内蒙古乌梁素海三种野生天鹅种群数量与分布动态研究
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摘要
2015年1月至2017年11月,对内蒙古乌梁素海疣鼻天鹅、大天鹅和小天鹅的种群数量和分布动态进行调查研究。结果表明:乌梁素海分布有较为稳定的大天鹅、小天鹅和疣鼻天鹅种群,其中疣鼻天鹅为夏候鸟,其余两种为旅鸟。小天鹅种群数量最多,种群平均大小为1500±185只,其次为疣鼻天鹅568±35只,大天鹅最少,有261±55只。3种天鹅在乌梁素海的季节性分布特征差异明显,夏季疣鼻天鹅数量最多,大天鹅和小天鹅极少数个体分布;春季数量从多到少依次为小天鹅>大天鹅>疣鼻天鹅,秋季为小天鹅>疣鼻天鹅>大天鹅;疣鼻天鹅3月中旬至4月上旬迁来,11月上旬至下旬迁离,居留期230-250 d;大天鹅3月中旬至下旬和9月下旬至10月上旬迁徙停留,居留期20-40 d;小天鹅3月下旬至4月中旬和10月下旬至11月中旬迁徙停留,居留期70-90 d。建议保护区及相关部门加强天鹅迁徙期间的巡护和执法力度,满足天鹅沙粒采食需求,解决芦苇资源过剩现象,重视鸟类和水质的长期监测和管理工作。
The survey on populations and distribution dynamics of Mute Swan(Cygnus olor), Whooper Swan(Cygnus cygnus) and Tundra Swan(Cygnus columbianus) were carried out in Wuliangsuhai, Inner Mongolia, during Jan 2015 to Nov 2017. The results showed that there were relatively stable populations of Mute Swan, Whooper Swan and Tundra Swan in Wuliangsuhai. And Mute Swan is summer resident while the others are passing migrants. Tundra Swan has the largest population with an average population size of 1500±185, followed by Mute Swan and Whooper Swan respectively with a population size of 568±35 and 261±55. There were significant differences in seasonal distribution among the three wild Swan species in Wuliangsuhai. In summer, Mute Swan has the largest population and the other two species have very few distribution, in spring, the population size was in an order of Tundra Swan >Whooper Swan> Mute Swan, in autumn, the order was Tundra Swan >Mute Swan>Whooper Swan. Mute Swan arrived Wuliangsuhai in mid-March to early April and stayed there to late November, the residence duration was 230-250 days. Whooper Swan stayed from mid-March to late March and from late September to early October, the residence duration was 20-40 days. Tundra Swan stayed from late March to mid-April and from late October to mid-November, the residence duration was 70-90 days. Suggestions were made to strengthen patrol and legal enforcement during Swan migration, to resolve the problem of excess reeds, and to attach importance to the long-term monitoring and management of birds and water quality.
The survey on populations and distribution dynamics of Mute Swan(Cygnus olor), Whooper Swan(Cygnus cygnus) and Tundra Swan(Cygnus columbianus) were carried out in Wuliangsuhai, Inner Mongolia, during Jan 2015 to Nov 2017. The results showed that there were relatively stable populations of Mute Swan, Whooper Swan and Tundra Swan in Wuliangsuhai. And Mute Swan is summer resident while the others are passing migrants. Tundra Swan has the largest population with an average population size of 1500±185, followed by Mute Swan and Whooper Swan respectively with a population size of 568±35 and 261±55. There were significant differences in seasonal distribution among the three wild Swan species in Wuliangsuhai. In summer, Mute Swan has the largest population and the other two species have very few distribution, in spring, the population size was in an order of Tundra Swan >Whooper Swan> Mute Swan, in autumn, the order was Tundra Swan >Mute Swan>Whooper Swan. Mute Swan arrived Wuliangsuhai in mid-March to early April and stayed there to late November, the residence duration was 230-250 days. Whooper Swan stayed from mid-March to late March and from late September to early October, the residence duration was 20-40 days. Tundra Swan stayed from late March to mid-April and from late October to mid-November, the residence duration was 70-90 days. Suggestions were made to strengthen patrol and legal enforcement during Swan migration, to resolve the problem of excess reeds, and to attach importance to the long-term monitoring and management of birds and water quality.
引文
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张雅棉,贾亦飞,焦盛武,等.2012.乌梁素海湿地:迁徙候鸟的重要栖息地[J].资源与生态学报:英文版,3(4):316-323
张荫荪,唐瑞惠,马学宽,等.1963.内蒙古乌梁素海地区鸭类的初步调查[J].动物学杂志,5(3):120-122
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赵格日乐图,苏日娜.2016.疣鼻天鹅(Cygnus?olor)研究进展[J].内蒙古师范大学学报,45(3):76-79,83
郑光美,王岐山.1998.中国濒危动物红皮书:鸟类[M].北京:科学出版社:38-43
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Newth J L,Brown M J,Rees E C.2011.Incidence of embedded shotgun pellets in Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii and whooper swans Cygnus cygnus wintering in the UK[J].Biological Conservation,144(5):1630-1637
国家林业局.2003.国家重点保护野生动物名录[EB/OL].http://www.forestry.gov.cn.
蒋志刚,江建平,王跃招,等.2016.中国脊椎动物红色名录[J].生物多样性,24(5):500-551
李畅游,史小红.2014.乌梁素海沉积物环境地球化学特征研究[M].北京:科学出版社:12-19
李霞.2010.乌梁素海湿地雁鸭类资源、迁徙动态及疣鼻天鹅繁殖生态学研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学学位论文
潘艳秋,邢莲莲,杨贵生.2006.近十年来乌梁素海湿地鸟类区系演变初探[J].内蒙古大学学报,3(2):170-174
邱兆祉.1986.乌梁素海的鸟类[C]//乌梁素海、哈素海渔业资源考察论文集.天津:南开大学出版社:65-71
沈守训,吴淑卿.1964.内蒙古自治区乌梁素海水禽寄生吸虫和线虫的初步稠查[J].动物学报,16(3):398-415
邢莲莲,杨贵生张永让,等.1988.内蒙古乌梁素海鸟类区系及生态分布的研究[J].内蒙古大学学报,19(3):524-534
邢莲莲,杨贵生.1996.乌梁素海鸟类志[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社
旭日干.2013.内蒙古动物志(鸟纲非雀形目)[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社:123-128
张雅棉,贾亦飞,焦盛武,等.2012.乌梁素海湿地:迁徙候鸟的重要栖息地[J].资源与生态学报:英文版,3(4):316-323
张荫荪,唐瑞惠,马学宽,等.1963.内蒙古乌梁素海地区鸭类的初步调查[J].动物学杂志,5(3):120-122
赵格日乐图,灵燕,高敏,等.2017.乌梁素海疣鼻天鹅迁徙行为和种群数量调查研究[J].内蒙古师范大学学报,46(5):704-707
赵格日乐图,苏日娜.2016.疣鼻天鹅(Cygnus?olor)研究进展[J].内蒙古师范大学学报,45(3):76-79,83
郑光美,王岐山.1998.中国濒危动物红皮书:鸟类[M].北京:科学出版社:38-43
郑光美.2011.中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第二版)[M].北京:科学出版社:19-20
Newth J L,Brown M J,Rees E C.2011.Incidence of embedded shotgun pellets in Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii and whooper swans Cygnus cygnus wintering in the UK[J].Biological Conservation,144(5):1630-1637