城市绿色空间与居民体力活动和体重指数的关联性研究——以大连市为例
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摘要
绿色空间与体力活动的关联是环境与健康研究的重要部分。探索丘陵地势环境中不同尺度下的绿色空间与体力活动以及健康结果的关联。绿色空间通过标准化植被指数与公园可达性度量。体力活动指标应用国际体力活动问卷获取。健康指标包括心理和生理层面以及自我报告的健康状态。通过回归模型和曲线拟合探索绿色空间对结果的影响,并以社会环境为调节变量,控制人口特征。结果显示公园可达性与超重或体力活动无关。在400m和800m尺度下的植被指数与总步行负相关。在1200m和1600m两个尺度的植被指数与交通性步行负相关。1200m尺度的植被指数与中强度运动有正向关联。所有尺度下植被指数与地形坡度高度关联,但是只有400m尺度的坡度与体重指数负向关联。得益于地势优势的绿色空间还有待于进一步通过改善环境与基础设施来促进体力活动从而提供健康效益。
The relationship between green space and physical activity is an important subject of environment and health research. In this study, the author assessed whether the associations between green space and health outcomes have different dependent scales. Samples were selected randomly in Dalian, a city with especially hilly terrain. The green space was measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and the accessibility of parks. Physical activity indicators were obtained from International Physical Activity Questions. Health indicators included psychological aspects and the self-reported health status of residents. Through a regression model and curve fitting, the questions of how green space influences physical activity and health outcomes were answered, with the social environment as a moderator, controlling the social-demographic. The results showed that the park was not related to being overweight or a lack of physical activity. The NDVI at two levels(400 m and 800 m) had a significant negative impact on walking, but the linear relationship was loose. The NDVI at two levels(1200 m and 1600 m) was negatively correlated with the transportrelated walking. Also, the NDVI was associated with the topographic slope, but it had a negative impact on BMI only at the 400 m level. Generally speaking, there is still a need to improve the green space to create health benefits by promoting physical activity through improved environment and infrastructure.
The relationship between green space and physical activity is an important subject of environment and health research. In this study, the author assessed whether the associations between green space and health outcomes have different dependent scales. Samples were selected randomly in Dalian, a city with especially hilly terrain. The green space was measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and the accessibility of parks. Physical activity indicators were obtained from International Physical Activity Questions. Health indicators included psychological aspects and the self-reported health status of residents. Through a regression model and curve fitting, the questions of how green space influences physical activity and health outcomes were answered, with the social environment as a moderator, controlling the social-demographic. The results showed that the park was not related to being overweight or a lack of physical activity. The NDVI at two levels(400 m and 800 m) had a significant negative impact on walking, but the linear relationship was loose. The NDVI at two levels(1200 m and 1600 m) was negatively correlated with the transportrelated walking. Also, the NDVI was associated with the topographic slope, but it had a negative impact on BMI only at the 400 m level. Generally speaking, there is still a need to improve the green space to create health benefits by promoting physical activity through improved environment and infrastructure.
引文
[1]NG S W,POPKIN B M.Time Use and Physical Activity:a Shift Away From Movement Across the Globe[J].Obesity Reviews,2012,13(8):659-680.
[2]Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System(BRFSS)[DB/OL],2000.Washington D.C.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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[8]https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_recommendations/en/
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[13]NASA,2018.https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/
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[16]Blanck HM,Allen D,Bashir Z,et al.Let's go to the park today:The role of parks in obesity prevention and improving the public's health[J].Child Obesity,2012,8:423-428.
[17]Browning M,Lee K.Within what distance does"greenness"best predict physical health?A systematic review of articles with gis buffer analyses across the lifespan[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2017,14(7):1-21.
[18]Tian Y,Jiang C,Wang M,et al.BMI,leisure-time physical activity,and physical fitness in adults in China:results from a series of national surveys,2000-14[J].DiabetesEndo crinol,2016,4:487-97.
[19]James P,Hart J M,Hipp J A,et al.GPS-Based Exposure to Greenness and Walkability and Accelerometry-Based Physical Activity[J].Geospatial Approaches to Cancer Control and Population Sciences,2017.
[20]Richardson EA,Pearce J,Mitchell R,et al.Role of physical activity in the relationship between urban green space and health[J].Public Health,2013,127:318-324.
[21]Ord K,Mitchell R,Pearce J.Is level of neighbourhood green space associated with physical activity in green space[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2013,10(1):127.
[22]Villeneuve P J,Ysseldyk R L,Root A,et al.Comparing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index with the Google Street View Measure of Vegetation to Assess Associations between Greenness,Walkability,Recreational Physical Activity,and Health in Ottawa,Canada[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2018,15:1719.
[23]Hurvitz P M,Moudon A V.Home versus nonhome neighborhood:quantifying differences in exposure to the built environment[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicin,2012,42:411-7.
[24]Shanahan D F,Fuller A,Bush R,et al.The health benefits of urban nature:how much do we need[J].BioScience,2015,65:476-485.
[25]Sugiyama T,Carver A,Koohsari M J,et al.Advantages of public green spaces in enhancing population health[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2018,178:12-17.
[26]Durand C P,Andalib M,Dunton G F,et al.A systematic review of built environment factors related to physical activity and obesity risk:implications for smart growth urban planning[J].Obesity Review,2011,12(5).
[27]http://ln.people.com.cn/n2/2018/0905/c377209-32016996.html
(1)该地区18~22岁非大学生人口由于基础数据限制并没有进行特殊区分。
(2)目前国内缺乏关于肥胖率年龄界定的统一标准与权威参考数据,参考文献中成年人年龄界定(20~59岁)与本文调查人群略有出入。
(3)大连市中小学操场在2018年初开始实施全部开放政策,到9月已经全面完成,工作日早晚与休息日白天对外开放~([27])。
[2]Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System(BRFSS)[DB/OL],2000.Washington D.C.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
[3]Harris J K,Lecy J,Hipp J A,et al.Mapping the development of research on physical activity and the built environment[J].Preventive Medicine,2013,57:533-40.
[4]James P,Banay R F,Hart J E,et al.A review of the health benefits of greenness[J].Current Epidemiology Reports,2015(2):131-142.
[5]Hartig T,Mitchell R,Vries S,et al.Nature and health[J].Annual Review of Public Health,2014,35:207-228.
[6]Klompmakera J O,Hoekb G,Bloemsma L D.Green space definition affects associations of green space with overweight and physical activity[J].Environmental Research,2018,160:531-540.
[7]Alfonzo M,Guo Z,Lin L,et al.Walking,Obesity and Urban Design in Chinese Neighborhoods[J].Preventive Medicine,2014,69:S79-S85.
[8]https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_recommendations/en/
[9]Su M,Tan Y,Liu Q,et al.Association between perceived urban built environment attributes and leisure-time physical activity among adults in Hangzhou,China[J].Preventive Medicine,2014,66:60-64.
[10]Carpiano R M,Hystad P W."Sense of community belonging"in health surveys:what social capital is it measuring[J].Health Place,2011,17(2):606-617.
[11]Hawe P,Shiell A.Social Capital and Health Promotion:AReview[J].Social Science&Medicine,2000(6):871-885.
[12]Gascon M,Triguero-Mas M,Martínez D,et al.Mental Health Benefits of Long-Term Exposure to Residential Green and Blue Spaces:A Systematic Review[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2015,12:4354-4379.
[13]NASA,2018.https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/
[14]USGS,2018.https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
[15]张慧,李平衡,周国模,等.植被指数的地形效应研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(2):669-677.
[16]Blanck HM,Allen D,Bashir Z,et al.Let's go to the park today:The role of parks in obesity prevention and improving the public's health[J].Child Obesity,2012,8:423-428.
[17]Browning M,Lee K.Within what distance does"greenness"best predict physical health?A systematic review of articles with gis buffer analyses across the lifespan[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2017,14(7):1-21.
[18]Tian Y,Jiang C,Wang M,et al.BMI,leisure-time physical activity,and physical fitness in adults in China:results from a series of national surveys,2000-14[J].DiabetesEndo crinol,2016,4:487-97.
[19]James P,Hart J M,Hipp J A,et al.GPS-Based Exposure to Greenness and Walkability and Accelerometry-Based Physical Activity[J].Geospatial Approaches to Cancer Control and Population Sciences,2017.
[20]Richardson EA,Pearce J,Mitchell R,et al.Role of physical activity in the relationship between urban green space and health[J].Public Health,2013,127:318-324.
[21]Ord K,Mitchell R,Pearce J.Is level of neighbourhood green space associated with physical activity in green space[J].International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,2013,10(1):127.
[22]Villeneuve P J,Ysseldyk R L,Root A,et al.Comparing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index with the Google Street View Measure of Vegetation to Assess Associations between Greenness,Walkability,Recreational Physical Activity,and Health in Ottawa,Canada[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2018,15:1719.
[23]Hurvitz P M,Moudon A V.Home versus nonhome neighborhood:quantifying differences in exposure to the built environment[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicin,2012,42:411-7.
[24]Shanahan D F,Fuller A,Bush R,et al.The health benefits of urban nature:how much do we need[J].BioScience,2015,65:476-485.
[25]Sugiyama T,Carver A,Koohsari M J,et al.Advantages of public green spaces in enhancing population health[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2018,178:12-17.
[26]Durand C P,Andalib M,Dunton G F,et al.A systematic review of built environment factors related to physical activity and obesity risk:implications for smart growth urban planning[J].Obesity Review,2011,12(5).
[27]http://ln.people.com.cn/n2/2018/0905/c377209-32016996.html
(1)该地区18~22岁非大学生人口由于基础数据限制并没有进行特殊区分。
(2)目前国内缺乏关于肥胖率年龄界定的统一标准与权威参考数据,参考文献中成年人年龄界定(20~59岁)与本文调查人群略有出入。
(3)大连市中小学操场在2018年初开始实施全部开放政策,到9月已经全面完成,工作日早晚与休息日白天对外开放~([27])。