世界葡萄主要品种与砧木利用概述
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摘要
近年来世界葡萄栽培面积和产量基本保持稳定,2016年栽培面积达794万hm2,总产量9228万t。品种是保持葡萄产业可持续发展的基础,2015年全世界种植面积超过10万hm2的品种有13个,其中‘巨峰’和‘红地球’是面积最大的鲜食品种,主要分布在中国;‘汤普森无核’是种植面积最大也是分布最广泛的制干兼鲜食品种,以土耳其面积最大;其他的10个品种均为酿酒品种,其中的‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’‘霞多丽’‘西拉’‘长相思’和‘黑比诺’6个品种被世界广泛认可,而‘泰姆普罗’‘艾伦’‘歌海娜’和‘白玉霓’4个品种主要种植在欧洲的西班牙和法国等地。19世纪70年代,嫁接苗的首次使用将整个欧洲葡萄产业从根瘤蚜的灾害中解救出以来。此后,欧美国家持续进行葡萄砧木的研究,并通过砧木的利用来提高葡萄对多种生物和非生物胁迫的抵抗能力。实践证明,砧木的利用扩展了葡萄的栽培范围,降低了种植成本,改善了果实品质,并且减轻了农药和化学试剂对环境的污染。
In recent years, the cultivation area and yield of grape in the world have been basically stable, reaching 7.94 million hectares in 2016, with a total yield of 92.28 million tons. Varieties are the basis to maintain the sustainable development of grape industry. In 2015, there were 13 varieties planted in the world with an area of more than 100 000 hectares, of which 'Kyoho' and 'Red Globe' were the largest table grape varieties, mainly distributed in China. 'Thompson Seedless' was the largest and most widely planted dry and table grape variety, with Turkey being the largest; the other 10 varieties were all wine varieties, among which 6 varieties, including 'Cabernet Sauvignon' 'Merlot' 'Chardonnay' 'Syrah' 'Sauvignon Blanc' 'Pinot Noir', widely recognized in the world; 'Tempranillo' 'Airen' 'Garnacha Tinta' 'Ugni Blanc' varieties mainly grown in Spain and France. Since the first use of grafted seedlings in the 1870 s, the entire European grape industry has been rescued from phylloxera. Since then, rootstocks have been studied continuously in Europe and America, and the resistance of grape to various biological and abiotic stresses has been improved through the use of rootstocks. It has been proved that the use of rootstocks could expand the range of grape cultivation, reduce the planting cost, improve the fruit quality, and reduce the environmental pollution caused by pesticides and chemical reagents.
In recent years, the cultivation area and yield of grape in the world have been basically stable, reaching 7.94 million hectares in 2016, with a total yield of 92.28 million tons. Varieties are the basis to maintain the sustainable development of grape industry. In 2015, there were 13 varieties planted in the world with an area of more than 100 000 hectares, of which 'Kyoho' and 'Red Globe' were the largest table grape varieties, mainly distributed in China. 'Thompson Seedless' was the largest and most widely planted dry and table grape variety, with Turkey being the largest; the other 10 varieties were all wine varieties, among which 6 varieties, including 'Cabernet Sauvignon' 'Merlot' 'Chardonnay' 'Syrah' 'Sauvignon Blanc' 'Pinot Noir', widely recognized in the world; 'Tempranillo' 'Airen' 'Garnacha Tinta' 'Ugni Blanc' varieties mainly grown in Spain and France. Since the first use of grafted seedlings in the 1870 s, the entire European grape industry has been rescued from phylloxera. Since then, rootstocks have been studied continuously in Europe and America, and the resistance of grape to various biological and abiotic stresses has been improved through the use of rootstocks. It has been proved that the use of rootstocks could expand the range of grape cultivation, reduce the planting cost, improve the fruit quality, and reduce the environmental pollution caused by pesticides and chemical reagents.
引文
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[26]BERDEJA M,NICOLAS P,KAPPEL C,et al.Water limitation and rootstock genotype interact to alter grape berry metabolism through transcriptome reprogramming[J].Horticulture Research,2015(2):15012.
[27]SATISHA J,SOMKUWAR R G,SHARMA J,et al.Influence of rootstocks on growth yield and fruit composition of Thompson seedless grapes grown in the Pune region of India[J].South African Journal for Enology&Viticulture,2016,31(1):1-8.
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[30]黄冰.砧木对巨峰葡萄钾肥吸收和生长影响的初步研究[D].扬州大学,2008.
[2]亓桂梅,赵艳侠,董兴全.印度葡萄产业特点及发展趋势分析[J].世界农业,2018(2):119-125.
[3]亓桂梅,李旋,张久慧,等.美洲地区鲜食葡萄产业概况及发展趋势[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2016(3):52-56.
[4]亓桂梅,李旋,赵艳侠,等.2017世界葡萄干生产及流通概况[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2018(2):60-65.
[5]联合国粮食及农业组织[EB/OL].[2018-02-23].http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
[6]国家统计局[EB/OL].[2018-02-23].http://data.stats.gov.cn/search.htm?s=2015%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%A7%8D%E6%A4%8D%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%AF.
[7]OIV.en-distribution-of-the-worlds-ghttp://data.stats.gov.cn/search.htm?s=2015%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%A7%8D%E6%A4%8D%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%AFrap evine-varieties[R/OL].(2018-02-27)[2018-04-21].http://www.oiv.intpublicmedias5888en-distribution-of-the-worlds-grapevinevarieties.pdf.
[8]OIV.grapevine-varieties-area-by-country-2015[R/OL].(2018-02-27)[2018-04-21].http://www.oiv.intjslibpdfjswebviewer.htmlfile=publicmedias5882grapevine-varieties-area-by-country-2015.pdf.
[9]王瑞华,郭峰,李海峰.吐鲁番葡萄干产业发展分析及再升级策略[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2015(6):58-60.
[10]刘崇怀,马小河,武岗.中国葡萄品种[M].中国农业出版社,2014:184.
[11]ANDERSON K,ARYAL N R.Which winegrape varieties are grown where?:a global empirical picture[M].University of Adelaide Press,2013.
[12]王忠跃.葡萄根瘤蚜[M].中国农业出版社,2010:100.
[13]房玉林,孙伟,张振文,等.葡萄砧木的研究和利用概况[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2010(7):74-80.
[14]MAGOON C A,MAGNESS J R,ANDERSON W S,et al.Investigations on the adaptability of grape root stocks to Gulf Coast conditions[C].Proc.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci.1937:466-470.
[15]BROWN M V,MOORE J N,FENN P.Inheritance of downy mildew resistance in table grapes[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,1999,124(3):262-267.
[16]ZHANG L,MARGUERIT E,ROSSDEUTSCH L,et al.The influence of grapevine rootstocks on scion growth and drought resistance[J].Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology,2016,28(2):143-157.
[17]LIU L,LI H.Research progress in amur grape.Vitis amurensis Rupr[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,2013,93(4):565-575.
[18]MEGGIO F,PRINSI B,NEGRI A S,et al.Biochemical and physiological responses of two grapevine rootstock genotypes to drought and salt treatments[J].Australian Journal of Grape&Wine Research,2014,20(2):310-323.
[19]ROM R C,CARLSON R F E.Rootstocks for fruit crops[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1987:5-28.
[20]EDSON C E,HOWELL G.S,FLORE J.Influence of crop load on photosynthesis and dry matter partitioning of Seyval grapevines.III.Seasonal changes in dry matter partitioning,vine morphology,yield and fruit composition[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture.1995,46(4):478-485.
[21]WILLIAMS L E,SMITH R J.The effect of rootstock on partitioning of dry weight,nitrogen and potassium,and root distribution of Cabernet Sauvignon[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,1991,42(2):118-122.
[22]CONRADIE W J.Translocation and storage by grapevines as effected by time of application[C].Proc.Int.Symposium Nitrogen on Grapes and Wines.American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,1991:32-42.
[23]WERMELINGER B.Nitrogen dynamics:physiology and modeling[C].Proc.Int.Symposium on Nitrogen on Grapes and Wine,1991:23-31.
[24]HOWELL G S.Sustainable grape productivity and the growthyield relationship.A review[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2001,52(3):165-174.
[25]WALKER R R,CLINGELEFFER P R,KERRIDGE G H,et al.Effects of the rootstock Ramsey(Vitis champini)on ion and organic acid composition of grapes and wine,and on wine spectral characteristics[J].Australian Journal of Grape&Wine Research,1998,4(3):100-110.
[26]BERDEJA M,NICOLAS P,KAPPEL C,et al.Water limitation and rootstock genotype interact to alter grape berry metabolism through transcriptome reprogramming[J].Horticulture Research,2015(2):15012.
[27]SATISHA J,SOMKUWAR R G,SHARMA J,et al.Influence of rootstocks on growth yield and fruit composition of Thompson seedless grapes grown in the Pune region of India[J].South African Journal for Enology&Viticulture,2016,31(1):1-8.
[28]李德美,刘俊,董继先.砧木在葡萄种植中的优势分析[J].河北林业科技,2004(5):59-61.
[29]郭修武,李轶晖,李成祥,等.国内外葡萄砧木研究利用状况及我国新引进的葡萄砧木简介[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2002(1):28-29.
[30]黄冰.砧木对巨峰葡萄钾肥吸收和生长影响的初步研究[D].扬州大学,2008.