2017年太湖水华面积偏大的原因分析
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摘要
太湖流域及湖区经过一系列综合治理之后,截至2015年,水华面积逐渐减少,治理效果初见成效.然而,2017年太湖出现了前所未有的大面积水华(1403 km2),其原因成为各方面关注的热点问题. 2011-2017年,在太湖贡湖湾和梅梁湾布置的6个采样点,每月2次分层采集水质和微囊藻密度数据、全太湖的营养盐和微囊藻密度数据、气象数据和水华面积数据,进行了水华面积偏大的原因分析.结果显示,2011-2017年期间,全太湖总氮(TN)的7年平均浓度为1.89 mg/L,总磷(TP)为0.076 mg/L,而2017年TN浓度为1.60 mg/L,TP浓度为0.083 mg/L,比7年平均TP浓度回升了9.0%.气温方面,2011-2017年7年平均气温为17.3℃,2017年比7年平均气温高出0.7℃.全太湖7年平均微囊藻密度为0.53×108cells/L,而2017年为1.18×108cells/L,比7年平均值高出1.21倍.在这样一个数据背景下,全太湖年均值和风速区间比例冗余分析表明TP的回升、气温的偏高与水华面积也表现出明显的正相关关系,且5-9月1～2 m/s弱风天数与水华面积呈显著正相关,而风速超过4 m/s则会显著造成水华的消失.综合以上数据及分析,2017年出现巨大面积水华是由于全湖TP浓度的上升和气温偏高使微囊藻密度增长,为微囊藻聚集形成水华提供了丰富的物质基础,而在微囊藻大量繁殖季节风力较弱,1～2 m/s左右风速易于使微囊藻聚集形成薄层大面积水华.
After a series of comprehensive restoring,the area of Microcystis blooms in Lake Taihu Basin has gradually decreased by2015,and preliminary results were achieved. However,in 2017,an unprecedented expansion of the Microcystis blooms area( 1403 km2) occurred in Lake Taihu,and the reason behind which has become a focus of researchers' attention. In this study,water quality and Microcystis cell density data,nutrient and Microcystis cell density data,meteorological data and blooms area data were collected twice a month from 6 sampling sites in Gonghu Bay and Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu from 2011 to 2017. The results showed that the 7-year average concentrations of total nitrogen( TN) and total phosphorus( TP) in Lake Taihu was 1.89 and 0.076 mg/L in2011-2017,while in 2017 TN concentration was 1.60 mg/L and TP concentration was 0.083 mg/L,which was 9.0% higher than the 7-year average TP concentration. In terms of temperature,the average temperature in 2011-2017 was 17.3℃,while in 2017 it was 18.0℃,which was 0.7℃ higher than that in 7 years. The average cell density of Microcystis in Lake Taihu in 7 years was0.53 × 108 cells/L,while in 2017 it was 1.18 × 108 cells/L,which was 2.21 times of the average in 7 years. In such a data background,RDA annual mean analysis and wind speed interval proportion analysis results indicated that the rise of TP concentration and the high temperature also showed a significant positive correlation with the area of Microcystis blooms. And the number of weak wind days from May to September has the greatest impact on the area of algal blooms,while the wind speed of more than 4 m/s would significantly reduce the probability of large-scale outbreaks. Based on the above data and analysis,the large area of algal blooms in 2017 is attributed to the increasing of Microcystis cell density due to the rise of TP concentration and high temperature in the whole lake,which provides a rich material basis for the formation of Microcystis blooms. Futhermore,the weak wind in the season of large-scale propagation of Microcystis. The wind speed of about 1-2 m/s is easy to facilitate Microcystis aggregation and Microcystis blooms formation.
After a series of comprehensive restoring,the area of Microcystis blooms in Lake Taihu Basin has gradually decreased by2015,and preliminary results were achieved. However,in 2017,an unprecedented expansion of the Microcystis blooms area( 1403 km2) occurred in Lake Taihu,and the reason behind which has become a focus of researchers' attention. In this study,water quality and Microcystis cell density data,nutrient and Microcystis cell density data,meteorological data and blooms area data were collected twice a month from 6 sampling sites in Gonghu Bay and Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu from 2011 to 2017. The results showed that the 7-year average concentrations of total nitrogen( TN) and total phosphorus( TP) in Lake Taihu was 1.89 and 0.076 mg/L in2011-2017,while in 2017 TN concentration was 1.60 mg/L and TP concentration was 0.083 mg/L,which was 9.0% higher than the 7-year average TP concentration. In terms of temperature,the average temperature in 2011-2017 was 17.3℃,while in 2017 it was 18.0℃,which was 0.7℃ higher than that in 7 years. The average cell density of Microcystis in Lake Taihu in 7 years was0.53 × 108 cells/L,while in 2017 it was 1.18 × 108 cells/L,which was 2.21 times of the average in 7 years. In such a data background,RDA annual mean analysis and wind speed interval proportion analysis results indicated that the rise of TP concentration and the high temperature also showed a significant positive correlation with the area of Microcystis blooms. And the number of weak wind days from May to September has the greatest impact on the area of algal blooms,while the wind speed of more than 4 m/s would significantly reduce the probability of large-scale outbreaks. Based on the above data and analysis,the large area of algal blooms in 2017 is attributed to the increasing of Microcystis cell density due to the rise of TP concentration and high temperature in the whole lake,which provides a rich material basis for the formation of Microcystis blooms. Futhermore,the weak wind in the season of large-scale propagation of Microcystis. The wind speed of about 1-2 m/s is easy to facilitate Microcystis aggregation and Microcystis blooms formation.
引文
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[2] Paerl HW,Otten TG. Harmful cyanobacterial blooms:causes,consequences,and controls. Microbial Ecology,2013,65(4):995-1010. DOI:10.1007/s00248-012-0159-y.
[3] Wang HY. Discussion on ecological dredging and silt treatment technology of Taihu Lake in Wuxi City. Engineering Sciences,2010,12(6):108-112.[王鸿涌.太湖无锡水域生态清淤及淤泥处理技术探讨.中国工程科学,2010,6(12):108-112.]
[4] Li JC. Total control and water pollution control in Taihu Basin-A review of"Overall Plan for Integrated Water Environment Management in Taihu Lake Basin". Environmental Pollution and Prevention,2010,32(4):96-100.[李家才.总量控制与太湖流域水污染治理———《太湖流域水环境综合治理总体方案》述评.环境污染与防治,2010,32(4):96-100.]
[5] He LJ,Wang Y,Huang H et al. Summary of technical innovations for upgrading and retrofitting of MWWTPs for First Level A Criteria in Taihu Lake Basin of Jiangsu Province. China Water&Wastewater,2011,27(10):33-39.[何伶俊,汪勇,黄皓等.江苏太湖流域污水处理厂一级A提标改造技术总结.中国给水排水,2011,27(10):33-39.]
[6] Li CH,Ye C,Zhao XF et al. The ecosystem health assessment of the littoral zone of Lake Taihu. Acta Ecol Sin,2012,32(12):3806-3815.[李春华,叶春,赵晓峰等.太湖湖滨带生态系统健康评价.生态学报,2012,32(12):3806-3815.]
[7] Water resources department of the Taihu basin,Jiangsu provincial department of water resources,Zhejiang provincial department of water resources,Shanghai municipal water bureau eds. Taihu health report,2016.[水利部太湖流域管理局,江苏省水利厅,浙江省水利厅,上海市水务局.太湖健康状况报告,2016.]
[8] Water resources department of the Taihu basin,Jiangsu provincial department of water resources,Zhejiang provincial department of water resources,Shanghai municipal water bureau eds. Taihu health report,2017.[水利部太湖流域管理局,江苏省水利厅,浙江省水利厅,上海市水务局.太湖健康状况报告,2017.]
[9] Kong FX,Gao G. Hypothesis on cyanobacteria bloom-forming mechanism in large shallow eutrophic lakes. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(3):589-595.[孔繁翔,高光.大型浅水富营养化湖泊中蓝藻水华形成机理的思考.生态学报,2005,25(3):589-595.]
[10] Qin BQ,Wang XD,Tang XM et al. Drinking water crisis caused by eutrophication and cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Taihu:cause and measurement. Advances in Earth Science,2007,22(9):896-906.[秦伯强,王小冬,汤祥明等.太湖富营养化与蓝藻水华引起的饮用水危机———原因与对策.地球科学进展,2007,22(9):896-906.]
[11] George D,Edwards R. The effect of wind on the distribution of chlorophyll a and crustacean plankton in a shallow eutrophic reservoir. Journal of Applied Ecology,1976,13(3):667-690.
[12] Webster IT,Hutchinson PA. Effect of wind on the distribution of phytoplankton cells in lakes revisited. Limnology and Oceanography,1994,39(2):365-373.
[13] Zhu W,Li M,Luo Y et al. Vertical distribution of Microcystis colony size in Lake Taihu:Its role in algal blooms. Journal of Great Lakes Research,2014,40(4):949-955. DOI:10.1016/j.jglr.2014.09.009.
[14] Zhang M,Duan H,Shi X et al. Contributions of meteorology to the phenology of cyanobacterial blooms:implications for future climate change. Water Research,2012,46(2):442-452. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.013.
[15] Zhu M,Paerl HW,Zhu G et al. The role of tropical cyclones in stimulating cyanobacterial(Microcystis spp.)blooms in hypertrophic Lake Taihu,China. Harmful Algae,2014,39:310-321. DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2014.09.003.
[16] Yang Z,Zhang M,Shi X et al. Nutrient reduction magnifies the impact of extreme weather on cyanobacterial bloom formation in large shallow Lake Taihu(China). Water Research,2016,103:302-310. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.047.
[17] Wu T,Qin B,Brookes JD et al. The influence of changes in wind patterns on the areal extension of surface cyanobacterial blooms in a large shallow lake in China. The Science of the Total Environment,2015,518/519:24-30. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.090.
[18] Zhu W,Tan YQ,Wang RC et al. The trend of water quality variation and analysis in typical area of Lake Taihu,2010-2017. J Lake Sci,2018,30(2):296-305. DOI:10.18307/2018.0202.[朱伟,谈永琴,王若辰等.太湖典型区2010-2017年间水质变化趋势及异常分析.湖泊科学,2018,30(2):296-305.]
[19] Zhu W,Li M,Dai X et al. Differences in vertical distribution of Microcystis morphospecies composition in a shallow hypertrophic lake(Lake Taihu,China). Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,73(9):5721-5730. DOI:10. 1007/s12665-014-3826-0.
[20] Zhu W,Zhou X,Chen H et al. High nutrient concentration and temperature alleviated formation of large colonies of Microcystis:Evidence from field investigations and laboratory experiments. Water Research,2016,101:167-175. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.080.
[21] Ebina J,Tsutsui T,Shirai T. Simultaneous determination of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in water using peroxodisulfate oxidation. Water Research,1983,17(12):1721-1726.
[22] Li M,Zhu W,Gao L et al. Changes in extracellular polysaccharide content and morphology of Microcystis aeruginosa at different specific growth rates. Journal of Applied Phycology,2012,25(4):1023-1030. DOI:10.1007/s10811-012-9937-7.
[23] Cao HS,Kong FX,Luo LC et al. Effects of wind and wind-induced waves on vertical phytoplankton distribution and surface blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa in Lake Taihu. Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2006,21(2):231-238.
[24] Wu TF,Zhu GW,Qin BQ et al. Prior wind field induced hydrodynamics and its influence on cyanobacterial bloom in northern bays of Lake Taihu,China. J Lake Sci,2012,24(3):409-415. DOI:10.18307/2012.0312.[吴挺峰,朱广伟,秦伯强等.前期风场控制的太湖北部湖湾水动力及对蓝藻水华影响.湖泊科学,2012,24(3):409-415.]
[25] Deng J,Chen F,Liu X et al. Horizontal migration of algal patches associated with cyanobacterial blooms in an eutrophic shallow lake. Ecological Engineering,2016,87:185-193. DOI:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.12.017.
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