基于GIS和PCA降维的森林景观格局等级特征分析
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摘要
森林景观空间格局及其内在等级特征辨识是森林资源管理和生态环境规划的重要基础。以新疆天山北坡西段霍城林场为对象,以森林资源二类调查资料和DEM数据为基础,基于GIS和PCA降维方法,通过景观等级分类和景观指数分析,对林区森林景观空间格局及其等级特征进行了研究。结果表明:天山北坡森林景观格局存在明显的等级特征,在不同等级上森林景观破碎化严重,斑块大小空间变异强烈;随着森林景观等级细化,森林核心斑块大小、破碎化、景观丰富度、空间邻近程度等指标变异加强;在较高等级水平上,斑块密度(PD)、平均斑块面积(AREA_MN)、景观形状指数(LSI)、周长-面积分形维数(PAFRAC)等指数对概括森林景观空间格局具有决定性。森林景观资源保护和精细化管理应注重对景观破碎化、丰富度、斑块空间邻接度等指标的考虑及调控,进而为林区景观格局优化、森林景观资源健康经营与管理提供有力参考。
Forest landscape spatial pattern and identification differences in their internal hierarchical characteristics are important basis for forest resource management and ecological environment planning.Huocheng forest farm,locating in the western section of north slope of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang,a place with relatively stable landscape diversity,was selected as typical study area,based on forest resource inventory data for management and digital elevation model( DEM) date,and with the support of geo-information system( GIS),dimension reduction method of principal component analysis( PCA) and landscape pattern indices( LPIs),the spatial patterns and grading characteristics of forest landscape in the forest region were studied through landscape classification and landscape index analysis. The following results were obtained. In the first place, the forest landscape pattern had obvious hierarchical characteristics in the north slope of Tianshan Mountain. At different levels of organizational hierarchy,landscape was seriously fragmentized,and the patch size showed considerable spatial variability,in addition,with the refinement of forest landscape organizational hierarchy,spatial variability of some landscape indexes core patch area,fragmentation,landscape richness,adjacency were increased. In the second place,at a higher grade level,patches density( PD),average patch area( AREA _ MN),landscape shape index( LSI) and perimeter area fractal dimension( PAFRAC) were key indexes for summarizing the spatial pattern of forest landscape. The research result can provide a strong reference for optimizing forest landscape pattern and healthy management of forest landscape resources in landscapelevel by using the dimensionality reduction method of landscape pattern information. Most noteworthy,the protection and refinement management of forest landscape resources should be fragmentation,richness and spatial adjacency of landscape.
Forest landscape spatial pattern and identification differences in their internal hierarchical characteristics are important basis for forest resource management and ecological environment planning.Huocheng forest farm,locating in the western section of north slope of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang,a place with relatively stable landscape diversity,was selected as typical study area,based on forest resource inventory data for management and digital elevation model( DEM) date,and with the support of geo-information system( GIS),dimension reduction method of principal component analysis( PCA) and landscape pattern indices( LPIs),the spatial patterns and grading characteristics of forest landscape in the forest region were studied through landscape classification and landscape index analysis. The following results were obtained. In the first place, the forest landscape pattern had obvious hierarchical characteristics in the north slope of Tianshan Mountain. At different levels of organizational hierarchy,landscape was seriously fragmentized,and the patch size showed considerable spatial variability,in addition,with the refinement of forest landscape organizational hierarchy,spatial variability of some landscape indexes core patch area,fragmentation,landscape richness,adjacency were increased. In the second place,at a higher grade level,patches density( PD),average patch area( AREA _ MN),landscape shape index( LSI) and perimeter area fractal dimension( PAFRAC) were key indexes for summarizing the spatial pattern of forest landscape. The research result can provide a strong reference for optimizing forest landscape pattern and healthy management of forest landscape resources in landscapelevel by using the dimensionality reduction method of landscape pattern information. Most noteworthy,the protection and refinement management of forest landscape resources should be fragmentation,richness and spatial adjacency of landscape.
引文
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[3] GOND V,FREYCON V,MOLINO J F,et al. Broad-scale spatial pattern of forest landscape types in the Guiana Shield[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observations&Geoinformation,2011,13(3):357-367.
[4]魏书精,罗碧珍,孙龙,等.森林生态系统土壤呼吸时空异质性及影响因子研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(4):689-704.WEI Shujing,LUO Bizhen,SUN Long,et al. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity and effect factors of soil respiration in forest ecosystems:a review[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(4):689-704.(in Chinese)
[5]田平,程小琴,韩海荣,等.环境因子对山西太岳山典型森林类型物种多样性及其功能多样性的影响[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(5):992-1003.TIAN Ping,CHENG Xiaoqin,HAN Hairong,et al. Effect of environment factors on species diversity and functional diversity of the typical forests of Taiyue Mountain Shanxi,China[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2017,37(5):992-1003.(in Chinese)
[6]肖笃宁.景观生态学[M]. 2版.北京:科学出版社,2010.
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[9] TRAMMELL E J,CARTER S K,HABY T,et al. Evidence and opportunities for integrating landscape ecology into natural resource planning across multiple-use landscapes[J]. Current Landscape Ecology Reports,2018,3(1):1-11.
[10] BAILEY D,HERZOG F,AUGENSTEIN I,et al. Thematic resolution matters:indicators of landscape pattern for European agro-ecosystems[J]. Ecological Indicators,2007,7(3):692-709.
[11]李伟斌,袁凤辉,王鸿儒,等.森林生态系统土壤呼吸空间异质性研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2014,27(2):11-16.LI Weibin,YUAN Fenghui,WANG Hongru,et al. Research progress on spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration in forest ecosystem[J]. World Forestry Research,2014,27(2):11-16.
[12]袁士云,张宋智,刘文桢,等.小陇山辽东栎次生林的结构特征和物种多样性[J]林业科学,2010,46(5):27-34.YUAN Shiyun,ZHANG Songzhi,LIU Wenzhen,et al. Tree species diversity and structure characteristic of secondary forests of Quercus liaotungensis on Xiaolongshan[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2010,46(5):27-34.(in Chinese)
[13]洪仁辉,薛杨,王小燕,等.文昌8个森林群落结构与物种多样性研究[J].热带农业科学,2015,35(10):2137-2141.HONG Renhui,XUE Yang,WANG Xiaoyan,et al. Forest community structure and species diversity of eight forest types in Wenchang City[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2015,35(10):2137-2141.(in Chinese)
[14]曹菁,杨同辉,章建红,等.浙江天童冬青属植物的种群结构及更新类型[J].浙江农林大学学报,2015,32(1):76-83.CAO Jing,YANG Tonghui,ZHANG Jianhong,et al. Population structure and regeneration types of Ilex spp. in Tiantong National Forest Park,Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2015,32(1):76-83.(in Chinese)
[15]张育新,马克明,祁建,等.北京东灵山辽东栎林植物物种多样性的多尺度分析[J].生态学报,2009,29(5):2179-2185.ZHANG Yuxin,MA Keming,QI Jian,et al. Multi-scale analysis of plant species diversity of Oak(Quercus liaotungensis)forest at Dongling Mountain,Beijing[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(5):2179-2185.(in Chinese)
[16]张启斌,岳德鹏,于强,等.磴口县景观格局AES-LPI-CA模型演化模拟[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(5):128-134.http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20170515&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 05. 015.ZHANG Qibin,YUE Depeng,YU Qiang,et al. Simulation of landscape pattern evolution in Dengkou County using AES-LPI-CA model[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(5):128-134.(in Chinese)
[17]梁艳艳,周年兴,谢慧玮,等.庐山森林景观格局变化的长期动态模拟[J].生态学报,2013,33(24):7807-7818.LIANG Yanyan,ZHOU Nianxing,XIE Huiwei,et al. Long-term dynamic simulation on forest landscape pattern changes in Mount Lushan[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(24):7807-7818.(in Chinese)
[18]赵春燕,李际平,马文俊,等.顾及耦合作用的森林景观多尺度分类[J].林业科学,2013,49(11):183-188.ZHAO Chunyan,LI Jiping,MA Wenjun,et al. Multi-scale forest landscape classification considering coupling effect[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2013,49(11):183-188.(in Chinese)
[19] WU J. Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis:scaling relations[J]. Landscape Ecology,2004,19(2):125-138.
[20]陈影,哈凯,贺文龙,等.冀西北间山盆地区景观格局变化及优化研究——以河北省怀来县为例[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(4):556-569.CHEN Ying,HA Kai,HE Wenlong,et al. Study on the change and optimization of landscape pattern in the basin of northwest Hebei Mountains—a case study of Huailai County,Hebei Province[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(4):556-569.(in Chinese)
[21]徐燕,孙小银,张大智,等. 1980—2015年南四湖流域景观格局及其脆弱性[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(2):635-642.XU Yan,SUN Xiaoyin,ZHANG Dazhi,et al. Landscape pattern and its vulnerability of Nansihu Lake basin during 1980—2015[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(2):635-642.(in Chinese)
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