环境政策何以影响环境质量?——基于省级面板数据的证据
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摘要
随着生态文明建设进程的加快,中央与地方出台了大量有关环境治理的政策。如何准确测量环境政策对环境质量的影响?本文从不同角度构建模型,采用系统GMM矩估计方法进行回归分析。实证结果显示:环境污染治理投资规模、"三同时"制度、排污费制度、环境信访制度等环境政策整体上有效地提高了环境质量,不同类型的环境政策工具控制环境污染时所发挥的作用存在差异。具体而言,"三同时"制度效果最为显著,环境污染治理投资规模和"三同时"制度在控制大气污染与水污染方面均具有良好的效果,排污费制度与环境信访制度效果稍差;而在控制工业固体废物污染方面,以上四种政策均具有较好的效果。同时,环境政策具有区域异质性,"三同时"制度在所有地区都能有效控制环境污染,排污费制度在经济相对落后的中西部地区控制环境污染效果明显,公众环境信访制度在公众环境意识更强的东部地区控制环境污染的效果更为明显。为此,提出如下政策建议:加大环境污染治理投资力度、完善"三同时"制度的配套实施办法、加强东中部地区排污费(税)的征收力度以及增强西部地区公众的环境保护意识,因类因地制宜,选择匹配的环境政策以更加有效地改善环境质量。
How to accurately measure the impact of environmental policies on environmental quality? This paper constructs the model from different angles,and uses the system GMM to carry out regression analysis.The empirical results show that:the scale of investment in environmental pollution control,"three simultaneous"system,sewage fee system,environmental petition system and other environmental policies effectively improve the overall environmental quality,and the roles of different types of environmental policy tools played in the environmental pollution control are different.Specifically,the "three simultaneous"system has the most remarkable effect,the scale of investment in environmental pollution control and the"three simultaneous"system have a good effect in controlling air pollution and water pollution,and the sewage fee system and the environmental petition system have a slightly poor effect;in terms of controlling industrial solid waste pollution,all of the above four policies have good results.At the same time,the environmental policy has regional heterogeneity,and the "three simultaneous " system can effectively control environmental pollution in all regions.The pollution control effect of the sewage fee system is obvious in the economically backward central and Western regions,and the effect of the public environmental petition system on environmental pollution control in the eastern region with stronger public environmental awareness is more effective.To this end,the following policy recommendations are put forward:we should increase the investment in environmental pollution control,improve the supporting implementation methods of the "three simultaneous"system,strengthen the collection of sewage charges(taxes) in the central and eastern regions,enhance the public awareness of environmental protection in the western region,and then select the appropriate environmental policies according to local conditions so as to effectively improve the environmental quality.
How to accurately measure the impact of environmental policies on environmental quality? This paper constructs the model from different angles,and uses the system GMM to carry out regression analysis.The empirical results show that:the scale of investment in environmental pollution control,"three simultaneous"system,sewage fee system,environmental petition system and other environmental policies effectively improve the overall environmental quality,and the roles of different types of environmental policy tools played in the environmental pollution control are different.Specifically,the "three simultaneous"system has the most remarkable effect,the scale of investment in environmental pollution control and the"three simultaneous"system have a good effect in controlling air pollution and water pollution,and the sewage fee system and the environmental petition system have a slightly poor effect;in terms of controlling industrial solid waste pollution,all of the above four policies have good results.At the same time,the environmental policy has regional heterogeneity,and the "three simultaneous " system can effectively control environmental pollution in all regions.The pollution control effect of the sewage fee system is obvious in the economically backward central and Western regions,and the effect of the public environmental petition system on environmental pollution control in the eastern region with stronger public environmental awareness is more effective.To this end,the following policy recommendations are put forward:we should increase the investment in environmental pollution control,improve the supporting implementation methods of the "three simultaneous"system,strengthen the collection of sewage charges(taxes) in the central and eastern regions,enhance the public awareness of environmental protection in the western region,and then select the appropriate environmental policies according to local conditions so as to effectively improve the environmental quality.
引文
[1]周黎安.中国地方官员的晋升锦标赛模式研究[J].经济研究,2007(7):36-50.
[2]夏光.环境政策创新[M].中国环境科学出版社,2001.
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[5]崔亚飞,刘小川.中国省级税收竞争与环境污染---基于1998-2006年面板数据的分析[J].财经研究,2010(4):47-56.
[6]刘洁,李文.中国环境污染与地方政府税收竞争---基于空间面板数据模型的分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(4):81-88.
[7]张克中,王娟,崔小勇.财政分权与环境污染:碳排放的视角[J].中国工业经济,2011(10):65-75.
[8]游伟民.对外贸易对我国环境影响的区域差异研究---基于2000-2008年省际面板数据的分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(12):159-163.
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[11]林伯强,邹楚沅.发展阶段变迁与中国环境政策选择[J].中国社会科学,2014(5):81-95.
[12]梁平汉,高楠.人事变更、法制环境和地方环境污染[J].管理世界,2014,249(6):65-78.
[13]郑石明.政治周期、五年规划与环境污染---以工业二氧化硫排放为例[J].政治学研究,2016(2):80-94.
[14]孙伟增,罗党论,郑思齐,等.环保考核、地方官员晋升与环境治理---基于2004-2009年中国86个重点城市的经验证据[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014(4):49-62.
[15]ZHENG S,KAHN M E.Understanding China's urban pollution dynamics[J].Journal of Economic Literature,2013,51(3):731-772.
[16]傅伯杰,马克明.中国的环境政策效应与污染治理效果分析[J].环境科学,1998(3):91-93.
[17]周雪光,练宏.政府内部上下级部门间谈判的一个分析模型---以环境政策实施为例[J].中国社会科学,2011(5):80-96.
[18]LIU N N,LO C W,ZHAN X,et al.Campaign-style enforcement and regulatory compliance[J].Public Administration Review,2015,75(1):85-95.
[19]LANJOUW Jean Olson,MODY Ashoka.Innovation and the international diffusion of environmentally responsive technology[J].Research Policy,1996,25(4):549-571.
[20]BEDSWORTH L W,HANAK E.Climate policy at the local level:insights from California[J].Global Environmental Change-human and Policy Dimensions,2013,23(3):664-677.
[21]张成,陆旸,郭路,等.环境规制强度和生产技术进步[J].经济研究,2011(2):113-124.
[22]原毅军,谢荣辉.环境规制的产业结构调整效应研究---基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验[J].中国工业经济,2014(8):57-69.
[23]ZHAO X,LI H,WU L,et al.Implementation of energy-saving policies in China:How local governments assisted industrial enterprises in achieving energy-saving targets[J].Energy Policy,2014,66(66):170-184.
[24]MACHO-STADLER I.Environmental regulation:Choice of instruments under imperfect compliance[J].Spanish Economic Review,2008,10(1):1-21.
[25]郑石明,雷翔,易洪涛.排污费征收政策执行力影响因素的实证分析---基于政策执行综合模型视角[J].公共行政评论,2015(1):29-52.
[26]李永友,沈坤荣.我国污染控制政策的减排效果---基于省际工业污染数据的实证分析[J].管理世界,2008(7):7-17.
[27]ZHAO X,SUN B.The influence of Chinese environmental regulation on corporation innovation and competitiveness[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112(4):1528-1536.
[28]祁玲玲,孔卫拿,赵莹.国家能力、公民组织与当代中国的环境信访---基于2003-2010年省际面板数据的实证分析[J].中国行政管理,2013(7):102-108.
[29]郑思齐,万广华,孙伟增,等.公众诉求与城市环境治理[J].管理世界,2013(6):72-84.
[30]曾冰,郑建锋,邱志萍.环境政策工具对改善环境质量的作用研究---基于2001-2012年中国省际面板数据的分析[J].上海经济研究,2016(5):39-46.
[31]张赞.中国工业化发展水平与环境质量的关系[J].财经科学,2006(2):47-54.
[32]刘艳军,刘静,何翠,等.中国区域开发强度与资源环境水平的耦合关系演化[J].地理研究,2013,32(3):507-517.
(1)限于篇幅,控制变量的结果未在表中给出,下同。
[2]夏光.环境政策创新[M].中国环境科学出版社,2001.
[3]GROSSMAN G M,KRUEGER A B.Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,1991,8(2):223-250.
[4]陈刚.FDI竞争、环境规制与污染避难所---对中国式分权的反思[J].世界经济研究,2009(6):3-7.
[5]崔亚飞,刘小川.中国省级税收竞争与环境污染---基于1998-2006年面板数据的分析[J].财经研究,2010(4):47-56.
[6]刘洁,李文.中国环境污染与地方政府税收竞争---基于空间面板数据模型的分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(4):81-88.
[7]张克中,王娟,崔小勇.财政分权与环境污染:碳排放的视角[J].中国工业经济,2011(10):65-75.
[8]游伟民.对外贸易对我国环境影响的区域差异研究---基于2000-2008年省际面板数据的分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(12):159-163.
[9]COPELAND B R,TAYLOR M S.North-south trade and the environment[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1994,109(3):755-787.
[10]ANTWEILER W,COPELAND B R,TAYLOR M S.Is free trade good for the environment?[J].American Economic Review,2001,91(4):877-908.
[11]林伯强,邹楚沅.发展阶段变迁与中国环境政策选择[J].中国社会科学,2014(5):81-95.
[12]梁平汉,高楠.人事变更、法制环境和地方环境污染[J].管理世界,2014,249(6):65-78.
[13]郑石明.政治周期、五年规划与环境污染---以工业二氧化硫排放为例[J].政治学研究,2016(2):80-94.
[14]孙伟增,罗党论,郑思齐,等.环保考核、地方官员晋升与环境治理---基于2004-2009年中国86个重点城市的经验证据[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014(4):49-62.
[15]ZHENG S,KAHN M E.Understanding China's urban pollution dynamics[J].Journal of Economic Literature,2013,51(3):731-772.
[16]傅伯杰,马克明.中国的环境政策效应与污染治理效果分析[J].环境科学,1998(3):91-93.
[17]周雪光,练宏.政府内部上下级部门间谈判的一个分析模型---以环境政策实施为例[J].中国社会科学,2011(5):80-96.
[18]LIU N N,LO C W,ZHAN X,et al.Campaign-style enforcement and regulatory compliance[J].Public Administration Review,2015,75(1):85-95.
[19]LANJOUW Jean Olson,MODY Ashoka.Innovation and the international diffusion of environmentally responsive technology[J].Research Policy,1996,25(4):549-571.
[20]BEDSWORTH L W,HANAK E.Climate policy at the local level:insights from California[J].Global Environmental Change-human and Policy Dimensions,2013,23(3):664-677.
[21]张成,陆旸,郭路,等.环境规制强度和生产技术进步[J].经济研究,2011(2):113-124.
[22]原毅军,谢荣辉.环境规制的产业结构调整效应研究---基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验[J].中国工业经济,2014(8):57-69.
[23]ZHAO X,LI H,WU L,et al.Implementation of energy-saving policies in China:How local governments assisted industrial enterprises in achieving energy-saving targets[J].Energy Policy,2014,66(66):170-184.
[24]MACHO-STADLER I.Environmental regulation:Choice of instruments under imperfect compliance[J].Spanish Economic Review,2008,10(1):1-21.
[25]郑石明,雷翔,易洪涛.排污费征收政策执行力影响因素的实证分析---基于政策执行综合模型视角[J].公共行政评论,2015(1):29-52.
[26]李永友,沈坤荣.我国污染控制政策的减排效果---基于省际工业污染数据的实证分析[J].管理世界,2008(7):7-17.
[27]ZHAO X,SUN B.The influence of Chinese environmental regulation on corporation innovation and competitiveness[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112(4):1528-1536.
[28]祁玲玲,孔卫拿,赵莹.国家能力、公民组织与当代中国的环境信访---基于2003-2010年省际面板数据的实证分析[J].中国行政管理,2013(7):102-108.
[29]郑思齐,万广华,孙伟增,等.公众诉求与城市环境治理[J].管理世界,2013(6):72-84.
[30]曾冰,郑建锋,邱志萍.环境政策工具对改善环境质量的作用研究---基于2001-2012年中国省际面板数据的分析[J].上海经济研究,2016(5):39-46.
[31]张赞.中国工业化发展水平与环境质量的关系[J].财经科学,2006(2):47-54.
[32]刘艳军,刘静,何翠,等.中国区域开发强度与资源环境水平的耦合关系演化[J].地理研究,2013,32(3):507-517.
(1)限于篇幅,控制变量的结果未在表中给出,下同。