跨界与共生:全球生态危机时代下的人类学回应
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摘要
21世纪以来的全球生态危机引起不同学科学者的共同关注,大家从各自学科理论思路和概念框架出发,作出了诸多探索和尝试。2000年生态科学家提出了"人类纪",马克思主义环境学家提出了"资本纪",后现代女权主义学者则发展出"克苏鲁纪"(Chthulucene)。人类学家也积极参与理论探讨和研究实践。多物种民族志应运而生,成为人类学对这场危机的有力回应。多物种民族志的提出与人类学本体论转型的并行,有相同的哲学基础,在方法论上提出崭新的"合作"概念。它以自己鲜明的学科特色再现了人类和其他物种之间跨界共生的状态,具有网络式铺陈、情景化联结和开放与希望并举三个显著的特征,成为21世纪以来人类学最具特色和发展潜力的学科前沿。
引文
① Kirksey,S,Eben and Helmereich,Stefan.2012.The Emergence of Multispecies Ethnography.Cultural Anthropology.25(4):545-576.
② Morgan,Lewis Henry.1868.The American Beaver and His Works.Philadelphia:J.B Lippincott.
③ Lévi-Strauss,Claude.1963.Totemism.Translated by Rodney Needham.Boston:Beacon Press.
④ Harris,Marvin.1985.Good to Eat:Riddles of Food and Culture.IL:Waveland Press.
⑤ Haraway,Donna.1989.Primate Visions:Gender,Race and Nature in the World of Modern Science.New York:Routledge.
(1)Crutzen,Paul J and Stoermer,Eugene F.2000.The Anthropocene.Global Change Newsletter 41:17-18.
(2)本体论人类学也是对全球生态危机的响应,主要重拾并发展了列维—斯特劳斯和Saussure的结构主义理论。因为它有过度概念化、抽象化和缺少政治性的种种非议,笔者希望能够承袭哈拉维的理论谱系,因此在此不详述人类学本体论的回归。有兴趣的读者可以参见Edurdo Kohn 2015年Anthropology Annual Review的文章,Anthropology of Ontologies。
(3)Moor,Jason W.2016.Anthropocene or Capitalocene?Oakland,CA:PM Press.
(4)Haraway,Donna.2016.Stay with Trouble:Making Kin in the Chthulucene.Durham and London:Duke University Press.
(5)Deleuze,Gilles,and Felix Guattari.1987.A Thousand Plateaus:Capitalism and Schizophrenia.Minnepaolis:University of Minnesota Press.
(6)哈拉维在此引用的是Virginia Wolf。
(7)Descola,Philippe.2013.Beyond Nature and Culture.Translated by Janet Lloyd.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
(8)Viveiros de Eduardo.1998.Cosmological Dexis and Amerindian Perspectivism.Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,4(3):469-488.
(9)Agamben,Giorgio.1998.Homo Sacer:Sovereign Power and Bare Life.Daniel Heller-Roazen,trans.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
(10)参见Strathern,Marilyn.1992.After Nature:English Kinship in the Late Twentieth Century.Cambridge:Cambridege University Press。
(11)Strathern,Marilyn.1992.Reproducing the Future:Anthropology,Kinship and the New Reproductive Technologies.New York:Routledge.
(12)Barad,Karen.2007.Meeting the Universe Halfway:Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matteer and Meaning.Durham,NC:Duke University Press.
(13)Strathern,Marilyn.2004.Partial Connections:Updated Edition.Lanham,MD:Alta Mira Press,Pxvii.
(14)Latour,Bruno.2007.Reassembling the Social:An Intorduction to Actor-Network-Theory.Oxford.UK:Oxford University Press.
(15)Kohn,Eduardo.2007.How Dogs Dreams:Amazonian Natures and the Politics of Transspecies Engagement.American Ethnologist,34(1):3-24.
(16)Raffles,Hugh.2010.Insectopedia.New York:Pantheon.
(17)Kohn,Eduardo.2013.How Forests Think:Toward an Anthropology Beyond the Human.Berkley:University of California Press.
(18)Tsing,Anna.2015.The Mushroom at the End of the World:On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.
(19)Helmreich,Stefan.2009.Alien Occean:Anthropological Voyages in Microbial Seas.Berkeley:University of California Press.
(20)Tompson,Charis.2005.Making Parents:The Ontological Coreography of Reproductive Technologies.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
(21)Despret,Vinciane.2005.“Sheep Do Have Opinions.” In Making Things Public,edited by Bruno Lature and Peter Weibel,360-68.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
(22)Dosse,Francois.2010.Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari:Intersecting Lives.Columbia University Press.
(23)Paxon,Heather.2012.The Life of Cheese.Berkeley:University of California Press.
(24)Marcus,George E.1995.Ethnography in/of the World System:The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography.Annual Review of Anthropology,24:95-117.
(25)Tsing,Anna Lowenhaupt.2012.Unruly Edges:Mushrooms as Companion species.Environmental Humanities,1:141-154.
② Morgan,Lewis Henry.1868.The American Beaver and His Works.Philadelphia:J.B Lippincott.
③ Lévi-Strauss,Claude.1963.Totemism.Translated by Rodney Needham.Boston:Beacon Press.
④ Harris,Marvin.1985.Good to Eat:Riddles of Food and Culture.IL:Waveland Press.
⑤ Haraway,Donna.1989.Primate Visions:Gender,Race and Nature in the World of Modern Science.New York:Routledge.
(1)Crutzen,Paul J and Stoermer,Eugene F.2000.The Anthropocene.Global Change Newsletter 41:17-18.
(2)本体论人类学也是对全球生态危机的响应,主要重拾并发展了列维—斯特劳斯和Saussure的结构主义理论。因为它有过度概念化、抽象化和缺少政治性的种种非议,笔者希望能够承袭哈拉维的理论谱系,因此在此不详述人类学本体论的回归。有兴趣的读者可以参见Edurdo Kohn 2015年Anthropology Annual Review的文章,Anthropology of Ontologies。
(3)Moor,Jason W.2016.Anthropocene or Capitalocene?Oakland,CA:PM Press.
(4)Haraway,Donna.2016.Stay with Trouble:Making Kin in the Chthulucene.Durham and London:Duke University Press.
(5)Deleuze,Gilles,and Felix Guattari.1987.A Thousand Plateaus:Capitalism and Schizophrenia.Minnepaolis:University of Minnesota Press.
(6)哈拉维在此引用的是Virginia Wolf。
(7)Descola,Philippe.2013.Beyond Nature and Culture.Translated by Janet Lloyd.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
(8)Viveiros de Eduardo.1998.Cosmological Dexis and Amerindian Perspectivism.Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,4(3):469-488.
(9)Agamben,Giorgio.1998.Homo Sacer:Sovereign Power and Bare Life.Daniel Heller-Roazen,trans.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
(10)参见Strathern,Marilyn.1992.After Nature:English Kinship in the Late Twentieth Century.Cambridge:Cambridege University Press。
(11)Strathern,Marilyn.1992.Reproducing the Future:Anthropology,Kinship and the New Reproductive Technologies.New York:Routledge.
(12)Barad,Karen.2007.Meeting the Universe Halfway:Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matteer and Meaning.Durham,NC:Duke University Press.
(13)Strathern,Marilyn.2004.Partial Connections:Updated Edition.Lanham,MD:Alta Mira Press,Pxvii.
(14)Latour,Bruno.2007.Reassembling the Social:An Intorduction to Actor-Network-Theory.Oxford.UK:Oxford University Press.
(15)Kohn,Eduardo.2007.How Dogs Dreams:Amazonian Natures and the Politics of Transspecies Engagement.American Ethnologist,34(1):3-24.
(16)Raffles,Hugh.2010.Insectopedia.New York:Pantheon.
(17)Kohn,Eduardo.2013.How Forests Think:Toward an Anthropology Beyond the Human.Berkley:University of California Press.
(18)Tsing,Anna.2015.The Mushroom at the End of the World:On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.
(19)Helmreich,Stefan.2009.Alien Occean:Anthropological Voyages in Microbial Seas.Berkeley:University of California Press.
(20)Tompson,Charis.2005.Making Parents:The Ontological Coreography of Reproductive Technologies.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
(21)Despret,Vinciane.2005.“Sheep Do Have Opinions.” In Making Things Public,edited by Bruno Lature and Peter Weibel,360-68.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
(22)Dosse,Francois.2010.Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari:Intersecting Lives.Columbia University Press.
(23)Paxon,Heather.2012.The Life of Cheese.Berkeley:University of California Press.
(24)Marcus,George E.1995.Ethnography in/of the World System:The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography.Annual Review of Anthropology,24:95-117.
(25)Tsing,Anna Lowenhaupt.2012.Unruly Edges:Mushrooms as Companion species.Environmental Humanities,1:141-154.