全球价值链助推农业产业升级的创新路径研究——基于湄潭县茶产业扶贫项目的案例分析
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摘要
产业兴旺是农村地区脱贫致富的重要途径,但大规模产业扶持引发的同质竞争、产能过剩、产品附加值低等问题不容忽视。如何创新发展模式促进农业产业升级进而提升竞争力尤为重要。全球化趋势日益加深,国际分工优势凸显,农业产业能否突破区域性技术约束和市场瓶颈、通过全球价值链实现加速升级值得讨论。本文以湄潭茶产业为例,从理论层面分析融入全球价值链对农业产业升级的作用机制,总结实践做法和经验,并探讨融入全球价值链的可行路径。研究发现,国际标准定位、政府重视、跨国公司带动、良好营商环境有助于农业产业融入全球价值链,今后,农业企业在国际认证、技术创新、人才培养、品牌建设上要加大投入,政府要发挥好引导和服务作用。
Industry is vital to overcome poverty for countryside. However,homogeneous competition,excess capacity and low added-value,cannot be ignored. It is important to innovate pattern for agricultural industry upgrading. Could it break through regional limitation and achieve agricultural industry upgrading through GVCs? Taking tea industry for example,this paper will analyze impact mechanism theoretically,summarize experience and then explore available path. It is concluded international standards,government attention,multinational corporation driving and good business environment contribute to enrolling GVCs. Enterprises should focus more on international certification,technical innovation,expert cultivation and brand construction. Government should work in guidance and service.
Industry is vital to overcome poverty for countryside. However,homogeneous competition,excess capacity and low added-value,cannot be ignored. It is important to innovate pattern for agricultural industry upgrading. Could it break through regional limitation and achieve agricultural industry upgrading through GVCs? Taking tea industry for example,this paper will analyze impact mechanism theoretically,summarize experience and then explore available path. It is concluded international standards,government attention,multinational corporation driving and good business environment contribute to enrolling GVCs. Enterprises should focus more on international certification,technical innovation,expert cultivation and brand construction. Government should work in guidance and service.
引文
1.Antras,P.,Helpman,E..Global Sourcing,Journal of Political Economy,2004.Vol.112,No.3:552~580
2.Bernard,A.B.,Jensen,J.B..Exceptional Exporter Performance:Cause,Effect,or Both?,Journal of International Economics,1999.Vol.47,No.1:1~25
3.Boffa,M.,Kumritz,V.,Santoni,G.,et al..2016.Overcoming the Middle-Income Trap:the Role of GVC Integration for Climbing-up the Income Ladder,University of Geneva
4.Bolwig,S.,Gibbon,P.,Jones,S..The Economics of Smallholder Organic Contract Farming in Tropical Africa,World Development,2009.Vol.37,No.6:1094~1104
5.Dollar,D.,Reis,J.G.,王智.全球价值链发展报告(2017).社会科学文献出版社,2017
6.Kawakami,M.,Sturgeon,T.J..The Dynamics of Local Learning in Global Value Chains:Experience from East Asia,London:Palgrave Macmillan,2012
7.Lee,J.,Gereffi,G.,Beauvais,J..Global Value Chains and Agrifood Standards:Challenges and Possibilities for Smallholders in Developing Countries.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2012.Vol.109,No.31:12326~12331
8.Little,P.,Watts,M..Living Under Contract.Madison,WI:University of Wisconsin Press.1994
9.Lodge,G.,Wilson,C..2006.Multinatioanl Corporations and Global Poverty Reduction,Challenage,Vol.49,No.3:17~25
10.Neilson,J.,Shonk,F..Chained to Development?Livelihoods and Global Value Chains in the Coffee-Producing Toraja Region of Indonesia,Australian Geographer,2014.Vol.45,No.3:269~288
11.Nwagbara,U.,Kamara.,H.Y..Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR)Leadership and Poverty Reduction:the Case of Nigeria and Sierra Leone,Economic Insights-Trends and Challenages,2015.Vol.IV,No.2:21~30
12.Park,A.,Wang,S..Community-Based Development and Poverty Alleviation:An Evaluation of China's Poor Village Investment Program,Journal of Public Economics,2010.Vol.94,No.9:790~799
13.Park,A.,Nayyar,G.,Low,P..Supply Chain Perspectives and Issues:A literature Review,WTO Co-published with the Fung Global Institute.2013
14.Pietrobelli,C.,Rabellotti,R..Global Value Chains Meet Innovation Systems:Are There Learning Opportunities for Developing Countries?Working paper series 232,IDE,Chiba City,Japan.2010
15.Pimpa,N..Responsibility for Poverty:Sustainable Management by Mining Multinational Corporations in the Mekong Countries,The Journal of Developing Areas,2017.Vol.51,No.3:335~348
16.Ravallion,M.,Chen S..China’s(Uneven)Progress against Poverty,Journal of Development Economics,2007.No.82:1~42
17.Stoian,D.,Donovan,J.,Fisk,J.,et al.Value Chain Development for Rural Poverty Reduction:A Reality Check and A Warning,Enterprise Development and Microfinance,2012.Vol.23,No.1:54~60
18.Taglioni D.,Winkler,D..2016.Making Global Value Chains Work for Development,Washington,DC:World Bank
19.UNCTAD.World Investment Report 2013-Global Values Chains:Investment and Trade for Development,New York and Geneva:UN.2013
20.Vicol,M.,Neilson,J.,Hartatri,D.,et al.Upgrading for Whom?Relationship Coffee,Value Chain Interventions and Rural Development in Indonesia,World Development,2018:26~37
21.Warning,M.,Key,N..The Social Performance and Distributional Consequences of Contract Farming:An Equilibrium Analysis of the Arachide de Bouche Programme in Senegal,World Development,2002.Vol.30,No.2:255~263
22.白描.中国精准扶贫的实践与思考---中国精准扶贫进展与前瞻研讨会综述.中国农村经济,2018(4):140~144
23.陈聪,程李梅.产业扶贫目标下连片贫困地区公共品有效供给研究.农业经济问题,2017(10):44~51
24.陈平路,毛家兵,李蒙.职业教育专项扶贫机制的政策效果评估---基于四省雨露计划的调查.教育与经济,2016(4):56~63
25.邓维杰.精准扶贫的难点、对策与路径选择.农村经济,2014(6):78~81
26.黄承伟.中国扶贫开发道路研究:评述与展望.中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(5):5~17
27.蓝庆新.论全球价值链下的电子信息产业集群升级.山西财经大学学报,2005(5):74~78
28.刘建生,陈鑫,曹佳慧.产业精准扶贫作用机制研究.中国人口·资源与环境,2017(6):127~135
29.刘仕国,吴海英,马涛等.利用全球价值链促进产业升级.国际经济评论,2015(1):64~84
30.隆国强.全球化背景下的产业升级战略---基于全球生产价值链的分析.国际贸易,2007(7):27~34
31.彭春凝.当前我国农村精准扶贫的路径选择研究.农村经济,2016(5):91~95
32.汪三贵、郭子豪.论中国的精准扶贫.贵州社会科学,2015(5):147~150
33.吴海英.全球价值链对产业升级的影响.中央财经大学硕士学位论文,2016
34.许庆,刘进,杨青.农村民间借贷的减贫效应研究---基于健康冲击视角的分析.中国人口科学,2016(3):34~42
35.张彬斌.新时期政策扶贫:目标选择和农民增收.经济学(季刊),2013(3):959~982
36.张辉等.全球价值链下北京产业升级研究.北京大学出版社,2007
37.张琦,冯丹萌.我国减贫实践探索及其理论创新:1978-2016年.改革,2016(4):27~42
38.卓越,张珉.全球价值链中的收益分配与“悲惨增长”.中国工业经济,2008(7):131~140
(1)根据新闻报道整理而得。资料来源:http://opinion. china. com. cn/opinion_9_166909. html; http://www. xinhuanet. com/politics/2018lh/2018-03/15/c_1122543927. htm; http://news. sina. com. cn/c/2017-06-21/doc-ifyhfpat5593677. shtml
*产业升级的涵义有多种解释,比如Park等(2013)认为是产业部门由低附加值向高附加值的推进,张辉等(2007)认为是低层次向高层次的转换,刘仕国等(2015)认为是单位产品的价值和单位产出的增加值率由低到高,隆国强(2007)认为是特定产业内部向资本与技术密集的价值环节提升、向信息与管理密集的价值环节提升过程。考虑到农业产业的特殊属性,为简单起见,本研究所指的产业升级统一认为是附加值提升的过程
*除特殊标注外,本研究所采用的数据资料均来源于调研一手数据
*“雨林联盟”是非营利性的全球环保组织,以优化土地等资源的高效利用、促进生态平衡、实现可持续发展为评判标准,对企业提供战略支持和认证服务。经认证的茶叶质量可以达到欧盟在内的国际标准,为提升中国茶叶质量、扩大产品出口提供了便利
*无公害是入市的基本条件,绿色食品认证包含A级和AA级(区别在于A级允许限量使用化肥农药等,AA级则不得使用),有机食品认证有严格的质量管控体系和追踪机制,严禁使用化肥农药等
2.Bernard,A.B.,Jensen,J.B..Exceptional Exporter Performance:Cause,Effect,or Both?,Journal of International Economics,1999.Vol.47,No.1:1~25
3.Boffa,M.,Kumritz,V.,Santoni,G.,et al..2016.Overcoming the Middle-Income Trap:the Role of GVC Integration for Climbing-up the Income Ladder,University of Geneva
4.Bolwig,S.,Gibbon,P.,Jones,S..The Economics of Smallholder Organic Contract Farming in Tropical Africa,World Development,2009.Vol.37,No.6:1094~1104
5.Dollar,D.,Reis,J.G.,王智.全球价值链发展报告(2017).社会科学文献出版社,2017
6.Kawakami,M.,Sturgeon,T.J..The Dynamics of Local Learning in Global Value Chains:Experience from East Asia,London:Palgrave Macmillan,2012
7.Lee,J.,Gereffi,G.,Beauvais,J..Global Value Chains and Agrifood Standards:Challenges and Possibilities for Smallholders in Developing Countries.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2012.Vol.109,No.31:12326~12331
8.Little,P.,Watts,M..Living Under Contract.Madison,WI:University of Wisconsin Press.1994
9.Lodge,G.,Wilson,C..2006.Multinatioanl Corporations and Global Poverty Reduction,Challenage,Vol.49,No.3:17~25
10.Neilson,J.,Shonk,F..Chained to Development?Livelihoods and Global Value Chains in the Coffee-Producing Toraja Region of Indonesia,Australian Geographer,2014.Vol.45,No.3:269~288
11.Nwagbara,U.,Kamara.,H.Y..Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR)Leadership and Poverty Reduction:the Case of Nigeria and Sierra Leone,Economic Insights-Trends and Challenages,2015.Vol.IV,No.2:21~30
12.Park,A.,Wang,S..Community-Based Development and Poverty Alleviation:An Evaluation of China's Poor Village Investment Program,Journal of Public Economics,2010.Vol.94,No.9:790~799
13.Park,A.,Nayyar,G.,Low,P..Supply Chain Perspectives and Issues:A literature Review,WTO Co-published with the Fung Global Institute.2013
14.Pietrobelli,C.,Rabellotti,R..Global Value Chains Meet Innovation Systems:Are There Learning Opportunities for Developing Countries?Working paper series 232,IDE,Chiba City,Japan.2010
15.Pimpa,N..Responsibility for Poverty:Sustainable Management by Mining Multinational Corporations in the Mekong Countries,The Journal of Developing Areas,2017.Vol.51,No.3:335~348
16.Ravallion,M.,Chen S..China’s(Uneven)Progress against Poverty,Journal of Development Economics,2007.No.82:1~42
17.Stoian,D.,Donovan,J.,Fisk,J.,et al.Value Chain Development for Rural Poverty Reduction:A Reality Check and A Warning,Enterprise Development and Microfinance,2012.Vol.23,No.1:54~60
18.Taglioni D.,Winkler,D..2016.Making Global Value Chains Work for Development,Washington,DC:World Bank
19.UNCTAD.World Investment Report 2013-Global Values Chains:Investment and Trade for Development,New York and Geneva:UN.2013
20.Vicol,M.,Neilson,J.,Hartatri,D.,et al.Upgrading for Whom?Relationship Coffee,Value Chain Interventions and Rural Development in Indonesia,World Development,2018:26~37
21.Warning,M.,Key,N..The Social Performance and Distributional Consequences of Contract Farming:An Equilibrium Analysis of the Arachide de Bouche Programme in Senegal,World Development,2002.Vol.30,No.2:255~263
22.白描.中国精准扶贫的实践与思考---中国精准扶贫进展与前瞻研讨会综述.中国农村经济,2018(4):140~144
23.陈聪,程李梅.产业扶贫目标下连片贫困地区公共品有效供给研究.农业经济问题,2017(10):44~51
24.陈平路,毛家兵,李蒙.职业教育专项扶贫机制的政策效果评估---基于四省雨露计划的调查.教育与经济,2016(4):56~63
25.邓维杰.精准扶贫的难点、对策与路径选择.农村经济,2014(6):78~81
26.黄承伟.中国扶贫开发道路研究:评述与展望.中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(5):5~17
27.蓝庆新.论全球价值链下的电子信息产业集群升级.山西财经大学学报,2005(5):74~78
28.刘建生,陈鑫,曹佳慧.产业精准扶贫作用机制研究.中国人口·资源与环境,2017(6):127~135
29.刘仕国,吴海英,马涛等.利用全球价值链促进产业升级.国际经济评论,2015(1):64~84
30.隆国强.全球化背景下的产业升级战略---基于全球生产价值链的分析.国际贸易,2007(7):27~34
31.彭春凝.当前我国农村精准扶贫的路径选择研究.农村经济,2016(5):91~95
32.汪三贵、郭子豪.论中国的精准扶贫.贵州社会科学,2015(5):147~150
33.吴海英.全球价值链对产业升级的影响.中央财经大学硕士学位论文,2016
34.许庆,刘进,杨青.农村民间借贷的减贫效应研究---基于健康冲击视角的分析.中国人口科学,2016(3):34~42
35.张彬斌.新时期政策扶贫:目标选择和农民增收.经济学(季刊),2013(3):959~982
36.张辉等.全球价值链下北京产业升级研究.北京大学出版社,2007
37.张琦,冯丹萌.我国减贫实践探索及其理论创新:1978-2016年.改革,2016(4):27~42
38.卓越,张珉.全球价值链中的收益分配与“悲惨增长”.中国工业经济,2008(7):131~140
(1)根据新闻报道整理而得。资料来源:http://opinion. china. com. cn/opinion_9_166909. html; http://www. xinhuanet. com/politics/2018lh/2018-03/15/c_1122543927. htm; http://news. sina. com. cn/c/2017-06-21/doc-ifyhfpat5593677. shtml
*产业升级的涵义有多种解释,比如Park等(2013)认为是产业部门由低附加值向高附加值的推进,张辉等(2007)认为是低层次向高层次的转换,刘仕国等(2015)认为是单位产品的价值和单位产出的增加值率由低到高,隆国强(2007)认为是特定产业内部向资本与技术密集的价值环节提升、向信息与管理密集的价值环节提升过程。考虑到农业产业的特殊属性,为简单起见,本研究所指的产业升级统一认为是附加值提升的过程
*除特殊标注外,本研究所采用的数据资料均来源于调研一手数据
*“雨林联盟”是非营利性的全球环保组织,以优化土地等资源的高效利用、促进生态平衡、实现可持续发展为评判标准,对企业提供战略支持和认证服务。经认证的茶叶质量可以达到欧盟在内的国际标准,为提升中国茶叶质量、扩大产品出口提供了便利
*无公害是入市的基本条件,绿色食品认证包含A级和AA级(区别在于A级允许限量使用化肥农药等,AA级则不得使用),有机食品认证有严格的质量管控体系和追踪机制,严禁使用化肥农药等