深圳市水源水抗生素污染现状及生态风险和人体健康风险评估
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摘要
目的为初步掌握深圳市饮用水系统中抗生素污染状况、抑制剂及激素含量和评估其生态风险及人体健康风险,调查深圳市主要自来水厂的水源水、出厂水及管网末梢水中的抗生素和抑制剂、激素含量。方法采用固相萃取柱(SPE)进行分离富集,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)作为检测技术,分析深圳市主要自来水厂水源水、出厂水及管网末梢水中磺胺类抗生素、抑制剂及激素含量水平,对其进行生态风险评估和人体健康风险评估。结果深圳市主要自来水厂的出厂水及管网末梢水中均未检测出磺胺类抗生素、抑制剂和激素,水源水中未检测出抑制剂和激素,仅检测出5种磺胺类抗生素,磺胺甲恶唑检出浓度最高,为8.748 4 ng/L。磺胺二甲嘧啶和甲氧苄氨嘧啶在6个自来水厂中均有检出,检出率为85.71%。对5种抗生素进行生态风险评估发现,磺胺吡啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、甲氧苄氨嘧啶无明显生态风险,仅磺胺甲恶唑的水平处于中等生态风险。7个水厂均无高生态风险;东湖水厂、沙头角水厂、梅林水厂(水库)、梅林水厂(东江)4个水厂处于中等生态风险;南山水厂、盐田港水厂、笔架山水厂3个水厂无明显生态风险。磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺二甲嘧啶2种抗生素对儿童的总风险介于0.28×10~(-6)~2.75×10~(-6)之间,对成人的总风险介于0.25×10~(-6)~2.50×10~(-6)之间。4个水厂水源水中磺胺甲恶唑对人体健康风险均大于磺胺二甲嘧啶,且6个采样地点水源水中抗生素对儿童的人体健康风险均大于成人。各采样地水源水中东湖水厂水源水对人体健康总风险最高。结论深圳市主要自来水厂出厂水及管网末梢水中的抑制剂、磺胺类抗生素及激素均未检出。水源水中检出的磺胺类抗生素含量处于较低水平,其生态风险和对人体造成的健康风险处于低水平,深圳市自来水系统抗生素含量符合国家相关标准。
[Objective] To understand the status of antibiotic contamination, inhibitors and hormone levels in drinking water system of Shenzhen City, assess their ecological risks and human health risks, and investigate the antibiotic, inhibitor and hormone contents in the source water, finished water and the pipe end water of the main waterworks in Shenzhen City.[Methods] With the detection technology of the solid phase extraction column(SPE) and tandem mass spectrometry with ultra high performance liquid chromatography(UPLC-MS/MS), the levels of sulfonamide antibiotics, inhibitor and hormone in the source water, finished water and pipe end water of main waterworks in Shenzhen City were analyzed, while ecological risk assessment and human health risk assessment were performed. [Results] Sulfonamide antibiotics, inhibitors and hormones were not detected in the finished water and the pipe end water in Shenzhen's main waterworks. In the source water, no inhibitors and hormones were detected, only 5 sulfonamides were detected, and the highest concentration of sulfamethoxazole was 8.748 4 ng/L.Sulfamethazine and trimethoprim were detected in six water plants, and the detection rate was 85.71%. Ecological risk assessment of five antibiotics found that there were no significant ecological risks of sulfapyridine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxine and trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole was at a moderate ecological risk. There were no high ecological risks in the seven water plants. Four water plants, including Donghu Waterworks, Sha Tau Kok Waterworks, Merlin Waterworks(Reservoir), Merlin Waterworks(Dongjiang), were at medium ecological risk. Three water plants, namely Nanshan waterworks, Yantian Harbor Waterworks and Bijiashan Waterworks, had no obvious ecological risk. The total risks of sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole to children were between 0.28 ×10~(-6) to 2.75×10~(-6), while the total risks to adults were between 0.25 ×10~(-6) to 2.50 ×10~(-6). The risk of human exposure to sulfamethoxazole in source water from four waterworks was greater than that to sulfamethazine, and the risks of human health in children from six sampling sites were higher than those in adults. The source water from Donghu Waterworks has the highest total risk to human health. [Conclusion] The sulfonamide antibiotics, inhibitor and hormone are not detected in the finished water and the pipe end water in Shenzhen's main waterworks. The level of sulfonamide antibiotics detected in source water is at a low level, and the ecological risk and health risk to human body are low. The antibiotic content of tap water system in Shenzhen meets the relevant national standards.
[Objective] To understand the status of antibiotic contamination, inhibitors and hormone levels in drinking water system of Shenzhen City, assess their ecological risks and human health risks, and investigate the antibiotic, inhibitor and hormone contents in the source water, finished water and the pipe end water of the main waterworks in Shenzhen City.[Methods] With the detection technology of the solid phase extraction column(SPE) and tandem mass spectrometry with ultra high performance liquid chromatography(UPLC-MS/MS), the levels of sulfonamide antibiotics, inhibitor and hormone in the source water, finished water and pipe end water of main waterworks in Shenzhen City were analyzed, while ecological risk assessment and human health risk assessment were performed. [Results] Sulfonamide antibiotics, inhibitors and hormones were not detected in the finished water and the pipe end water in Shenzhen's main waterworks. In the source water, no inhibitors and hormones were detected, only 5 sulfonamides were detected, and the highest concentration of sulfamethoxazole was 8.748 4 ng/L.Sulfamethazine and trimethoprim were detected in six water plants, and the detection rate was 85.71%. Ecological risk assessment of five antibiotics found that there were no significant ecological risks of sulfapyridine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxine and trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole was at a moderate ecological risk. There were no high ecological risks in the seven water plants. Four water plants, including Donghu Waterworks, Sha Tau Kok Waterworks, Merlin Waterworks(Reservoir), Merlin Waterworks(Dongjiang), were at medium ecological risk. Three water plants, namely Nanshan waterworks, Yantian Harbor Waterworks and Bijiashan Waterworks, had no obvious ecological risk. The total risks of sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole to children were between 0.28 ×10~(-6) to 2.75×10~(-6), while the total risks to adults were between 0.25 ×10~(-6) to 2.50 ×10~(-6). The risk of human exposure to sulfamethoxazole in source water from four waterworks was greater than that to sulfamethazine, and the risks of human health in children from six sampling sites were higher than those in adults. The source water from Donghu Waterworks has the highest total risk to human health. [Conclusion] The sulfonamide antibiotics, inhibitor and hormone are not detected in the finished water and the pipe end water in Shenzhen's main waterworks. The level of sulfonamide antibiotics detected in source water is at a low level, and the ecological risk and health risk to human body are low. The antibiotic content of tap water system in Shenzhen meets the relevant national standards.
引文
[1]王冰,孙成,胡冠九.环境中抗生素残留潜在风险及其研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2007,30(3):108-111.
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[3]国彬,姚丽贤,刘忠珍,等.广州市兽用抗生素的环境残留研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(5):938-945.
[4]GOBEL A,THOMSEN A,MCARDELL CS,et al.Occurrence and sorption behavior of sulfonamides,macrolides,and trimethoprim in activated sludge treatment[J].Environ Sci Technol,2005,39(11):3981-3989.
[5]JONES OA,LESTER JN,VOULVOULIS N.Pharmaceuticals:a threat to drinking water?[J].Trends Biotechnol,2005,23(4):163-167.
[6]KUMMERER K.Antibiotics in the aquatic environment-a review-part II[J].Chemosphere,2009,75(4):435-441.
[7]朱婷婷,段标标,宋战锋,等.深圳铁岗水库水体中抗生素污染特征分析及生态风险评价[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(7):1175-1180.
[8]YANG J F,YING G G,ZHAO J L,et al.Spatial and seasonal distribution of selected antibiotics in surface waters of the Pearl Rivers,China[J].J Environ Sci Health B,2011,46(3):272-280.
[9]封丽,程艳茹,封雷,等.三峡库区主要水域典型抗生素分布及生态风险评估[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(7):1031-1040.
[10]徐浩,肖湘波,唐文浩,等.海口城区地表水环境中抗生素含量特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(9):60-65.
[11]李伟明,鲍艳宇,周启星.四环素类抗生素降解途径及其主要降解产物研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2300-2308.
[12]BIALK-BIELINSKA A,STOLTE S,ARNING J,et al.Ecotoxicity evaluation of selected sulfonamides[J].Chemosphere,2011,85(6):928-933.
[13]FERRARI B,MONS R,VOLLAT B,et al.Environmental risk assessment of six human pharmaceuticals:are the current environmental risk assessment procedures sufficient for the protection of the aquatic environment?[J].Environ Toxicol Chem,2004,23(5):1344-1354.
[14]伍婷婷,张瑞杰,王英辉,等.邕江南宁市区段表层沉积物典型抗生素污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(2):336-344.
[15]赵腾辉,陈奕涵,韩巍,等.东江上游典型抗生素污染特征及生态风险评价[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(10):1707-1713.
[16]武旭跃,邹华,朱荣,等.太湖贡湖湾水域抗生素污染特征分析与生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4596-4604.
[17]朱婷婷,宋战锋,尹魁浩,等.深圳西丽水库抗生素残留现状及健康风险研究[J].环境污染与防治,2014,36(5):49-58.
[18]朱婷婷,宋战锋,段标标,等.深圳石岩水库抗生素污染特征与健康风险初步评价[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(11):1003-1006.
[19]朱婷婷,宋战锋,尹魁浩,等.南方某水库水体中抗生素生态与健康风险研究[J].生态毒理学报,2015,10(5):124-131.
[20]徐维海,张干,邹世春,等.香港维多利亚港和珠江广州河段水体中抗生素的含量特征及其季节变化[J].环境科学,2006,27(12):2458-2462.
[21]金磊,姜蕾,韩琪,等.华东地区某水源水中13种磺胺类抗生素的分布特征及人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(7):2515-2521.
[22]XU W,ZHANG G,LI X,et al.Occurrence and elimination of antibiotics at four sewage treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),South China[J].Water Res,2007,41(19):4526-4534.
[23]李嘉,张瑞杰,王润梅,等.小清河流域抗生素污染分布特征与生态风险评估[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(7):1384-1391.
[24]周志洪,赵建亮,魏晓东,等.珠江广州段水体抗生素的复合污染特征及其生态风险[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(6):1034-1041.
[2]KUMMERER K,AL-AHMAD A,MERSCH-SUNDERMANN V.Biodegradability of some antibiotics,elimination of the genotoxicity and affection of wastewater bacteria in a simple test[J].Chemosphere,2000,40(7):701-710.
[3]国彬,姚丽贤,刘忠珍,等.广州市兽用抗生素的环境残留研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(5):938-945.
[4]GOBEL A,THOMSEN A,MCARDELL CS,et al.Occurrence and sorption behavior of sulfonamides,macrolides,and trimethoprim in activated sludge treatment[J].Environ Sci Technol,2005,39(11):3981-3989.
[5]JONES OA,LESTER JN,VOULVOULIS N.Pharmaceuticals:a threat to drinking water?[J].Trends Biotechnol,2005,23(4):163-167.
[6]KUMMERER K.Antibiotics in the aquatic environment-a review-part II[J].Chemosphere,2009,75(4):435-441.
[7]朱婷婷,段标标,宋战锋,等.深圳铁岗水库水体中抗生素污染特征分析及生态风险评价[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(7):1175-1180.
[8]YANG J F,YING G G,ZHAO J L,et al.Spatial and seasonal distribution of selected antibiotics in surface waters of the Pearl Rivers,China[J].J Environ Sci Health B,2011,46(3):272-280.
[9]封丽,程艳茹,封雷,等.三峡库区主要水域典型抗生素分布及生态风险评估[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(7):1031-1040.
[10]徐浩,肖湘波,唐文浩,等.海口城区地表水环境中抗生素含量特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(9):60-65.
[11]李伟明,鲍艳宇,周启星.四环素类抗生素降解途径及其主要降解产物研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2300-2308.
[12]BIALK-BIELINSKA A,STOLTE S,ARNING J,et al.Ecotoxicity evaluation of selected sulfonamides[J].Chemosphere,2011,85(6):928-933.
[13]FERRARI B,MONS R,VOLLAT B,et al.Environmental risk assessment of six human pharmaceuticals:are the current environmental risk assessment procedures sufficient for the protection of the aquatic environment?[J].Environ Toxicol Chem,2004,23(5):1344-1354.
[14]伍婷婷,张瑞杰,王英辉,等.邕江南宁市区段表层沉积物典型抗生素污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(2):336-344.
[15]赵腾辉,陈奕涵,韩巍,等.东江上游典型抗生素污染特征及生态风险评价[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(10):1707-1713.
[16]武旭跃,邹华,朱荣,等.太湖贡湖湾水域抗生素污染特征分析与生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4596-4604.
[17]朱婷婷,宋战锋,尹魁浩,等.深圳西丽水库抗生素残留现状及健康风险研究[J].环境污染与防治,2014,36(5):49-58.
[18]朱婷婷,宋战锋,段标标,等.深圳石岩水库抗生素污染特征与健康风险初步评价[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(11):1003-1006.
[19]朱婷婷,宋战锋,尹魁浩,等.南方某水库水体中抗生素生态与健康风险研究[J].生态毒理学报,2015,10(5):124-131.
[20]徐维海,张干,邹世春,等.香港维多利亚港和珠江广州河段水体中抗生素的含量特征及其季节变化[J].环境科学,2006,27(12):2458-2462.
[21]金磊,姜蕾,韩琪,等.华东地区某水源水中13种磺胺类抗生素的分布特征及人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(7):2515-2521.
[22]XU W,ZHANG G,LI X,et al.Occurrence and elimination of antibiotics at four sewage treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),South China[J].Water Res,2007,41(19):4526-4534.
[23]李嘉,张瑞杰,王润梅,等.小清河流域抗生素污染分布特征与生态风险评估[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(7):1384-1391.
[24]周志洪,赵建亮,魏晓东,等.珠江广州段水体抗生素的复合污染特征及其生态风险[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(6):1034-1041.