微卫星标记方法在大型猫科动物保护群遗传学研究中的应用与挑战
|
摘要
大型猫科动物是顶级捕食者,它的存在依赖该地区的整个生态系统,也可以对整个地区的生态系统直接或间接产生强烈的影响。种群遗传学是保护遗传学的一个重要组成部分,对于野外种群来通过种群遗传学研究能了解种群的遗传多样性,种群大小,遗传结构等诸多信息。微卫星标记方法结合非损伤性取样方法在野生大型猫科动物保护遗传学的研究中有着重要地位,它具有诸多优点,广泛应用于种群遗传多样性、个体识别、亲缘关系鉴定等方面的研究。本文回顾大型猫科动物与微卫星标记方法的应用,虽然目前微卫星标记方法仍然具有一定的局限性,但是随着技术的发展,开发更加具有多态性的微卫星位点更为便捷,微卫星标记方法结合其他领域方法所获得的数据共同分析将得到更加广泛的应用。
Big cats are top predators,and their survival depends on the integrity of entire ecosystems. Their presence has important direct and indirect impacts on ecosystems. Population genetics is an important part of conservation genetics. The study of population genetics of wild populations of big cats could help to monitor genetic diversity,population size,genetic structure and other parameters of the population. Microsatellite markers combined with non-invasive sampling methods are important in the study of the population genetics of the large wild cats. Microsatellite markers have many advantages and have been widely used in studies of genetic diversity,individual identification,and identification of relationships. We reviewed the application of microsatellite markers to the study of large cats. We found that although the microsatellite marker method has limitations,with the development of technology,increasing numbers of stable microsatellite markers could be developed. Study of microsatellite markers combined with data from other areas has potential for wider application in future.
Big cats are top predators,and their survival depends on the integrity of entire ecosystems. Their presence has important direct and indirect impacts on ecosystems. Population genetics is an important part of conservation genetics. The study of population genetics of wild populations of big cats could help to monitor genetic diversity,population size,genetic structure and other parameters of the population. Microsatellite markers combined with non-invasive sampling methods are important in the study of the population genetics of the large wild cats. Microsatellite markers have many advantages and have been widely used in studies of genetic diversity,individual identification,and identification of relationships. We reviewed the application of microsatellite markers to the study of large cats. We found that although the microsatellite marker method has limitations,with the development of technology,increasing numbers of stable microsatellite markers could be developed. Study of microsatellite markers combined with data from other areas has potential for wider application in future.
引文
[1] 高耀亭.中国动物志:兽纲第八卷食肉目[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[2] 周瑜.猫科动物分子系统发育及虎的保护遗传学研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2018.
[3] POCOCK R I.XL.—The classification of existing Felidae[J].The Annals and Magazine of Natural History,1917,20(119):329-350.
[4] JACKSON P.The status of cats in the wild[J].International Zoo Yearbook,2010,35(1):17-27.
[5] SCHMITZ O J.Top predator control of plant biodiversity and productivity in an old-field ecosystem[J].Ecology Letters,2003,6(2):156-163.
[6] N?TTESTAD L.Top predators in marine ecosystems:their role in monitoring and management[J].Marine Mammal Science,2010,8(4):367-368.
[7] 李明,魏辅文,谢菁,等.保护生物学一新分支学科——保护遗传学[J].四川动物,2001,20(1):16-19.
[8] FRANKHAM R.Conservation genetics[J].Encyclopedia of Genetics,2001,17(11):458-462.
[9] 饶龙兵.基于生物芯片标记技术的五种濒危冷杉保护遗传学研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2009.
[10] WENZL P,RAMAN H,WANG J P,et al.A DArT platform for quantitative bulked segregant analysis[J].BMC Genomics,2007,8(1):196.
[11] LEZAR S,MYBURG A A,BERGER D K,et al.Development and assessment of microarray-based DNA fingerprinting in Eucalyptus grandis[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2004,109(7):1329-1336.
[12] GOUIN N,GRANDJEAN F,BOUCHON D,et al.Population genetic structure of the endangered freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes,assessed using RAPD markers[J].Heredity,2001,87(1):80-87.
[13] ESCARAVAGE N,QUESTIAU S,PORNON A,et al.Clonal diversity in a Rhododendron ferrugineum L.(Ericaceae)population inferred from AFLP markers[J].Molecular Ecology,1998,7(8):975-982.
[14] FALUSH D,STEPHENS M,PRITCHARD J K.Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data:dominant markers and null alleles[J].Molecular Ecology Notes,2007,7(4):574-578.
[15] DE BARBA M,WAITS L P,GARTON E O,et al.The power of genetic monitoring for studying demography,ecology and genetics of a reintroduced brown bear population[J].Molecular Ecology,2010,19(18):3938-3951.
[16] DAVIS L M,GLENN T C,ELSEY R M,et al.Multiple paternity and mating patterns in the American alligator,Alligator mississippiensis[J].Molecular Ecology,2001,10(4):1011-1024.
[17] DU X,DAI F Y,FAO F,et al.Genome sequence of Weissella cibaria M2,a potential probiotic strain isolated from the feces of a giant panda[J].Microbiology Resource Announcements,2018,7(11):e01121-18.
[18] SCHREGEL J,REMM J,EIKEN H G,et al.Multi-level patterns in population genetics:variogram series detects a hidden isolation-by-distance-dominated structure of Scandinavian brown bears Ursus arctos[J].Methods in Ecology and Evolution,2018,9(5):1324-1334.
[19] SONG Z P,XU X,WANG B,et al.Genetic diversity in the northernmost Oryza rufipogon populations estimated by SSR markers[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2003,107(8):1492-1499.
[20] ELDRIDGE M D B,KINNEAR J E,ZENGER K R,et al.Genetic diversity in remnant mainland and “pristine” island populations of three endemic Australian macropodids(Marsupialia):Macropus eugenii,Lagorchestes hirsutus and Petrogale lateralis[J].Conservation Genetics,2004,5(3):325-338.
[21] PAETKAU D,CALVERT W,STIRLING I,et al.Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears[J].Molecular Ecology,1995,4(3):347-354.
[22] VALIERE N,TABERLET P.Urine collected in the field as a source of DNA for species and individual identification[J].Molecular Ecology,2000,9(12):2150-2152.
[23] NAKAMURA M,GODINHO R,RIO-MAIOR H,et al.Evaluating the predictive power of field variables for species and individual molecular identification on wolf noninvasive samples[J].European Journal of Wildlife Research,2017,63(3):53.
[24] 张玉静,欧阳红生,阮承迈,等.分子遗传学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[25] JARNE P,LAGODA P J L.Microsatellites,from molecules to populations and back[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1996,11(10):424-429.
[26] RASSMANN K,SCHL?TTERER C,TAUTZ D.Isolation of simple-sequence loci for use in polymerase chain reaction-based DNA fingerprinting[J].Electrophoresis,1991,12(2/3):113-118.
[27] ZANE L,BARGELLONI L,PATARNELLO T.Strategies for microsatellite isolation:a review[J].Molecular Ecology,2002,11(1):1-16.
[28] CIFARELLI R A,GALLITELLI M,CELLINI F.Random amplified hybridization microsatellites(RAHM):isolation of a new class of microsatellite-containing DNA clones[J].Nucleic Acids Research,1995,23(18):3802-3803.
[29] RICHARDSON T,CATO S,RAMSER J,et al.Hybridization of microsatellites to RAPD:a new source of polymorphic markers[J].Nucleic Acids Research,1995,23(18):3798-3799.
[30] MENOTTI-RAYMOND M,DAVID V A,LYONS L A,et al.A genetic linkage map of microsatellites in the domestic cat(Felis catus)[J].Genomics,1999,57(1):9-23.
[31] WILLIAMSON J E,HUEBINGER R M,SOMMER J A,et al.Development and cross-species amplification of 18 microsatellite markers in the Sumatran tiger(Panthera tigris sumatrae)[J].Molecular Ecology Notes,2002,2(2):110-112.
[32] ZHANG W P,ZHANG Z H,WEI K,et al.Isolation and characterization of polymorphic tri-and tetra-nucleotide microsatellite loci for the south China tiger Panthera tigris amoyensis[J].Journal of Natural History,2006,40(38/39/40):2259-2263.
[33] 张全星.基于高通量测序的疣蝗微卫星引物开发及种群遗传学研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2017.
[34] 万冬梅,韩梅,李成安,等.基于高通量测序的沼泽山雀简化基因组微卫星位点的开发[J].辽宁大学学报(自然科学版),2016,43(3):252-257.
[35] 乔麦菊,冉江洪,张和民.微卫星标记在大熊猫研究中的应用进展[J].兽类学报,2019,39(1):103-110.
[36] KOPATZ A,EIKEN H G,ASPI J,et al.Admixture and gene flow from Russia in the recovering Northern European brown bear(Ursus arctos)[J].PLoS One,2014,9(5):e97558.
[37] MARTINEZ A M,DELGADO J V,RODERO A,et al.Genetic structure of the Iberian pig breed using microsatellites[J].Animal Genetics,2000,31(5):295-301.
[38] 杨光,郑绘霞,武丽娜,等.结直肠癌中微卫星不稳定性与肝细胞生长因子表达的关系及预后因素[J].中华肿瘤杂志,2016,38(4):283-288.
[39] MARRELLI D,POLOM K,PASCALE V,et al.Strong prognostic value of microsatellite instability in intestinal type non-cardia gastric cancer[J].Annals of Surgical Oncology,2016,23(3):943-950.
[40] 杨庆恩.法医DNA分型[J].中国法医学杂志,2001,16(1):58-60.
[41] PAULI J N,WHITEMAN J P,RILEY M D,et al.Defining noninvasive approaches for sampling of vertebrates[J].Conservation Biology,2010,24(1):349-352.
[42] 单磊,胡义波,魏辅文.粪便DNA分析技术在分子生态学研究中的机遇与挑战[J].兽类学报,2018,38(3):235-246.
[43] WANG D,HU Y B,MA T X,et al.Noninvasive genetics provides insights into the population size and genetic diversity of an Amur tiger population in China[J].Integrative Zoology,2016,11(1):16-24.
[44] DEUTER R,PIETSCH S,HERTEL S,et al.A method for preparation of fecal DNA suitable for PCR[J].Nucleic Acids Research,1995,23(18):3800-3801.
[45] KOHN M H,WAYNE R K.Facts from feces revisited[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1997,12(6):223-227.
[46] RENAN S,SPEYER E,SHAHAR N,et al.A factorial design experiment as a pilot study for noninvasive genetic sampling[J].Molecular Ecology Resources,2012,12(6):1040-1047.
[47] FOUCAULT F,PRAZ F,JAULIN C,et al.Experimental limits of PCR analysis of(CA)n repeat alterations[J].Trends in Genetics,1996,12(11):450-452.
[48] GAGNEUX P,BOESCH C,WOODRUFF D S.Microsatellite scoring errors associated with noninvasive genotyping based on nuclear DNA amplified from shed hair[J].Molecular Ecology,1997,6(9):861-868.
[49] GERLOFF U,SCHL?TTERER C,RASSMANN K,et al.Amplification of hypervariable simple sequence repeats(microsatellites)from excremental DNA of wild living bonobos(Pan paniscus)[J].Molecular Ecology,1995,4(4):515-518.
[50] TABERLET P,GRIFFIN S,GOOSSENS B,et al.Reliable genotyping of samples with very low DNA quantities using PCR[J].Nucleic Acids Research,1996,24(16):3189-3194.
[51] SUGIMOTO T,NAGATA J,ARAMILEV V V.Population size estimation of Amur tigers in Russian Far East using noninvasive genetic samples[J].Journal of Mammalogy,2012,93(1):93-101.
[52] TABERLET P,CAMARRA J J,GRIFFIN S,et al.Noninvasive genetic tracking of the endangered Pyrenean brown bear population[J].Molecular Ecology,1997,6(9):869-876.
[53] XUE Z,XU Y C,LIU H,et al.Risks involved in fecal DNA-based genotyping of microsatellite loci in the Amur tiger Panthera tigris altaica:a pilot study[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2018,29(2):525-531.
[54] BRUFORD M W,WAYNE R K.Microsatellites and their application to population genetic studies[J].Current Opinion in Genetics & Development,1993,3(6):939-943.
[55] ZOU Z T,UPHYRKINA O V,FOMENKO P,et al.The development and application of a multiplex short tandem repeat(STR)system for identifying subspecies,individuals and sex in tigers[J].Integrative Zoology,2015,10(4):376-388.
[56] SINGH S K,MISHRA S,ASPI J,et al.Tigers of Sundarbans in India:is the population a separate conservation unit?[J].PLoS One,2015,10(4):e0118846.
[57] ZHANG Y G,LI D Q,XIAO Q M,et al.Genetic diversity of microsatellite loci in captive Amur tigers[J].Hereditas,2004,26(5):620-624.
[58] SOROKIN P A,ROZHNOV V V,KRASNENKO A U,et al.Genetic structure of the Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)population:are tigers in Sikhote-Alin and southwest Primorye truly isolated?[J].Integrative Zoology,2016,11(1):25-32.
[59] MONDOL S,KUMAR N S,GOPALASWAMY A,et al.Identifying species,sex and individual tigers and leopards in the Malenad-Mysore Tiger Landscape,Western Ghats,India[J].Conservation Genetics Resources,2015,7(2):353-361.
[60] TENDE T,HANSSON B,OTTOSSON U,et al.Individual identification and genetic variation of lions(Panthera leo)from two protected areas in Nigeria[J].PLoS One,2014,9(1):e84288.
[61] ROZHNOV V V,SORKKIN P A,LUKAREVSKIY V S,et al.Individual identification of Amur leopards(Panthera pardus orientalis)using molecular-genetic methods and the population size estimation[J].Biology Bulletin,2013,40(2):124-129.
[62] 钱迎倩,马克平.生物多样性研究的原理与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994.
[63] 沈浩,刘登义.遗传多样性概述[J].生物学杂志,2001,18(3):5-7;4.
[64] 吴云良,包文斌,张红霞,等.微卫星技术分析东北虎遗传多样性及亲缘关系[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2011,32(1):87-91.
[65] TENSEN L,GROOM R J,KHUZWAYO J,et al.The genetic tale of a recovering lion population(Panthera leo)in the Savé Valley region(Zimbabwe):a better understanding of the history and managing the future[J].PLoS One,2018,13(2):e0190369.
[66] DEBINSKI D M,HOLT R D.A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments[J].Conservation Biology,2000,14(2):342-355.
[67] DALTON D L,CHARRUAU P,BOAST L,et al.Social and genetic population structure of free-ranging cheetah in Botswana:implications for conservation[J].European Journal of Wildlife Research,2013,59(2):281-285.
[68] WULTSCH C,WAITS L P,KELLY M J.A comparative analysis of genetic diversity and structure in jaguars(Panthera onca),pumas(Puma concolor),and ocelots(Leopardus pardalis)in fragmented landscapes of a critical Mesoamerican linkage zone[J].PLoS One,2016,11(3):e0151043.
[69] SINGH S K,ASPI J,KVIST L,et al.Fine-scale population genetic structure of the Bengal tiger(Panthera tigris tigris)in a human-dominated western Terai Arc Landscape,India[J].PLoS One,2017,12(4):e0174371.
[70] THAPA K,MANANDHAR S,BISTA M,et al.Assessment of genetic diversity,population structure,and gene flow of tigers(Panthera tigris tigris)across Nepal's Terai Arc Landscape[J].PLoS One,2018,13(3):e0193495.
[71] TABERLET P,WAITS L P,LUIKART G.Noninvasive genetic sampling:look before you leap[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1999,14(8):323-327.
[72] 唐婕,李晶晶,王波,等.两种方法从林麝粪便提取DNA效率及分析[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(3):326-330.
[73] 周芸芸,张宇,杨万吉,等.不同保存方法对川金丝猴粪便DNA提取效果的影响[J].现代生物医学进展,2018,18(1):43-47.
[74] CHO Y S,HU L,HOU H L,et al.The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes[J].Nature Communications,2013,4(9):2433.
[75] DOU H L,FENG L M,XIAO W H,et al.The complete mitochondrial genome of the North Chinese Leopard(Panthera pardus japonensis)[J].Mitochondrial DNA Part A,DNA Mapping,Sequencing,and Analysis,2016,27(2):1167-1168.
[76] BUTLER J M.法医DNA分型专论:证据解释[M].侯一平,李成涛,严江伟,译.北京:科学出版社,2013.
[77] MCCORMICK M K,BROOKS H E A,Whigham D F.Microsatellite analysis to estimate realized dispersal distance in Phragmites australis[J].Biological Invasions,2016,18(9):2497-2504.
[2] 周瑜.猫科动物分子系统发育及虎的保护遗传学研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2018.
[3] POCOCK R I.XL.—The classification of existing Felidae[J].The Annals and Magazine of Natural History,1917,20(119):329-350.
[4] JACKSON P.The status of cats in the wild[J].International Zoo Yearbook,2010,35(1):17-27.
[5] SCHMITZ O J.Top predator control of plant biodiversity and productivity in an old-field ecosystem[J].Ecology Letters,2003,6(2):156-163.
[6] N?TTESTAD L.Top predators in marine ecosystems:their role in monitoring and management[J].Marine Mammal Science,2010,8(4):367-368.
[7] 李明,魏辅文,谢菁,等.保护生物学一新分支学科——保护遗传学[J].四川动物,2001,20(1):16-19.
[8] FRANKHAM R.Conservation genetics[J].Encyclopedia of Genetics,2001,17(11):458-462.
[9] 饶龙兵.基于生物芯片标记技术的五种濒危冷杉保护遗传学研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2009.
[10] WENZL P,RAMAN H,WANG J P,et al.A DArT platform for quantitative bulked segregant analysis[J].BMC Genomics,2007,8(1):196.
[11] LEZAR S,MYBURG A A,BERGER D K,et al.Development and assessment of microarray-based DNA fingerprinting in Eucalyptus grandis[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2004,109(7):1329-1336.
[12] GOUIN N,GRANDJEAN F,BOUCHON D,et al.Population genetic structure of the endangered freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes,assessed using RAPD markers[J].Heredity,2001,87(1):80-87.
[13] ESCARAVAGE N,QUESTIAU S,PORNON A,et al.Clonal diversity in a Rhododendron ferrugineum L.(Ericaceae)population inferred from AFLP markers[J].Molecular Ecology,1998,7(8):975-982.
[14] FALUSH D,STEPHENS M,PRITCHARD J K.Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data:dominant markers and null alleles[J].Molecular Ecology Notes,2007,7(4):574-578.
[15] DE BARBA M,WAITS L P,GARTON E O,et al.The power of genetic monitoring for studying demography,ecology and genetics of a reintroduced brown bear population[J].Molecular Ecology,2010,19(18):3938-3951.
[16] DAVIS L M,GLENN T C,ELSEY R M,et al.Multiple paternity and mating patterns in the American alligator,Alligator mississippiensis[J].Molecular Ecology,2001,10(4):1011-1024.
[17] DU X,DAI F Y,FAO F,et al.Genome sequence of Weissella cibaria M2,a potential probiotic strain isolated from the feces of a giant panda[J].Microbiology Resource Announcements,2018,7(11):e01121-18.
[18] SCHREGEL J,REMM J,EIKEN H G,et al.Multi-level patterns in population genetics:variogram series detects a hidden isolation-by-distance-dominated structure of Scandinavian brown bears Ursus arctos[J].Methods in Ecology and Evolution,2018,9(5):1324-1334.
[19] SONG Z P,XU X,WANG B,et al.Genetic diversity in the northernmost Oryza rufipogon populations estimated by SSR markers[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2003,107(8):1492-1499.
[20] ELDRIDGE M D B,KINNEAR J E,ZENGER K R,et al.Genetic diversity in remnant mainland and “pristine” island populations of three endemic Australian macropodids(Marsupialia):Macropus eugenii,Lagorchestes hirsutus and Petrogale lateralis[J].Conservation Genetics,2004,5(3):325-338.
[21] PAETKAU D,CALVERT W,STIRLING I,et al.Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears[J].Molecular Ecology,1995,4(3):347-354.
[22] VALIERE N,TABERLET P.Urine collected in the field as a source of DNA for species and individual identification[J].Molecular Ecology,2000,9(12):2150-2152.
[23] NAKAMURA M,GODINHO R,RIO-MAIOR H,et al.Evaluating the predictive power of field variables for species and individual molecular identification on wolf noninvasive samples[J].European Journal of Wildlife Research,2017,63(3):53.
[24] 张玉静,欧阳红生,阮承迈,等.分子遗传学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[25] JARNE P,LAGODA P J L.Microsatellites,from molecules to populations and back[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1996,11(10):424-429.
[26] RASSMANN K,SCHL?TTERER C,TAUTZ D.Isolation of simple-sequence loci for use in polymerase chain reaction-based DNA fingerprinting[J].Electrophoresis,1991,12(2/3):113-118.
[27] ZANE L,BARGELLONI L,PATARNELLO T.Strategies for microsatellite isolation:a review[J].Molecular Ecology,2002,11(1):1-16.
[28] CIFARELLI R A,GALLITELLI M,CELLINI F.Random amplified hybridization microsatellites(RAHM):isolation of a new class of microsatellite-containing DNA clones[J].Nucleic Acids Research,1995,23(18):3802-3803.
[29] RICHARDSON T,CATO S,RAMSER J,et al.Hybridization of microsatellites to RAPD:a new source of polymorphic markers[J].Nucleic Acids Research,1995,23(18):3798-3799.
[30] MENOTTI-RAYMOND M,DAVID V A,LYONS L A,et al.A genetic linkage map of microsatellites in the domestic cat(Felis catus)[J].Genomics,1999,57(1):9-23.
[31] WILLIAMSON J E,HUEBINGER R M,SOMMER J A,et al.Development and cross-species amplification of 18 microsatellite markers in the Sumatran tiger(Panthera tigris sumatrae)[J].Molecular Ecology Notes,2002,2(2):110-112.
[32] ZHANG W P,ZHANG Z H,WEI K,et al.Isolation and characterization of polymorphic tri-and tetra-nucleotide microsatellite loci for the south China tiger Panthera tigris amoyensis[J].Journal of Natural History,2006,40(38/39/40):2259-2263.
[33] 张全星.基于高通量测序的疣蝗微卫星引物开发及种群遗传学研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2017.
[34] 万冬梅,韩梅,李成安,等.基于高通量测序的沼泽山雀简化基因组微卫星位点的开发[J].辽宁大学学报(自然科学版),2016,43(3):252-257.
[35] 乔麦菊,冉江洪,张和民.微卫星标记在大熊猫研究中的应用进展[J].兽类学报,2019,39(1):103-110.
[36] KOPATZ A,EIKEN H G,ASPI J,et al.Admixture and gene flow from Russia in the recovering Northern European brown bear(Ursus arctos)[J].PLoS One,2014,9(5):e97558.
[37] MARTINEZ A M,DELGADO J V,RODERO A,et al.Genetic structure of the Iberian pig breed using microsatellites[J].Animal Genetics,2000,31(5):295-301.
[38] 杨光,郑绘霞,武丽娜,等.结直肠癌中微卫星不稳定性与肝细胞生长因子表达的关系及预后因素[J].中华肿瘤杂志,2016,38(4):283-288.
[39] MARRELLI D,POLOM K,PASCALE V,et al.Strong prognostic value of microsatellite instability in intestinal type non-cardia gastric cancer[J].Annals of Surgical Oncology,2016,23(3):943-950.
[40] 杨庆恩.法医DNA分型[J].中国法医学杂志,2001,16(1):58-60.
[41] PAULI J N,WHITEMAN J P,RILEY M D,et al.Defining noninvasive approaches for sampling of vertebrates[J].Conservation Biology,2010,24(1):349-352.
[42] 单磊,胡义波,魏辅文.粪便DNA分析技术在分子生态学研究中的机遇与挑战[J].兽类学报,2018,38(3):235-246.
[43] WANG D,HU Y B,MA T X,et al.Noninvasive genetics provides insights into the population size and genetic diversity of an Amur tiger population in China[J].Integrative Zoology,2016,11(1):16-24.
[44] DEUTER R,PIETSCH S,HERTEL S,et al.A method for preparation of fecal DNA suitable for PCR[J].Nucleic Acids Research,1995,23(18):3800-3801.
[45] KOHN M H,WAYNE R K.Facts from feces revisited[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1997,12(6):223-227.
[46] RENAN S,SPEYER E,SHAHAR N,et al.A factorial design experiment as a pilot study for noninvasive genetic sampling[J].Molecular Ecology Resources,2012,12(6):1040-1047.
[47] FOUCAULT F,PRAZ F,JAULIN C,et al.Experimental limits of PCR analysis of(CA)n repeat alterations[J].Trends in Genetics,1996,12(11):450-452.
[48] GAGNEUX P,BOESCH C,WOODRUFF D S.Microsatellite scoring errors associated with noninvasive genotyping based on nuclear DNA amplified from shed hair[J].Molecular Ecology,1997,6(9):861-868.
[49] GERLOFF U,SCHL?TTERER C,RASSMANN K,et al.Amplification of hypervariable simple sequence repeats(microsatellites)from excremental DNA of wild living bonobos(Pan paniscus)[J].Molecular Ecology,1995,4(4):515-518.
[50] TABERLET P,GRIFFIN S,GOOSSENS B,et al.Reliable genotyping of samples with very low DNA quantities using PCR[J].Nucleic Acids Research,1996,24(16):3189-3194.
[51] SUGIMOTO T,NAGATA J,ARAMILEV V V.Population size estimation of Amur tigers in Russian Far East using noninvasive genetic samples[J].Journal of Mammalogy,2012,93(1):93-101.
[52] TABERLET P,CAMARRA J J,GRIFFIN S,et al.Noninvasive genetic tracking of the endangered Pyrenean brown bear population[J].Molecular Ecology,1997,6(9):869-876.
[53] XUE Z,XU Y C,LIU H,et al.Risks involved in fecal DNA-based genotyping of microsatellite loci in the Amur tiger Panthera tigris altaica:a pilot study[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2018,29(2):525-531.
[54] BRUFORD M W,WAYNE R K.Microsatellites and their application to population genetic studies[J].Current Opinion in Genetics & Development,1993,3(6):939-943.
[55] ZOU Z T,UPHYRKINA O V,FOMENKO P,et al.The development and application of a multiplex short tandem repeat(STR)system for identifying subspecies,individuals and sex in tigers[J].Integrative Zoology,2015,10(4):376-388.
[56] SINGH S K,MISHRA S,ASPI J,et al.Tigers of Sundarbans in India:is the population a separate conservation unit?[J].PLoS One,2015,10(4):e0118846.
[57] ZHANG Y G,LI D Q,XIAO Q M,et al.Genetic diversity of microsatellite loci in captive Amur tigers[J].Hereditas,2004,26(5):620-624.
[58] SOROKIN P A,ROZHNOV V V,KRASNENKO A U,et al.Genetic structure of the Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)population:are tigers in Sikhote-Alin and southwest Primorye truly isolated?[J].Integrative Zoology,2016,11(1):25-32.
[59] MONDOL S,KUMAR N S,GOPALASWAMY A,et al.Identifying species,sex and individual tigers and leopards in the Malenad-Mysore Tiger Landscape,Western Ghats,India[J].Conservation Genetics Resources,2015,7(2):353-361.
[60] TENDE T,HANSSON B,OTTOSSON U,et al.Individual identification and genetic variation of lions(Panthera leo)from two protected areas in Nigeria[J].PLoS One,2014,9(1):e84288.
[61] ROZHNOV V V,SORKKIN P A,LUKAREVSKIY V S,et al.Individual identification of Amur leopards(Panthera pardus orientalis)using molecular-genetic methods and the population size estimation[J].Biology Bulletin,2013,40(2):124-129.
[62] 钱迎倩,马克平.生物多样性研究的原理与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994.
[63] 沈浩,刘登义.遗传多样性概述[J].生物学杂志,2001,18(3):5-7;4.
[64] 吴云良,包文斌,张红霞,等.微卫星技术分析东北虎遗传多样性及亲缘关系[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2011,32(1):87-91.
[65] TENSEN L,GROOM R J,KHUZWAYO J,et al.The genetic tale of a recovering lion population(Panthera leo)in the Savé Valley region(Zimbabwe):a better understanding of the history and managing the future[J].PLoS One,2018,13(2):e0190369.
[66] DEBINSKI D M,HOLT R D.A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments[J].Conservation Biology,2000,14(2):342-355.
[67] DALTON D L,CHARRUAU P,BOAST L,et al.Social and genetic population structure of free-ranging cheetah in Botswana:implications for conservation[J].European Journal of Wildlife Research,2013,59(2):281-285.
[68] WULTSCH C,WAITS L P,KELLY M J.A comparative analysis of genetic diversity and structure in jaguars(Panthera onca),pumas(Puma concolor),and ocelots(Leopardus pardalis)in fragmented landscapes of a critical Mesoamerican linkage zone[J].PLoS One,2016,11(3):e0151043.
[69] SINGH S K,ASPI J,KVIST L,et al.Fine-scale population genetic structure of the Bengal tiger(Panthera tigris tigris)in a human-dominated western Terai Arc Landscape,India[J].PLoS One,2017,12(4):e0174371.
[70] THAPA K,MANANDHAR S,BISTA M,et al.Assessment of genetic diversity,population structure,and gene flow of tigers(Panthera tigris tigris)across Nepal's Terai Arc Landscape[J].PLoS One,2018,13(3):e0193495.
[71] TABERLET P,WAITS L P,LUIKART G.Noninvasive genetic sampling:look before you leap[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1999,14(8):323-327.
[72] 唐婕,李晶晶,王波,等.两种方法从林麝粪便提取DNA效率及分析[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(3):326-330.
[73] 周芸芸,张宇,杨万吉,等.不同保存方法对川金丝猴粪便DNA提取效果的影响[J].现代生物医学进展,2018,18(1):43-47.
[74] CHO Y S,HU L,HOU H L,et al.The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes[J].Nature Communications,2013,4(9):2433.
[75] DOU H L,FENG L M,XIAO W H,et al.The complete mitochondrial genome of the North Chinese Leopard(Panthera pardus japonensis)[J].Mitochondrial DNA Part A,DNA Mapping,Sequencing,and Analysis,2016,27(2):1167-1168.
[76] BUTLER J M.法医DNA分型专论:证据解释[M].侯一平,李成涛,严江伟,译.北京:科学出版社,2013.
[77] MCCORMICK M K,BROOKS H E A,Whigham D F.Microsatellite analysis to estimate realized dispersal distance in Phragmites australis[J].Biological Invasions,2016,18(9):2497-2504.