长江上游森林生态系统稳定性评价与空间分异特征
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摘要
长江上游森林生态系统是长江流域的重要生态屏障。以长江上游为研究区域,采用RS、GIS技术,通过建立"干扰—响应"(D-R)生态系统稳定性评价框架和指标体系,开展大尺度森林生态系统稳定性评价研究,并深入分析其空间分布特征。结果表明:①长江上游森林生态系统稳定性整体处于中等偏差的状态,稳定性一般、较差及极差区占整个森林生态系统面积的50.09%;其中,稳定性极差区占6.63%,较差区占19.29%,一般区占24.17%,良好区占26.29%,较好区占23.62%。②长江上游森林生态系统稳定性表现为西北强东南弱的空间分布特征,稳定性与海拔呈近似正相关关系,稳定性较差的区域主要分布在10°-25°坡度区间,25°以上坡度区域稳定性较好。本研究可为长江上游森林生态系统的保护与恢复提供科学依据,进而为长江上游生态环境保护和生态屏障建设提供决策参考。
The forest ecosystem in the upper Yangtze River basin is a significant ecological shelter belt.Taking the upper Yangtze River as a study area,this paper adopted RS and GIS techniques to evaluate the stability of forest ecosystem in a large scale and made a deep analysis of its spatial distribution characteristics by establishing "disturbance-response"(D-R) framework and index system of stability evaluation of forest ecosystem.The results showed that:(1) The stability of forest ecosystem of study area was overall below the average.The mild stable,unstable and very unstable regions accounted for 50.09% of the whole area,of which 6.63% was very unstable,19.29% was unstable,24.17% was mild stable,26.29% was moderate stable,and 23.62% was stable.(2) Its spatial distribution pattern showed that the forest ecosystem stability was better in northwest region while worse in southeast,and there was a positive correlation between the stability and the altitude.Areas of poor stability were mainly distributed on the slopes of 10°-25°,and areas distributed on the slope over 25° were in better stability.The research could provide not only a scientific basis for the conservation and restoration of forest ecosystem in the upper Yangtze River,but also important policy-making reference for eco-environment protection and ecological barrier construction in the study area.
The forest ecosystem in the upper Yangtze River basin is a significant ecological shelter belt.Taking the upper Yangtze River as a study area,this paper adopted RS and GIS techniques to evaluate the stability of forest ecosystem in a large scale and made a deep analysis of its spatial distribution characteristics by establishing "disturbance-response"(D-R) framework and index system of stability evaluation of forest ecosystem.The results showed that:(1) The stability of forest ecosystem of study area was overall below the average.The mild stable,unstable and very unstable regions accounted for 50.09% of the whole area,of which 6.63% was very unstable,19.29% was unstable,24.17% was mild stable,26.29% was moderate stable,and 23.62% was stable.(2) Its spatial distribution pattern showed that the forest ecosystem stability was better in northwest region while worse in southeast,and there was a positive correlation between the stability and the altitude.Areas of poor stability were mainly distributed on the slopes of 10°-25°,and areas distributed on the slope over 25° were in better stability.The research could provide not only a scientific basis for the conservation and restoration of forest ecosystem in the upper Yangtze River,but also important policy-making reference for eco-environment protection and ecological barrier construction in the study area.
引文
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[24]孟宝,杨龙,张勃.土壤特性的空间变异性与绿洲生态稳定性研究:以张掖绿洲为例.水土保持研究,2009,16(2):117-120.
[25]张平,刘普幸.河西走廊瓜州绿洲生态系统稳定性评价与生态风险防御对策.农业现代化究,2009,30(6):731-734.
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[30]丁惠萍,张社奇,钱克红,等.森林生态系统稳定性研究的现状分析.西北林学院学报,2006,21(4):28-30.
[31]刘世荣,孙鹏森,王金锡,等.长江上游森林植被水文功能研究.自然资源学报,2001,16(5):56-61.
[32]王锡桐,刘志文,杨庆媛.建设长江上游生态屏障对策研究.北京:中国农业出版社,2003.
[33]梁川,刘玉邦.长江上游流域水文生态系统分区及保护措施.北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(5/6):501-508.
[34]伍星,沈珍瑶,刘瑞民,等.土地利用变化对长江上游生态系统服务价值的影响.农业工程学报,2009,25(8):236-241.
[35]Glowka L.Burhenne-Guilmin F,Synge H et al.A Guide to the Convention on Biological Diversity.Cambridge,UK:IUCN-The Word Conservation Union:The Burlington Press,1994.
[36]岳天祥.生物多样性研究及其问题.生态学报,2001,21(3):462-466.
[37]陈梦.对生态系统及生物多样性等理论问题的探讨.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,9(5):30-34.
[38]张真,李典谟,张培义,等.自然种群中混沌的检测及其在种群动态中的意义.生态学报,2003,23(10):1953-1957.
[39]丘君,陈利顶,高启晨,等.施工干扰下的生态系统稳定性评价:以西气东输管道工程沿线新疆干旱荒漠区为例.干旱区地理,2003,26(4):316～322.
[40]王茜,吴胜军,肖飞,等.洪湖湿地生态系统稳定性评价研究.中国生态农业学报,2005,13(4):178-180.
[41]周伟,刘钊,邓忠坚.云南大中山黑颈长尾雉栖境生态系统稳定性.西南林业大学学报,2011,31(1):61-66.
[42]欧阳志云,刘建国,肖寒,等.卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境评价.生态学报,2001,21(11):1869-1874.
[43]王秀磊,李迪强,吴波,等.青海湖东—克图地区普氏原羚生境适宜性评价.生物多样性,2005,13(3):213-220.
[2]Elton C S.The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1958.186.
[3]柳新伟,周厚诚,李萍,等.生态系统稳定性定义剖析.生态学报,2004,24(11):2635-2640.
[4]黄建辉,韩兴国.生物多样性和生态系统稳定性.生物多样性,1995,3(1):31-37.
[5]李晓秀.北京山区生态系统稳定性评价模型初步研究.农村生态环境,2000,16(1):21-25.
[6]Pimn S L.The complexity and stability of ecosystems,Nature,1984,307:321-326.
[7]马风云.生态系统稳定性若干问题研究评述.中国沙漠,2002,22(4):401-407.
[8]李小方,邓欢,黄益宗,等.土壤生态系统稳定性研究进展.生态学报,2009,29(12):6712-6722.
[9]傅伯杰.我国生态系统研究的发展趋势与优先领域.地理研究,2010,29(3):283-396.
[10]Tilman D,Reich P B,Knops J M H.Biodiversiy and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment.Nature,2006,441:629-632.
[11]Ives AR,Carpenter SR.Stability and diversity of ecosystems.Science,2007,317:58-62.
[12]Brian Walker.Diversity and stability in ecosystem conservation.In:David Western,Mary Pearl.Conservation for the Twenty-first Century.UK:Oxford University Press,1986.121-132.
[13]Ruth J Mitchelll,Martin H D Auld,Michael et al.Ecosystem stability and resilience:A review of their relevance for the conservation management of lowland heaths.Urban and Fischer Verlag,2000,3(2):142-160.
[14]冯建丰,谭建国,陈威,等.随机干扰下湖泊生态系统的稳定性与稳态转换.海洋技术,2010,29(2):72-75.
[15]郑李军.基于水生态过程和水环境效应的湿地生态系统稳定性研究.能源环境保护,2012,26(3):16-19.
[16]廖玉静,宋长春,郭跃东,等.三江平原湿地生态系统稳定性评价指标体系和评价方法.干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(10):89-94.
[17]刘增文,王乃江,李雅素,等.森林生态系统稳定性的养分原理.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(12):129-134.
[18]梁军,孙志强,乔杰,等.天然林生态系统稳定性与病虫害干扰—调控与被调控.生态学报,2010,30(9):2454-2464.
[19]孙顺利,周科平,胡小龙.基于分形理论的矿区生态系统稳定性评价.安全与环境工程,2007,14(4):1-4.
[20]王广成,闫旭骞.分形理论在矿区生态系统稳定性评价中的应用.煤炭学报,2008,33(4):427-430.
[21]仇方道,佟连军,姜萌.东北地区矿业城市产业生态系统适应性评价.地理研究,2011,30(2):243-255.
[22]李新旺,门明新,王树涛,等.基于过程的河北平原农田生态系统稳定性评价.自然资源学报,2008,23(3):430-439.
[23]赵志轩,金鑫,王凌河,等.基于动态因子的农田生态系统稳定性评价.华南农业大学学报,2010,31(4):22-26.
[24]孟宝,杨龙,张勃.土壤特性的空间变异性与绿洲生态稳定性研究:以张掖绿洲为例.水土保持研究,2009,16(2):117-120.
[25]张平,刘普幸.河西走廊瓜州绿洲生态系统稳定性评价与生态风险防御对策.农业现代化究,2009,30(6):731-734.
[26]王淑元,林升寿.中国森林生态系统定位研究的进展.见:林业部科技司.中国森林生态系统定位研究.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1994.
[27]马兴洲.辽西地区刺槐人工林稳定性的研究.沈阳农业大学学报,1986,17(1):27-35.
[28]郑元润,徐文铎.沙地云杉种群稳定性的研究.生态学杂志,1996,15(6):13-16.
[29]林考焕,叶功富.人工林生态系统稳定性研究综述.西南林学院学报,2010,30(5):88-94.
[30]丁惠萍,张社奇,钱克红,等.森林生态系统稳定性研究的现状分析.西北林学院学报,2006,21(4):28-30.
[31]刘世荣,孙鹏森,王金锡,等.长江上游森林植被水文功能研究.自然资源学报,2001,16(5):56-61.
[32]王锡桐,刘志文,杨庆媛.建设长江上游生态屏障对策研究.北京:中国农业出版社,2003.
[33]梁川,刘玉邦.长江上游流域水文生态系统分区及保护措施.北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(5/6):501-508.
[34]伍星,沈珍瑶,刘瑞民,等.土地利用变化对长江上游生态系统服务价值的影响.农业工程学报,2009,25(8):236-241.
[35]Glowka L.Burhenne-Guilmin F,Synge H et al.A Guide to the Convention on Biological Diversity.Cambridge,UK:IUCN-The Word Conservation Union:The Burlington Press,1994.
[36]岳天祥.生物多样性研究及其问题.生态学报,2001,21(3):462-466.
[37]陈梦.对生态系统及生物多样性等理论问题的探讨.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,9(5):30-34.
[38]张真,李典谟,张培义,等.自然种群中混沌的检测及其在种群动态中的意义.生态学报,2003,23(10):1953-1957.
[39]丘君,陈利顶,高启晨,等.施工干扰下的生态系统稳定性评价:以西气东输管道工程沿线新疆干旱荒漠区为例.干旱区地理,2003,26(4):316～322.
[40]王茜,吴胜军,肖飞,等.洪湖湿地生态系统稳定性评价研究.中国生态农业学报,2005,13(4):178-180.
[41]周伟,刘钊,邓忠坚.云南大中山黑颈长尾雉栖境生态系统稳定性.西南林业大学学报,2011,31(1):61-66.
[42]欧阳志云,刘建国,肖寒,等.卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境评价.生态学报,2001,21(11):1869-1874.
[43]王秀磊,李迪强,吴波,等.青海湖东—克图地区普氏原羚生境适宜性评价.生物多样性,2005,13(3):213-220.