我国北方工业弃渣风蚀的风洞实验研究
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摘要
对副石膏、粉煤灰和硫酸渣3种典型工业弃渣样品的风蚀过程及其特征进行风洞模拟。结果表明,3种工业弃渣风蚀速率与风速之间均服从指数函数,其拟合关系可表达为:Q=a·exp(u/b)+c。在相同风速下,副石膏风蚀速率最大,粉煤灰次之,硫酸渣最小。工业弃渣风蚀过程中释尘量占风蚀物质的比重大。坡度实验表明,在风速为12m/s、坡度≤30°时,副石膏风蚀量随着堆积坡度的增大而增大;粉煤灰和硫酸渣堆积坡度大于临界坡度后,其风蚀量随着坡度增大而减少,粉煤灰的临界坡度为25°,硫酸渣的临界坡度为20°。因此,工业弃渣场选址应避开风口,并且要集中堆放,设置拦挡、护坡,增大弃渣堆积体边坡坡度等措施,以减少工业弃渣风蚀及其释尘量。
By using wind-tunnel experiment,the law of wind erosion and dust emission of industrial by-product gypsum was studied,fine coal ash and sulfuric acid slags which were sampled in the slags field of northern China.Results showed that the relationship between wind erosion rate of three kinds of waste slags and wind speed obeys exponential law,and its equation was Q=a·exp(u/b)+c.At the same wind speed,the wind erosion rate of industrial by-product gypsum was the largest,fine coal ash was second,and the sulfuric acid slags was minimum.The amount of dust emission by wind erosion of three kinds of waste slags accounted of the amount of wind erosion was large.At 12m/s wind speed,when the slope gradient less than or equal to 30°,the amount of wind erosion of industrial by-product gypsum increased with increasing slope gradient,when the slope gradient greater than the critical slope gradient,the amount of wind erosion of fine coal ash and sulfuric acid slags decreased with the increase of slope gradient.The critical slope gradient of fine coal ash was 25°,and the critical slope gradient of sulfuric acid slags was 20°.Hence,to reduce the amount of wind erosion and dust emission of waste slags,the waste slags fields should avoid wind gap,stack intensively,set block,revetment and increase the slope gradient of the waste slags.
By using wind-tunnel experiment,the law of wind erosion and dust emission of industrial by-product gypsum was studied,fine coal ash and sulfuric acid slags which were sampled in the slags field of northern China.Results showed that the relationship between wind erosion rate of three kinds of waste slags and wind speed obeys exponential law,and its equation was Q=a·exp(u/b)+c.At the same wind speed,the wind erosion rate of industrial by-product gypsum was the largest,fine coal ash was second,and the sulfuric acid slags was minimum.The amount of dust emission by wind erosion of three kinds of waste slags accounted of the amount of wind erosion was large.At 12m/s wind speed,when the slope gradient less than or equal to 30°,the amount of wind erosion of industrial by-product gypsum increased with increasing slope gradient,when the slope gradient greater than the critical slope gradient,the amount of wind erosion of fine coal ash and sulfuric acid slags decreased with the increase of slope gradient.The critical slope gradient of fine coal ash was 25°,and the critical slope gradient of sulfuric acid slags was 20°.Hence,to reduce the amount of wind erosion and dust emission of waste slags,the waste slags fields should avoid wind gap,stack intensively,set block,revetment and increase the slope gradient of the waste slags.
引文
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[2]董治宝,董光荣,陈广庭.以北方旱作农田为重点开展我国的土壤风蚀研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1996(2):31-37.
[3]Héctor J,Francisco B.Source apportionment of PM10and PM2.5in a desert in northern Chile[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,444:327-335.
[4]韩旸.裸土风蚀型开放源起尘对城市空气颗粒物的影响评估[J].环境污染与防治,2010,32(10):5-14.
[5]Harrison S P,Kohfeld K E,Roelandt C,et al.The role of dust in climate changes today,the last glacial maximum and in the future[J].Earth Science Reviews,2001,54:43-80.
[6]董治宝,高尚玉,董光荣.土壤风蚀预报研究述评[J].中国沙漠,1999,19(4):312-317.
[7]Wagner L E.A history of wind erosion prediction models in the United States department of agriculture:the wind erosion prediction system(WEPS)[J].Aeolian Research,2012(10):9-24.
[8]ShaoYaping,Raupach M R,Findlater P A.The effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98:12719-12726.
[9]梅凡平,张小曳,鹿化煜,等.若干风蚀粉尘释放模型述评[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(6):791-797.
[10]杜鹏飞,刘孝盈,宁堆虎.生产建设项目用地土壤风蚀量监测方法与预报模型分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(1):117-122.
[11]柳本立,屈建军,宁堆虎,等.不同排列形式堆积体风蚀率测算[J].水土保持科学,2013,27(1):60-64.
[12]Bagnold R A.The physics of blown sand and desert dunes[M].London:Dover Publication,2005.
[13]王升堂,赵廷治,邹学勇,等.北京郊区不同土地利用类型起沙起尘的特征研究[J].地理科学,2005,25(5):601-605.
[14]刘小平,董治宝.空气动力学粗糙度的物理与实践意义[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(4):337-346.
[15]王仁德,邹学勇,赵婧妍.半湿润区农田土壤风蚀的风洞模拟研究[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(3):640-646.
[16]和继军,唐泽国,蔡强国.内蒙古农牧交错区农耕地土壤风蚀规律的风洞试验研究[J].水土保持科学,2010,24(4):35-39.
[17]Chepil W S.Properties of soil which influence wind erosion[J].Soil Science,1950,69:149-162.
[18]董治宝,李振山.风成沙粒度特征对其风蚀可蚀性的影响[J].水土保持学报,1998,12(4):1-5.
[19]哈斯.河北坝上地区高原土壤风蚀物垂直分布的初步研究[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(1):9-14.
[20]王仁德,邹学勇,赵婧妍.半湿润地区农田土壤粉尘释放的风洞模拟研究[J].地理科学,2012,32(11):1364-1369.