洞庭湖及其入湖口表层沉积物氮、磷、有机质的分布及污染评价
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摘要
洞庭湖是中国第二大淡水湖,近年来富营养化日趋严重,氮、磷、有机质是湖泊富营养化程度加剧的重要因子,而沉积物是湖泊氮、磷、有机质的主要蓄积库。因此,了解洞庭湖沉积物中氮、磷、有机质的含量及分布特征,对探究洞庭湖沉积物营养物质的污染状况及其富营养化控制与治理具有重要参考意义。在洞庭湖及其入湖口布设了19个样点,对表层沉积物进行采样,分别采用凯氏定氮法(HJ717—2014)、氢氧化钠碱熔-钼锑抗比色法和重铬酸钾法测定沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及有机质(OM)的含量,分析了TN、TP及OM含量的空间分布特征及相关性,并运用综合污染指数法和有机污染指数法对洞庭湖及其入湖口沉积物的污染程度进行评价。结果表明,表层沉积物TN的质量分数变化在402～2 410 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为1 054 mg·kg~(-1);TP的质量分数变化在457～935 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为624 mg·kg~(-1);OM的质量分数变化在1.02%～7.23%之间,平均值为2.24%,空间分布上均表现为南洞庭湖>西洞庭湖>东洞庭湖。Pearson相关性分析表明,OM与TN呈显著正相关(r=0.574,P<0.05),TN与TP(r=0.433,P>0.05)和OM与TP(r=0.073,P>0.05)相关性均不显著。综合污染指数范围为1.00～2.23,全湖及其入湖口平均值为1.42,有机污染指数范围为0.04～0.84,全湖及其入湖口平均值为0.13,两种指数法均显示洞庭湖及其入湖口表层沉积物整体上处于轻度污染,且南洞庭湖污染比东、西洞庭湖及入湖口严重,各个入湖口中以湘江入湖口污染程度最高。
Dongting Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China, has been undergoing serious eutrophication in recent years. As well known, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in sediments are important sources of lake eutrophication. Hence, characterizing the contents and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in sediments in Dongting Lake is of great significance for understanding the pollution status and remediation of eutrophication. In this paper, the surface sediments were sampled at 19 sampling sites over the whole lake and its inlets. The contents of total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and organic matter(OM) were analyzed by Kjeldahl method(HJ717-2014), sodium hydroxide alkali fusion-molybdenum antimony colorimetric method and potassium dichromate method, respectively. Spatial patterns of TN, TP and OM and their correlations were examined, meanwhile, comprehensive pollution index and organic pollution index were employed to evaluate pollution status. The results showed that the content of TN ranged from 402 to 2 410 mg·kg~(-1) with an average of 1054 mg·kg~(-1), the content of TP ranged from 457 to 935 mg·kg~(-1) with the average of 624 mg·kg~(-1) and OM content ranged from 1.02% to 7.23% with an average of 2.24%. The spatial distributions of TN, TP and OM presented similar spatial patterns in the order of South Dongting Lake>West Dongting Lake>East Dongting Lake. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that TN was significantly correlated with OM(r=0.574, P<0.05), and TP was not strongly correlated with TN(r=0.433, P>0.05), and OM(r=0.073, P>0.05). Ranges of comprehensive pollution index and organic pollution index were 1.00-2.23 and 0.04-0.84, with the average values of 1.42 and 0.13, respectively. The two indices indicated light pollution of TN, TP and OM in the sediment of Dongting lake and its inlets, the pollution level of the South Dongting Lake was more serious than that of the East Dongting Lake, the West Dongting Lake and Dongting Lake inlets, and the pollution level of the Xiangjiang River inlet was the highest among the seven Dongting Lake inlets.
Dongting Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China, has been undergoing serious eutrophication in recent years. As well known, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in sediments are important sources of lake eutrophication. Hence, characterizing the contents and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in sediments in Dongting Lake is of great significance for understanding the pollution status and remediation of eutrophication. In this paper, the surface sediments were sampled at 19 sampling sites over the whole lake and its inlets. The contents of total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and organic matter(OM) were analyzed by Kjeldahl method(HJ717-2014), sodium hydroxide alkali fusion-molybdenum antimony colorimetric method and potassium dichromate method, respectively. Spatial patterns of TN, TP and OM and their correlations were examined, meanwhile, comprehensive pollution index and organic pollution index were employed to evaluate pollution status. The results showed that the content of TN ranged from 402 to 2 410 mg·kg~(-1) with an average of 1054 mg·kg~(-1), the content of TP ranged from 457 to 935 mg·kg~(-1) with the average of 624 mg·kg~(-1) and OM content ranged from 1.02% to 7.23% with an average of 2.24%. The spatial distributions of TN, TP and OM presented similar spatial patterns in the order of South Dongting Lake>West Dongting Lake>East Dongting Lake. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that TN was significantly correlated with OM(r=0.574, P<0.05), and TP was not strongly correlated with TN(r=0.433, P>0.05), and OM(r=0.073, P>0.05). Ranges of comprehensive pollution index and organic pollution index were 1.00-2.23 and 0.04-0.84, with the average values of 1.42 and 0.13, respectively. The two indices indicated light pollution of TN, TP and OM in the sediment of Dongting lake and its inlets, the pollution level of the South Dongting Lake was more serious than that of the East Dongting Lake, the West Dongting Lake and Dongting Lake inlets, and the pollution level of the Xiangjiang River inlet was the highest among the seven Dongting Lake inlets.
引文
SHEN Q S,LIU C,ZHOU Q L,et al.,2013.Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,25(12):2353-2360.
WANG S R,JIN X C,ZHAO H C,et al.,2009.Phosphorus release characteristics of different trophic lake sediments under simulative disturbing conditions[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,161(2-3):1551-1559.
鲍林林,李叙勇,2017.河流沉积物磷的吸附释放特征及其影响因素[J].生态环境学报,26(2):350-356.
陈凌霄,秦雪,金赞芳,2014.湖泊污染入湖通量的研究进展[J].环境科技,27(2):61-64.
陈咏淑,吴甫成,吕焕哲,等,2004.近20年来湘江水质变化分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,13(5):508-512.
甘树,卢少勇,秦普丰,等,2012.太湖西岸湖滨带沉积物氮磷有机质分布及评价[J].环境科学,33(9):3064-3069.
郭建平,吴甫成,熊建安,2007.洞庭湖水体污染及防治对策研究[J].湖南文理学院学报:社会科学版,32(1):91-94.
何介南,康文星,袁正科,2009.洞庭湖湿地污染物的来源分析[J].中国农学通报,25(17):239-244.
湖南省统计局,2015.湖南省统计年鉴2015[Z].北京:中国统计出版社.
环境保护部,2009.水质采样技术指导:HJ494-2009[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.
环境保护部,2014.土壤质量全氮的测定凯氏法:HJ717-2014[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.
黄代中,万群,李利强,等,2013.洞庭湖近20年水质与富营养化状态变化[J].环境科学研究,26(1):27-33.
李辉,潘学军,史丽琼,等,2011.湖泊内源氮磷污染分析方法及特征研究进展[J].环境化学,30(1):281-292.
李利强,黄代中,熊剑,等,2014.洞庭湖浮游植物增长的限制性营养元素研究[J].生态环境学报,23(2):283-288.
林素梅,王圣瑞,金相灿,等,2009.湖泊表层沉积物可溶性有机氮含量及分布特性[J].湖泊科学,21(5):623-630.
刘丽娜,马春子,张靖天,等,2018.东北典型湖泊沉积物氮磷和重金属分布特征及其污染评价研究[J].农业环境科学学报,37(3):520-529.
卢少勇,许梦爽,金相灿,等,2012.长寿湖表层沉积物氮磷和有机质污染特征及评价[J].环境科学,33(2):393-398.
卢少勇,张萍,潘成荣,等,2017.洞庭湖农业面源污染排放特征及控制对策研究[J].中国环境科学,37(6):2278-2286.
苗慧,沈峥,蒋豫,等,2017.巢湖表层沉积物氮、磷、有机质的分布及污染评价[J].生态环境学报26(12):2120-2125.
秦迪岚,黄哲,罗岳平,等,2011.洞庭湖区污染控制区划与控制对策[J].环境科学研究,24(7):748-755.
邱祖凯,胡小贞,姚程,等,2016.山美水库沉积物氮磷和有机质污染特征及评价[J].环境科学,37(4):1389-1396.
申锐莉,鲍征宇,周旻,等,2007.洞庭湖湖区水质时空演化(1983-2004年)[J].湖泊科学,19(6):677-682.
隋桂荣,1996.太湖表层沉积物中OM、TN、TP的现状与评价[J].湖泊科学,8(4):319-323.
田琪,李利强,欧伏平,等,2016.洞庭湖氮磷时空分布及形态组成特征[J].水生态学杂志,37(3):17-25.
田泽斌,王丽婧,李小宝,等,2014.洞庭湖出入湖污染物通量特征[J].环境科学研究,27(9):1008-1015.
王佩,卢少勇,王殿武,等,2012.太湖湖滨带底泥氮、磷、有机质分布与污染评价[J].中国环境科学,32(4):703-709.
王伟,卢少勇,金相灿,等,2010.洞庭湖沉积物及上覆水体氮的空间分布[J].环境科学与技术,33(增刊2):6-10.
王雯雯,王书航,姜霞,等,2013.洞庭湖沉积物不同形态氮赋存特征及其释放风险[J].环境科学研究,26(6):598-605.
王岩,姜霞,李永峰,等,2014.洞庭湖氮磷时空分布与水体营养状态特征[J].环境科学研究,27(5):484-491.
王永华,钱少猛,徐南妮,等,2004.巢湖东区底泥污染物分布特征及评价[J].环境科学研究,17(6):22-26.
徐进,徐立刚,龚然,等,2014.鄱阳湖沉积物中磷吸附释放特性及影响因素研究[J].生态环境学报,23(4):630-635.
杨汉,黄艳芳,李利强,等,1999.洞庭湖的富营养化研究[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,12(3):120-122.
余辉,张文斌,卢少勇,等,2010.洪泽湖表层底质营养盐的形态分布特征与评价[J].环境科学,31(4):961-968.
岳维忠,黄小平,孙翠慈,2007.珠江口表层沉积物中氮、磷的形态分布特征及污染评价[J].海洋与湖沼,38(2):111-117.
张光贵,2016.洞庭湖表层沉积物营养物质污染特征与生态风险评价[J].生态科学,35(1):161-166.
张光贵,黄博,2014.洞庭湖表层沉积物营养盐污染特征与评价[J].环境工程技术学报,4(6):515-519.
张敏,2005.长江中下游浅水湖泊富营养化机制与重金属污染研究[D].武汉:中国科学院研究生院(水生生物研究所).
赵运林,肖正军,戴梅斌,等,2007.洞庭湖区湿地资源及生态系统现状的研究[J].湖南城市学院学报:自然科学版,16(4):1-5.
WANG S R,JIN X C,ZHAO H C,et al.,2009.Phosphorus release characteristics of different trophic lake sediments under simulative disturbing conditions[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,161(2-3):1551-1559.
鲍林林,李叙勇,2017.河流沉积物磷的吸附释放特征及其影响因素[J].生态环境学报,26(2):350-356.
陈凌霄,秦雪,金赞芳,2014.湖泊污染入湖通量的研究进展[J].环境科技,27(2):61-64.
陈咏淑,吴甫成,吕焕哲,等,2004.近20年来湘江水质变化分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,13(5):508-512.
甘树,卢少勇,秦普丰,等,2012.太湖西岸湖滨带沉积物氮磷有机质分布及评价[J].环境科学,33(9):3064-3069.
郭建平,吴甫成,熊建安,2007.洞庭湖水体污染及防治对策研究[J].湖南文理学院学报:社会科学版,32(1):91-94.
何介南,康文星,袁正科,2009.洞庭湖湿地污染物的来源分析[J].中国农学通报,25(17):239-244.
湖南省统计局,2015.湖南省统计年鉴2015[Z].北京:中国统计出版社.
环境保护部,2009.水质采样技术指导:HJ494-2009[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.
环境保护部,2014.土壤质量全氮的测定凯氏法:HJ717-2014[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.
黄代中,万群,李利强,等,2013.洞庭湖近20年水质与富营养化状态变化[J].环境科学研究,26(1):27-33.
李辉,潘学军,史丽琼,等,2011.湖泊内源氮磷污染分析方法及特征研究进展[J].环境化学,30(1):281-292.
李利强,黄代中,熊剑,等,2014.洞庭湖浮游植物增长的限制性营养元素研究[J].生态环境学报,23(2):283-288.
林素梅,王圣瑞,金相灿,等,2009.湖泊表层沉积物可溶性有机氮含量及分布特性[J].湖泊科学,21(5):623-630.
刘丽娜,马春子,张靖天,等,2018.东北典型湖泊沉积物氮磷和重金属分布特征及其污染评价研究[J].农业环境科学学报,37(3):520-529.
卢少勇,许梦爽,金相灿,等,2012.长寿湖表层沉积物氮磷和有机质污染特征及评价[J].环境科学,33(2):393-398.
卢少勇,张萍,潘成荣,等,2017.洞庭湖农业面源污染排放特征及控制对策研究[J].中国环境科学,37(6):2278-2286.
苗慧,沈峥,蒋豫,等,2017.巢湖表层沉积物氮、磷、有机质的分布及污染评价[J].生态环境学报26(12):2120-2125.
秦迪岚,黄哲,罗岳平,等,2011.洞庭湖区污染控制区划与控制对策[J].环境科学研究,24(7):748-755.
邱祖凯,胡小贞,姚程,等,2016.山美水库沉积物氮磷和有机质污染特征及评价[J].环境科学,37(4):1389-1396.
申锐莉,鲍征宇,周旻,等,2007.洞庭湖湖区水质时空演化(1983-2004年)[J].湖泊科学,19(6):677-682.
隋桂荣,1996.太湖表层沉积物中OM、TN、TP的现状与评价[J].湖泊科学,8(4):319-323.
田琪,李利强,欧伏平,等,2016.洞庭湖氮磷时空分布及形态组成特征[J].水生态学杂志,37(3):17-25.
田泽斌,王丽婧,李小宝,等,2014.洞庭湖出入湖污染物通量特征[J].环境科学研究,27(9):1008-1015.
王佩,卢少勇,王殿武,等,2012.太湖湖滨带底泥氮、磷、有机质分布与污染评价[J].中国环境科学,32(4):703-709.
王伟,卢少勇,金相灿,等,2010.洞庭湖沉积物及上覆水体氮的空间分布[J].环境科学与技术,33(增刊2):6-10.
王雯雯,王书航,姜霞,等,2013.洞庭湖沉积物不同形态氮赋存特征及其释放风险[J].环境科学研究,26(6):598-605.
王岩,姜霞,李永峰,等,2014.洞庭湖氮磷时空分布与水体营养状态特征[J].环境科学研究,27(5):484-491.
王永华,钱少猛,徐南妮,等,2004.巢湖东区底泥污染物分布特征及评价[J].环境科学研究,17(6):22-26.
徐进,徐立刚,龚然,等,2014.鄱阳湖沉积物中磷吸附释放特性及影响因素研究[J].生态环境学报,23(4):630-635.
杨汉,黄艳芳,李利强,等,1999.洞庭湖的富营养化研究[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,12(3):120-122.
余辉,张文斌,卢少勇,等,2010.洪泽湖表层底质营养盐的形态分布特征与评价[J].环境科学,31(4):961-968.
岳维忠,黄小平,孙翠慈,2007.珠江口表层沉积物中氮、磷的形态分布特征及污染评价[J].海洋与湖沼,38(2):111-117.
张光贵,2016.洞庭湖表层沉积物营养物质污染特征与生态风险评价[J].生态科学,35(1):161-166.
张光贵,黄博,2014.洞庭湖表层沉积物营养盐污染特征与评价[J].环境工程技术学报,4(6):515-519.
张敏,2005.长江中下游浅水湖泊富营养化机制与重金属污染研究[D].武汉:中国科学院研究生院(水生生物研究所).
赵运林,肖正军,戴梅斌,等,2007.洞庭湖区湿地资源及生态系统现状的研究[J].湖南城市学院学报:自然科学版,16(4):1-5.