Taiwan in Eastern China. However, the mortar shape landforms, diamictons, and rock or bedrock with striations were taken as evidence of glaciation since the 1990 s. In the past two decades, many so-called new glacial evidence has been reported in the middle and low massifs. Are they real glacial landforms? Fieldwork and comprehensive analysis indicate that the so-called glacial vestiges in Mt. Meng, Shandong Province, were not glacial landforms, because the speculative timing and snowline(or equilibrium-line altitude) from these questionable landforms are conflicted with the surrounding environmental variation. The new so-called discovery and facts are not necessary and sufficient conditions to prove the existence of glaciers in the middle and low massifs of Shandong Province. The characteristics of the so-called moraines, palaeo-cirques, stratifications, and chatter mark also not agree with the standard identification of them. Many strange names and classifications that have been used in their studies are also not systematical and specific. The speculated low elevation palaeo-glaciers and intrusive alien snowline could not be used to illuminate their assumed glacial theory. In a word, the low elevation glaciation is not a correct hypothesis. There are no glaciations in middle and low massifs in Shandong Province during the whole Quaternary.
A contention about whether extensive Quaternary glaciation exited or not in middle and low mountainous areas in Eastern China(east of 105°E) has been lasting for about a century, and many scholars in Chinese and overseas contributed their knowledge to it and published many results in print. With the development of glacial geomorphology, sedimentology, archaeology, the Quaternary science discipline has made significant progress, the wrong idea about extensive glaciation in middle and low mountainous areas in Eastern China has been denied and systematically corrected in the 1980 s. There are undisputed glacial landforms that formed in the last glacial cycle well preserved in Mt. Helan, Mt. Taibai, Mt. Changbai and high alpine in Taiwan in Eastern China. However, the mortar shape landforms, diamictons, and rock or bedrock with striations were taken as evidence of glaciation since the 1990 s. In the past two decades, many so-called new glacial evidence has been reported in the middle and low massifs. Are they real glacial landforms? Fieldwork and comprehensive analysis indicate that the so-called glacial vestiges in Mt. Meng, Shandong Province, were not glacial landforms, because the speculative timing and snowline(or equilibrium-line altitude) from these questionable landforms are conflicted with the surrounding environmental variation. The new so-called discovery and facts are not necessary and sufficient conditions to prove the existence of glaciers in the middle and low massifs of Shandong Province. The characteristics of the so-called moraines, palaeo-cirques, stratifications, and chatter mark also not agree with the standard identification of them. Many strange names and classifications that have been used in their studies are also not systematical and specific. The speculated low elevation palaeo-glaciers and intrusive alien snowline could not be used to illuminate their assumed glacial theory. In a word, the low elevation glaciation is not a correct hypothesis. There are no glaciations in middle and low massifs in Shandong Province during the whole Quaternary.
引文
[1]Lee J S.Quaternary glaciation in the Yangtze valley[J].Bulletin of Geological Society of China,1934,13(1):15-62.
[2]Barbour G B.Analysis of Lushan glaciation problem[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of China,1934,XIII:647-656.
[3]李四光.冰期之庐山[M].南京:国立中央研究院地质研究所专刊乙种第二号,1947:1-60.[Li Siguang.Quaternary Glaciations in the Lushan Area,central China.Nanjing:Institute of Geology,Acade-mia Sinica 1947:1-60.]
[4]孙殿卿.中国第四纪冰川遗迹纪要[M].北京:科学出版社,1957:1-60.[Sun Dianqing.Summary of the Quaternary glacier relics in China.Beijing:Science Press,1957:1-60.]
[5]南京大学地理系地貌学教研室.中国第四纪冰川与冰期问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1974:1-172.[Department of Geography,Nanjing University.Quaternary glaciers and glacial issues in China.Beijing:Science Press,1974:1-172.]
[6]黄培华.中国第四纪时期气候演变的初步探讨[J].科学通报,1963,8(1):34-39.[Huang Peihua.Preliminary discussion in quaternary climate evolution of China.Chinese Science Bulletin,1963,8(1):34-39.]
[7]施雅风.庐山真的有冰川吗[J].自然辩证法通讯,1980,2:41-45.[Shi Yafeng.Does Mount Lu really have Quaternary glaciers?Journal of Dialectics of Nature,1981,2:41-45.]
[8]李吉均,张林源,邓养鑫,等.庐山第四纪环境演变和地貌发育问题[J].中国科学(B辑),1983,13(8):734-745.[Li Jijun,Zhang Linyuan,Deng Yangxin et al.Problems on Quaternary environmental evolution and geomorphic development in the Lushan Mountain.Science in China(Series B),1983,13(8):734-745.]
[9]李吉均.中国东部山地第四纪冰期气候问题[J].地理学报,1983(4):438-443.[Li Jijun.Climatic problems of Quaternary ice age in eastern mountainous area of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,1983(4):438-443.]
[10]谢又予,崔之久.庐山“冰川遗迹”质疑[J].地理学报,1983,38(3):298-308.[Xie Youyu,Cui Zhijiu.On nonglacial genesis of“glaciated relics”of Lushan.Acta Geographica Sinica,1983,38(3):298-308.]
[11]崔之久,谢又予.论分歧的现状和展望--关于中国东部第四纪冰川问题[J].冰川冻土,1984,6(3):77-86.[Cui Zhijiu,Xie Youyu.The present situation of differences and prospect theoryProblems on Quaternary Glaciation in Eastern China.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1984,6(3):77-86.]
[12]施雅风,崔之久,李吉均,等.中国东部第四纪冰川与环境问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1989.[Shi Yafeng,Cui Zhijiu,Li Jijun et al.Problems on Quaternary glaciation and environments in eastern China.Beijing:Science Press,1989.]
[13]黄汲清.简谈李四光教授追求真理的精神[J].第四纪研究,1989,9(3):201-204.[Huang Jiqing.On the spirit of professor Li Siguang pursuing the truth.Quaternary Sciences,1989,9(3):201-204.]
[14]丁骕.读《中国东部第四纪冰川与环境问题》[J].冰川冻土,1990,12(2):99-104.[William S.Ting.Comments on“The problems of quaternary glacier and environment in the Sast China”.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1990,12(2):99-104.]
[15]韩同林,劳雄,郭克毅.河北、内蒙中低山区发现罕见的冰臼群[J].地质论评,1999,45(5):456-462.[Han Tonglin,Lao Xiong,Guo Keyi.Rare moulin swarms discovered in the medium-low mountains areas in Hebei and Inner Mongolia.Geological Review,1999,45(5):456-462.]
[16]钱方,何培元,郝治.花岗岩石林(阿斯哈图)--一种新的地貌景观[J].地质力学学报,2000,6(1):90-94.[Qian Fang,He Peiyuan,Hao Zhi.Granite Hoodoos(Arsihaty)-A new geomorphic landscape.Journal of Geomechanics,2000,6(1):90-94.]
[17]李培英,徐兴永,赵松龄.海岸带黄土与古冰川遗迹[M].北京:海洋出版社,2008:1-337.[Li Peiying,Xu Xingyong,Zhao Songling.Coastal loess and ancient glacial relics.Beijing:Ocean Press,2008:1-337.]
[18]苏珍,蒲健辰,赵井东.错误的“冰臼”成因说[J].地质论评,2017,63(1):143-152.[Su Zhen,Pu Jianchen,Zhao Jingdong.Genesis of the potholes in China-Comments on Moulin discovery.Geological Review,2017,63(1):143-152.]
[19]李吉均,周尚哲.极海洋型冰川是什么冰川--与景才瑞先生商榷[J].冰川冻土,2018,40(1):1-6.[Li Jijun,Zhou Shangzhe.What glacier is the“super-maritime glacier”-A discussion with professor Jing Cairui.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,40(1):1-6.]
[20]吕洪波,徐兴永,易亮,等.山东鲁山混合岩表面发现第四纪冰川剥蚀的直接证据--颤痕[J].地质学报,2012,86(3):514-521.[Lv Hongbo,Xu Xingyong,Yi Liang et al.A direct erosion evidence of Quaternary glaciation-Chatter marks found in Mt.Lushan,Shandong Province.Acta Geologica Sinica,2012,86(3):514-521.]
[21]王照波,卞青,李大鹏,等.山东蒙山第四纪冰川组合遗迹的发现及初步研究[J].地质论评,2017,63(1):134-142.[Wang Zhaobo,Bian Qing,Li Dapeng et al.Discovery of the quaternary glacial relics in Mout Mengshan,Shandong Province.Geological Review,2017,63(1):134-142.]
[22]王乃昂,戴霜,余莺潇,等.第四纪冰川遗迹的判别标准与方法问题--兼论蒙山巨砾堆积堤之成因[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(6):1289-1297.[Wang Nai'ang,Dai Shuang,Yu Yingxiao et al.Issues on criteria and methods for discriminating Quaternary glacial vestiges-Also on the origin of boulder-piled levees in Mount Mengshan.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(6):1289-1297.]
[23]Penck A,Brückner E.Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter[J].Tauchnitz Leipzig,1909(3):1199.
[24]周尚哲.阿尔卑斯山地区第四纪冰川最新研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(5):1127-1133.[Zhou Shangzhe.New advance in study of Alpine glaciations.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(5):1127-1133.]
[25]Kohl H.Pleistocene glaciations in Austria[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1986,5:421-427.
[26]赵井东,施雅风,王杰.中国第四纪冰川演化序列与MIS对比研究的新进展[J].地理学报,2011,66(7):867-884.[Zhao Jingdong,Shi Yafeng,Wang Jie.Comparison between Quaternary glaciations in China and the Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage(MIS):An improved schema.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(7):867-884.]
[27]郭良,相石宝,赵松龄.冰期之崂山[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2007:1-210.[Guo Liang,Xiang Shibao,Zhao Songling.Laoshan Mountain during Quaternary Ice Age.Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,2007:1-210.]
[28]王照波,张剑,王江月,等.山东蒙山第四纪冰川遗迹光释光测年研究及冰期划分与对比[J].地质论评,2017,63(3):694-702.[Wang Zhaobo,Zhang Jian,Wang Jiangyue et al.A study on quaternary glaciation moraines in Mount Mengshan,Shandong Province with Optically Stimulated Luminescene(OSL)and comparison of glacier period division.Geological Review,2017,63(3):694-702.]
[29]崔之久.混杂堆积与环境[M].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,2013:1-821.[Cui Zhijiu.Diamicton and environemnt[M].Shijiangzhuang:Hebei Science and Technology Press,2013:1-821.]
[30]施雅风,赵井东,王杰.中国第四纪冰川新论[M].上海:上海科学普及出版社,2011:1-213.[Shi Yafeng,Zhao Jingdong,Wang Jie.New understanding of Quaternary Glaciation in China.Shanghai:Shanhai Popular Science Press,2011:1-213.]
[31]Ono Y.Last glacial snowline altitude and Paleoclimate of the Eastern Asia[J].The Quaternary Research(Daiyonki-Kenkyu),1988,26(3):271-280.
[32]Ono Y,Naruse T.Snowline elevation and eolian dust flux in the Japanese Islands during Isotope Stages 2 and 4[J].Quaternary International,1997,37:45-54.
[2]Barbour G B.Analysis of Lushan glaciation problem[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of China,1934,XIII:647-656.
[3]李四光.冰期之庐山[M].南京:国立中央研究院地质研究所专刊乙种第二号,1947:1-60.[Li Siguang.Quaternary Glaciations in the Lushan Area,central China.Nanjing:Institute of Geology,Acade-mia Sinica 1947:1-60.]
[4]孙殿卿.中国第四纪冰川遗迹纪要[M].北京:科学出版社,1957:1-60.[Sun Dianqing.Summary of the Quaternary glacier relics in China.Beijing:Science Press,1957:1-60.]
[5]南京大学地理系地貌学教研室.中国第四纪冰川与冰期问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1974:1-172.[Department of Geography,Nanjing University.Quaternary glaciers and glacial issues in China.Beijing:Science Press,1974:1-172.]
[6]黄培华.中国第四纪时期气候演变的初步探讨[J].科学通报,1963,8(1):34-39.[Huang Peihua.Preliminary discussion in quaternary climate evolution of China.Chinese Science Bulletin,1963,8(1):34-39.]
[7]施雅风.庐山真的有冰川吗[J].自然辩证法通讯,1980,2:41-45.[Shi Yafeng.Does Mount Lu really have Quaternary glaciers?Journal of Dialectics of Nature,1981,2:41-45.]
[8]李吉均,张林源,邓养鑫,等.庐山第四纪环境演变和地貌发育问题[J].中国科学(B辑),1983,13(8):734-745.[Li Jijun,Zhang Linyuan,Deng Yangxin et al.Problems on Quaternary environmental evolution and geomorphic development in the Lushan Mountain.Science in China(Series B),1983,13(8):734-745.]
[9]李吉均.中国东部山地第四纪冰期气候问题[J].地理学报,1983(4):438-443.[Li Jijun.Climatic problems of Quaternary ice age in eastern mountainous area of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,1983(4):438-443.]
[10]谢又予,崔之久.庐山“冰川遗迹”质疑[J].地理学报,1983,38(3):298-308.[Xie Youyu,Cui Zhijiu.On nonglacial genesis of“glaciated relics”of Lushan.Acta Geographica Sinica,1983,38(3):298-308.]
[11]崔之久,谢又予.论分歧的现状和展望--关于中国东部第四纪冰川问题[J].冰川冻土,1984,6(3):77-86.[Cui Zhijiu,Xie Youyu.The present situation of differences and prospect theoryProblems on Quaternary Glaciation in Eastern China.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1984,6(3):77-86.]
[12]施雅风,崔之久,李吉均,等.中国东部第四纪冰川与环境问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1989.[Shi Yafeng,Cui Zhijiu,Li Jijun et al.Problems on Quaternary glaciation and environments in eastern China.Beijing:Science Press,1989.]
[13]黄汲清.简谈李四光教授追求真理的精神[J].第四纪研究,1989,9(3):201-204.[Huang Jiqing.On the spirit of professor Li Siguang pursuing the truth.Quaternary Sciences,1989,9(3):201-204.]
[14]丁骕.读《中国东部第四纪冰川与环境问题》[J].冰川冻土,1990,12(2):99-104.[William S.Ting.Comments on“The problems of quaternary glacier and environment in the Sast China”.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1990,12(2):99-104.]
[15]韩同林,劳雄,郭克毅.河北、内蒙中低山区发现罕见的冰臼群[J].地质论评,1999,45(5):456-462.[Han Tonglin,Lao Xiong,Guo Keyi.Rare moulin swarms discovered in the medium-low mountains areas in Hebei and Inner Mongolia.Geological Review,1999,45(5):456-462.]
[16]钱方,何培元,郝治.花岗岩石林(阿斯哈图)--一种新的地貌景观[J].地质力学学报,2000,6(1):90-94.[Qian Fang,He Peiyuan,Hao Zhi.Granite Hoodoos(Arsihaty)-A new geomorphic landscape.Journal of Geomechanics,2000,6(1):90-94.]
[17]李培英,徐兴永,赵松龄.海岸带黄土与古冰川遗迹[M].北京:海洋出版社,2008:1-337.[Li Peiying,Xu Xingyong,Zhao Songling.Coastal loess and ancient glacial relics.Beijing:Ocean Press,2008:1-337.]
[18]苏珍,蒲健辰,赵井东.错误的“冰臼”成因说[J].地质论评,2017,63(1):143-152.[Su Zhen,Pu Jianchen,Zhao Jingdong.Genesis of the potholes in China-Comments on Moulin discovery.Geological Review,2017,63(1):143-152.]
[19]李吉均,周尚哲.极海洋型冰川是什么冰川--与景才瑞先生商榷[J].冰川冻土,2018,40(1):1-6.[Li Jijun,Zhou Shangzhe.What glacier is the“super-maritime glacier”-A discussion with professor Jing Cairui.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,40(1):1-6.]
[20]吕洪波,徐兴永,易亮,等.山东鲁山混合岩表面发现第四纪冰川剥蚀的直接证据--颤痕[J].地质学报,2012,86(3):514-521.[Lv Hongbo,Xu Xingyong,Yi Liang et al.A direct erosion evidence of Quaternary glaciation-Chatter marks found in Mt.Lushan,Shandong Province.Acta Geologica Sinica,2012,86(3):514-521.]
[21]王照波,卞青,李大鹏,等.山东蒙山第四纪冰川组合遗迹的发现及初步研究[J].地质论评,2017,63(1):134-142.[Wang Zhaobo,Bian Qing,Li Dapeng et al.Discovery of the quaternary glacial relics in Mout Mengshan,Shandong Province.Geological Review,2017,63(1):134-142.]
[22]王乃昂,戴霜,余莺潇,等.第四纪冰川遗迹的判别标准与方法问题--兼论蒙山巨砾堆积堤之成因[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(6):1289-1297.[Wang Nai'ang,Dai Shuang,Yu Yingxiao et al.Issues on criteria and methods for discriminating Quaternary glacial vestiges-Also on the origin of boulder-piled levees in Mount Mengshan.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(6):1289-1297.]
[23]Penck A,Brückner E.Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter[J].Tauchnitz Leipzig,1909(3):1199.
[24]周尚哲.阿尔卑斯山地区第四纪冰川最新研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(5):1127-1133.[Zhou Shangzhe.New advance in study of Alpine glaciations.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(5):1127-1133.]
[25]Kohl H.Pleistocene glaciations in Austria[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1986,5:421-427.
[26]赵井东,施雅风,王杰.中国第四纪冰川演化序列与MIS对比研究的新进展[J].地理学报,2011,66(7):867-884.[Zhao Jingdong,Shi Yafeng,Wang Jie.Comparison between Quaternary glaciations in China and the Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage(MIS):An improved schema.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(7):867-884.]
[27]郭良,相石宝,赵松龄.冰期之崂山[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2007:1-210.[Guo Liang,Xiang Shibao,Zhao Songling.Laoshan Mountain during Quaternary Ice Age.Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,2007:1-210.]
[28]王照波,张剑,王江月,等.山东蒙山第四纪冰川遗迹光释光测年研究及冰期划分与对比[J].地质论评,2017,63(3):694-702.[Wang Zhaobo,Zhang Jian,Wang Jiangyue et al.A study on quaternary glaciation moraines in Mount Mengshan,Shandong Province with Optically Stimulated Luminescene(OSL)and comparison of glacier period division.Geological Review,2017,63(3):694-702.]
[29]崔之久.混杂堆积与环境[M].石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,2013:1-821.[Cui Zhijiu.Diamicton and environemnt[M].Shijiangzhuang:Hebei Science and Technology Press,2013:1-821.]
[30]施雅风,赵井东,王杰.中国第四纪冰川新论[M].上海:上海科学普及出版社,2011:1-213.[Shi Yafeng,Zhao Jingdong,Wang Jie.New understanding of Quaternary Glaciation in China.Shanghai:Shanhai Popular Science Press,2011:1-213.]
[31]Ono Y.Last glacial snowline altitude and Paleoclimate of the Eastern Asia[J].The Quaternary Research(Daiyonki-Kenkyu),1988,26(3):271-280.
[32]Ono Y,Naruse T.Snowline elevation and eolian dust flux in the Japanese Islands during Isotope Stages 2 and 4[J].Quaternary International,1997,37:45-54.