风洞内非中性边界层风场和温度场耦合模拟
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摘要
现有城市中性大气边界层只考虑风场忽略了温度场,无法研究大气昼夜温度分布对城市环境的影响。然而,温度场是对于城市环境研究的一个重要的因素,尤其在城市规划、城市热岛、污染物扩散等方面。城市非中性大气边界层包含风场和温度场,并分为稳定和不稳定两类,其风洞实验需要同时控制风场和温度场的模拟装置。文章采用数值模拟的方法模拟三角形尖劈、粗糙元、温度分层装置对风洞试验段的风场和温度场的影响规律,提出城市非中性稳定大气边界层风场和温度场在风洞内耦合形成时的控制策略,建议在稳定城市边界层的风洞试验时,先满足边界层速度、湍流度的风场特性要求,然后考虑风洞内的热损失,分段提高温度分层装置的温度梯度,从而同时实现目标风场和温度场。
The existing neutral atmospheric boundary layer(ABL), only taking the wind field into account, cannot appropriately study the effects of distribution of temperature during 24-h on urban environment. However, temperature field is a significant factor to study the urban environment, especially in term of urban planning, urban heat island, pollutant diffusion, etc. The non-neutral ABL includes wind and temperature fields, and it can be divided into stable type and unstable type. The wind tunnel testing of non-neutral ABL needs to simultaneously control the simulators of these two fields. In this study, a numerical simulation analysis with consideration of the effects of triangular split, rough element, and temperature stratification device(TSD) on wind and temperature fields in a wind tunnel test was carried out. Based on simulation results, a control strategy for the formation of wind and temperature fields in the non-neutral stable ABL was proposed. It is suggested to highly pay attention to the velocity and turbulence of wind field in wind tunnel testing of stable urban boundary layer to decrease heat loss in the wind tunnel and gradually increase of temperature gradient of TSD. This strategy can truly control the target temperature and wind fields.
The existing neutral atmospheric boundary layer(ABL), only taking the wind field into account, cannot appropriately study the effects of distribution of temperature during 24-h on urban environment. However, temperature field is a significant factor to study the urban environment, especially in term of urban planning, urban heat island, pollutant diffusion, etc. The non-neutral ABL includes wind and temperature fields, and it can be divided into stable type and unstable type. The wind tunnel testing of non-neutral ABL needs to simultaneously control the simulators of these two fields. In this study, a numerical simulation analysis with consideration of the effects of triangular split, rough element, and temperature stratification device(TSD) on wind and temperature fields in a wind tunnel test was carried out. Based on simulation results, a control strategy for the formation of wind and temperature fields in the non-neutral stable ABL was proposed. It is suggested to highly pay attention to the velocity and turbulence of wind field in wind tunnel testing of stable urban boundary layer to decrease heat loss in the wind tunnel and gradually increase of temperature gradient of TSD. This strategy can truly control the target temperature and wind fields.
引文
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[25]卢曦,吴文权.环境风洞的模拟技术研究[J].上海理工大学学报,2004,26(3):243-246.
[26]Yang Y,Xie Z,Gu M.Consistent inflow boundary conditions for modelling the neutral equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer for the SST k-ωmodel[J].Wind&Structures An International Journal,2017,24(5):465-480.
[2]Sill B L.Turbulent boundary layer profiles over uniform rough surfaces[J].Journal of Wind Engineering&Industrial Aerodynamics,1988,31(2):147-163.
[3]Fang C,Sill B L.Aerodynamic roughness length:Correlation with roughness elements[J].Journal of Wind Engineering&Industrial Aerodynamics,1992,41(1-3):449-460.
[4]Jia Y,Sill B L,Reinhold T A.Effects of surface roughness element spacing on boundary-layer velocity profile parameters[J].Journal of Wind Engineering&Industrial Aerodynamics,1998,73(3):215-230.
[5]施宗城.中性大气边界层模拟试验调试方法研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),1994,22(4):469-474.
[6]黄鹏,施宗城,陈伟,等.大气边界层风场模拟及测试技术的研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2000,29(6):40-44.
[7]陈凯,毕卫涛,魏庆鼎.振动尖塔对风洞模拟大气湍流边界层的作用[J].空气动力学学报,2003,21(2):211-217.
[8]庞加斌,林志兴,陆烨.关于风洞中用尖劈和粗糙元模拟大气边界层的讨论[J].流体力学实验与测量,2004,18(2):32-37.
[9]石碧青,洪海波,谢壮宁,等.大气边界层风洞流场特性的模拟[J].空气动力学学报,2007,25(3):376-380,395.
[10]辛金超.大气边界层的风洞被动模拟研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2010.
[11]许伟.大气边界层风洞中风场的数值模拟[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.
[12]李东清.基于尖劈的大气边界层风洞被动模拟方法研究”[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2014.
[13]Chaudhry H N,Calautit J K,Hughes B R,et al.CFDand Experimental Study on the Effect of Progressive Heating on Fluid Flow inside a Thermal Wind Tunnel[J].Computation,2015,3(4):509-527.
[14]Walczewski J,Feleksy-Bielak M.Diurnal variation of characteristic sodar echoes and the diurnal change of atmospheric stability[J].Atmospheric Environment,1988,22(9):1793-1800.
[15]Snyder W.H.Some observations of the influence of stratification on diffusion in building wakes[A].Stably Stratfied Flows:Flow and Dispersion over Topography[M].1994,301-324.Clarendon Press,Oxford,England.
[16]Uehara K,Murakami S,Oikawa S,et al.Wind tunnel experiments on how thermal stratification affects flow in and above urban street canyons[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34(10):1553-1562.
[17]Hancock P E,Pascheke F.Wind-Tunnel Simulation of the Wake of a Large Wind Turbine in a Stable Boundary Layer:Part 2,the Wake Flow[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2014,151(1):23-37.
[18]Hancock P E,Zhang S.A Wind-Tunnel Simulation of the Wake of a Large Wind Turbine in a Weakly Unstable Boundary Layer[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2015,156(3):395-413.
[19]Simiu E,Scanlan R H.Wind effects on structure[M].John Willy&Sons NY.1996.
[20]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.中华人民共和国国家标准.建筑结构荷载规范[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.
[21]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.中华人民共和国行业标准.建筑工程风洞试验方法标准[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2015.
[22]周淑贞.气象学和气候学(第三版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014:15-17.
[23]蒋维楣.空气污染气象学教程[M].北京:气象出版社,2004:124-127.
[24]曹文俊,朱汶.大气稳定度参数的计算方法及几种稳定度分类方法的对比研究[J].中国环境科学,1990,10(2):142-147.
[25]卢曦,吴文权.环境风洞的模拟技术研究[J].上海理工大学学报,2004,26(3):243-246.
[26]Yang Y,Xie Z,Gu M.Consistent inflow boundary conditions for modelling the neutral equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer for the SST k-ωmodel[J].Wind&Structures An International Journal,2017,24(5):465-480.