含水率和发酵时间对以全株玉米为基础的发酵全混合日粮养分的影响
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摘要
本试验研究了含水率和发酵时间对全株玉米发酵全混合日粮(FTMR)发酵品质及养分含量的影响,旨在为FTMR的生产提供参考。试验选用腊熟期全株玉米为主要原料,在保持饲粮精粗比例约为3∶7(干物质基础)的前提下,与干花生秧、混合精料等饲料充分混合配制成含水率为35%的全混合日粮(TMR),然后加水调整TMR含水率分别为40%、45%、50%和55%,将这5种含水率的TMR快速装入塑料密封袋内,压实并抽去空气后密封保存制备FTMR。分别在发酵后的第0、10、20、30、40、50、60、70和80天,测定常规养分含量、发酵指标及霉菌毒素含量。结果表明:5种含水率的TMR在发酵至第80天时感官指标良好,均无发霉现象;发酵初期各组均有涨袋现象,随着发酵时间的增加,涨袋现象逐渐消失;含水率对FTMR常规养分含量影响较小;发酵前20天,pH随含水率的升高而升高,此后随含水率的升高而下降; 45%、50%和55%组具有较高的乳酸含量;乙酸、丙酸含量随发酵时间增加而增加,只在发酵的第10、20、30天检出微量的丁酸;各组均未检出玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素及黄曲霉毒素B1。综合分析认为,本试验条件下,全株玉米FTMR的含水率以45%和50%为宜,发酵时间不少于40 d。
In this experiment,the effects of moisture ratio and fermentation time on fermentation quality and nutrient content of whole plant corn fermented total mixed ration( FTMR) were studied in order to provide references for FTMR production. The whole plant corn in the dough stage were selected as main material. On the premise of keeping the ratio of concentrate to roughage of diet at about 3∶7( dry matter basis),total mixed ration( TMR) with 35% moisture ratio was prepared by mixing with dried peanut vines and mixed concentrate,and then adding water to adjust the moisture ratio of TMR were 40%,45%,50% and 55%,respectively.TMR were quickly loaded into plastic sealed bags,compacted and removed air,sealed and preserved to prepare FTMR. At days 0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70 and 80 of fermentation,the contents of conventional nutrients contents,fermentation indexes and mycotoxins content were determined. The results showed that the TMR of 5 kinds of moisture ratios showed good sensory indexes when fermented to day 80,and there was no moldy phenomenon; in the early stage of fermentation,bags expansion appeared in each group. With the increase of fermentation time,the expansion phenomenon gradually disappeared; the different moisture ratios had a small effect on the conventional nutrients of FTMR; at day 20 before fermentation,the pH increased with the increase of moisture ratio,since then,it decreased with the increase of moisture ratio; the 45%,50% and 55%groups had higher contents of lactic acid; the contents of acetic acid and propionic acid increased correspondingly with the increase of fermentation time,the content of butyric acid was detected only at days 10,20 and30 of fermentation; none of the treatments showed zearalenone,vomit toxin and aflatoxin B1. According to the comprehensive analysis,under the experimental conditions,the optimal moisture ratio of whole plant corn FTMR are 45% and 50%,and the fermentation days are not less than 40 d.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31( 5) : 2367-2377]
In this experiment,the effects of moisture ratio and fermentation time on fermentation quality and nutrient content of whole plant corn fermented total mixed ration( FTMR) were studied in order to provide references for FTMR production. The whole plant corn in the dough stage were selected as main material. On the premise of keeping the ratio of concentrate to roughage of diet at about 3∶7( dry matter basis),total mixed ration( TMR) with 35% moisture ratio was prepared by mixing with dried peanut vines and mixed concentrate,and then adding water to adjust the moisture ratio of TMR were 40%,45%,50% and 55%,respectively.TMR were quickly loaded into plastic sealed bags,compacted and removed air,sealed and preserved to prepare FTMR. At days 0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70 and 80 of fermentation,the contents of conventional nutrients contents,fermentation indexes and mycotoxins content were determined. The results showed that the TMR of 5 kinds of moisture ratios showed good sensory indexes when fermented to day 80,and there was no moldy phenomenon; in the early stage of fermentation,bags expansion appeared in each group. With the increase of fermentation time,the expansion phenomenon gradually disappeared; the different moisture ratios had a small effect on the conventional nutrients of FTMR; at day 20 before fermentation,the pH increased with the increase of moisture ratio,since then,it decreased with the increase of moisture ratio; the 45%,50% and 55%groups had higher contents of lactic acid; the contents of acetic acid and propionic acid increased correspondingly with the increase of fermentation time,the content of butyric acid was detected only at days 10,20 and30 of fermentation; none of the treatments showed zearalenone,vomit toxin and aflatoxin B1. According to the comprehensive analysis,under the experimental conditions,the optimal moisture ratio of whole plant corn FTMR are 45% and 50%,and the fermentation days are not less than 40 d.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31( 5) : 2367-2377]
引文
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[8]聂柱山,玉兰.水份含量对袋装苜蓿青贮品质影响的研究[J].中国草地,1990(1):71-73.
[9]佚名.青贮品质评定(一)[J].中国畜牧业,2016(14):44-47.
[10]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007:53-96.
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[12]樊永红,王丽,柳丹,等.米根霉发酵液中乳酸含量的测定方法研究[J].生物技术,2007,17(1):54-55.
[13]陈甫,朱风华,徐丹,等.2015年山东地区肉鸡配合饲料及原料中AFB1、FB1、DON和ZEN污染情况调查[J].中国家禽,2016,38(13):66-70.
[14] PAILLAT J M,GAILLARD F. PA-precision agriculture:air-tightness of w rapped bales and resistance of polythene stretch film under tropical and temperate conditions[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,2001,79(1):15-22.
[15]楚渠,彭云武,廖咸康.青贮饲料调制技术[J].养殖与饲料,2003(12):6-7.
[16]潘志霞,贾丽丽,侯海清.青贮的基本原理与设施的建设[J].养殖技术顾问,2011(9):40.
[17]王加启,周凌云,刘辉.青贮过程中饲料营养价值降低的机理及其控制新技术[J].中国奶牛,2005(1):28-30.
[18]公美玲.玉米秸秆青贮过程中的营养动态研究[D].硕士学位论文.泰安:山东农业大学,2013.
[19]秦梦臻,沈益新.生育期对小麦全株青贮发酵品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(8):1661-1666.
[20] BILAL M Q.Effect of molasses and corn as silage additives on the characteristics of M ott Dw arf elephant grass silage at different fermentation periods[J]. Pakistan Veterinary Journal,2009,29(1):19-23.
[21]宁婷婷.TMR发酵过程中微生物及其酶对淀粉及半纤维素降解的作用机理研究[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[22]陈雷.燕麦和箭筈豌豆替代全株玉米对TMR发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响[D].硕士学位论文.南京:南京农业大学,2014.
[23]贾春旺,原现军,肖慎华,等.青稞秸秆替代苇状羊茅对全混合日粮青贮早期发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响[J].草业与畜牧,2016(6):5-12,27.
[24]郝薇.TMR发酵过程中微生物及其蛋白酶对蛋白降解的作用机理研究[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2015.
[25]吴晓杰.不同处理方式对青贮饲料质量影响的试验研究[D].硕士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2005.
[26]王星凌,朱荣生,赵红波,等.不同含水量和菌剂对紫花苜蓿裹包青贮质量的影响[J].山东农业科学,2015,47(11):106-110.
[27]张贵义,邬立刚,郭辉.常规青贮与半干青贮的比较分析[J].饲料博览,2007(6):38-39.
[28] MEESKE R,VAN DER MERWE G D,GREYLING J F,et al.The effect of adding an enzyme containing lactic acid bacterial inoculant to big round bale oat silage on intake,milk production and milk composition of Jersey cow s[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology,2002,97(3/4):159-167.
[29] MORGAN C A,EDWARDS R A,MCDONALD P.Intake and metabolism studies w ith fresh and w ilted silages[J]. The Journal of Agricultural Science,1980,94(2):287-298.
[30] MUCK R E.Dry matter level effects on alfalfa silage qualityⅠ. Nitrogen transformations[J]. Transactions of the ASAE,1987,30(1):7-14.
[31]李成会,李建国,单文辉,等.裹包青贮技术在产奶牛用全混合日粮贮存中的应用研究[J].中国奶牛,2011(14):15-18.
[32]孙合美,汪官保,张甜甜,等.不同水分含量及发酵时间对发酵饲料pH和乳酸菌活菌数的影响[J].广东饲料,2014,23(3):27-28.
[33]刘建新,杨振海,叶均安,等.青贮饲料的合理调制与质量评定标准(续)[J].饲料工业,1999,20(4):3-5.
[34]张养东,杨军香,王宗伟,等.青贮饲料理化品质评定研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志,2016,52(12):37-42.
[35] MCDONALD P,HENDERSON A R,HERON S J E.The biochemistry of silage[M].2nd ed.M arlow:Chalcombe Publications,1991.
[36] MOON N J. Inhibition of the growth of acid tolerant yeasts by acetate,lactate and propionate and their synergistic mixtures[J].Journal of Applied Bacteriology,1983,55(3):453-460.
[37] CAO Y,CAI Y M,HIRAKUBO T,et al.Fermentation characteristics and microorganism composition of total mixed ration silage w ith local food by-products in different seasons[J]. Animal Science Journal,2011,82(2):259-266.
[2] WEINBERG Z G,KHANAL P,YILDIZ C,et al.Ensiling fermentation products and aerobic stability of corn and sorghum silages[J]. Grassland Science,2011,57(1):46-50.
[3]张兴隆,李胜利,李新胜,等.全混合日粮(TMR)技术探索及应用[J].乳业科学与技术,2002,25(4):25-26,34.
[4]叶承荣,张克春,谭勋.能量负平衡对高产奶牛繁殖性能影响的研究进展[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2006,24(4):398-401.
[5]国卫杰,王加启,王晶,等.不同精粗比和含水量裹包TM R贮存效果研究[J].中国奶牛,2009(6):14-17.
[6]徐晓明,黄克和,徐国忠,等.不同含水率对奶牛TM R发酵过程中饲料品质的影响[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2011,29(1):81-87.
[7]张德玉,李忠秋,刘春龙.影响青贮饲料品质因素的研究进展[J].家畜生态学报,2007,28(1):109-112.
[8]聂柱山,玉兰.水份含量对袋装苜蓿青贮品质影响的研究[J].中国草地,1990(1):71-73.
[9]佚名.青贮品质评定(一)[J].中国畜牧业,2016(14):44-47.
[10]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007:53-96.
[11] CAI Y M,BENNO Y,OGAWA M,et al.Effect of applying lactic acid bacteria isolated from forage crops on fermentation characteristics and aerobic deterioration of silage[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1992,82(3):520-526.
[12]樊永红,王丽,柳丹,等.米根霉发酵液中乳酸含量的测定方法研究[J].生物技术,2007,17(1):54-55.
[13]陈甫,朱风华,徐丹,等.2015年山东地区肉鸡配合饲料及原料中AFB1、FB1、DON和ZEN污染情况调查[J].中国家禽,2016,38(13):66-70.
[14] PAILLAT J M,GAILLARD F. PA-precision agriculture:air-tightness of w rapped bales and resistance of polythene stretch film under tropical and temperate conditions[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,2001,79(1):15-22.
[15]楚渠,彭云武,廖咸康.青贮饲料调制技术[J].养殖与饲料,2003(12):6-7.
[16]潘志霞,贾丽丽,侯海清.青贮的基本原理与设施的建设[J].养殖技术顾问,2011(9):40.
[17]王加启,周凌云,刘辉.青贮过程中饲料营养价值降低的机理及其控制新技术[J].中国奶牛,2005(1):28-30.
[18]公美玲.玉米秸秆青贮过程中的营养动态研究[D].硕士学位论文.泰安:山东农业大学,2013.
[19]秦梦臻,沈益新.生育期对小麦全株青贮发酵品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(8):1661-1666.
[20] BILAL M Q.Effect of molasses and corn as silage additives on the characteristics of M ott Dw arf elephant grass silage at different fermentation periods[J]. Pakistan Veterinary Journal,2009,29(1):19-23.
[21]宁婷婷.TMR发酵过程中微生物及其酶对淀粉及半纤维素降解的作用机理研究[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[22]陈雷.燕麦和箭筈豌豆替代全株玉米对TMR发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响[D].硕士学位论文.南京:南京农业大学,2014.
[23]贾春旺,原现军,肖慎华,等.青稞秸秆替代苇状羊茅对全混合日粮青贮早期发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响[J].草业与畜牧,2016(6):5-12,27.
[24]郝薇.TMR发酵过程中微生物及其蛋白酶对蛋白降解的作用机理研究[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2015.
[25]吴晓杰.不同处理方式对青贮饲料质量影响的试验研究[D].硕士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2005.
[26]王星凌,朱荣生,赵红波,等.不同含水量和菌剂对紫花苜蓿裹包青贮质量的影响[J].山东农业科学,2015,47(11):106-110.
[27]张贵义,邬立刚,郭辉.常规青贮与半干青贮的比较分析[J].饲料博览,2007(6):38-39.
[28] MEESKE R,VAN DER MERWE G D,GREYLING J F,et al.The effect of adding an enzyme containing lactic acid bacterial inoculant to big round bale oat silage on intake,milk production and milk composition of Jersey cow s[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology,2002,97(3/4):159-167.
[29] MORGAN C A,EDWARDS R A,MCDONALD P.Intake and metabolism studies w ith fresh and w ilted silages[J]. The Journal of Agricultural Science,1980,94(2):287-298.
[30] MUCK R E.Dry matter level effects on alfalfa silage qualityⅠ. Nitrogen transformations[J]. Transactions of the ASAE,1987,30(1):7-14.
[31]李成会,李建国,单文辉,等.裹包青贮技术在产奶牛用全混合日粮贮存中的应用研究[J].中国奶牛,2011(14):15-18.
[32]孙合美,汪官保,张甜甜,等.不同水分含量及发酵时间对发酵饲料pH和乳酸菌活菌数的影响[J].广东饲料,2014,23(3):27-28.
[33]刘建新,杨振海,叶均安,等.青贮饲料的合理调制与质量评定标准(续)[J].饲料工业,1999,20(4):3-5.
[34]张养东,杨军香,王宗伟,等.青贮饲料理化品质评定研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志,2016,52(12):37-42.
[35] MCDONALD P,HENDERSON A R,HERON S J E.The biochemistry of silage[M].2nd ed.M arlow:Chalcombe Publications,1991.
[36] MOON N J. Inhibition of the growth of acid tolerant yeasts by acetate,lactate and propionate and their synergistic mixtures[J].Journal of Applied Bacteriology,1983,55(3):453-460.
[37] CAO Y,CAI Y M,HIRAKUBO T,et al.Fermentation characteristics and microorganism composition of total mixed ration silage w ith local food by-products in different seasons[J]. Animal Science Journal,2011,82(2):259-266.