地形对苹果园近地面微环境的影响
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摘要
为给苹果园管理提供参考,以甘肃省不同地形(川地、半山坡、山顶)条件下的苹果园为研究对象,对其生育期(4—9月)近地面气温、空气相对湿度、土温、土壤水分含量进行了动态监测。结果表明:从果园0～25 cm土层土温的季节性变化来看,随着季节的变化,果园表层(0～25 cm)土壤温度逐渐增高,在7月最高,随后逐渐降低;在不同地形果园中,川地果园增温较早,其次是半山坡果园,山顶果园增温较慢,这说明果园土壤温度随海拔高度的升高而降低;从土壤剖面水分含量来看,川地果园和半山坡果园土壤剖面水分含量变异较大,山顶果园土壤剖面水分含量变异较小,山顶果园0～2、2～5、5～10 cm土层土壤水分含量与降雨量间具有显著的正相关性,且果树根系使得土壤剖面水分含量趋向匀质化。
In order to provide some references for apple orchard management, using apple orchards under different landforms(valley, semi-hillside, mountaintop) conditions in Gansu Province as study objects, air temperature near ground, air relative humidity, soil temperature and soil water content were dynamically monitored during apple trees growth(from April to September). The results showed that on the part of seasonal change of soil temperature in 0-25 cm soil layer, it was increased gradually with seasons, reached the highest value in July, and then was gradually decreased.In orchards at different landforms, soil temperature in valley orchard was the earliest increased, followed by semihillside orchard, it was the slowest increased in mountaintop orchard. That indicated that soil temperature in orchard was decreased with altitude height rising. On the part of water content in soil profile, it had greater variation in valley and semi-hillside orchards, but it had less variation in mountaintop orchard. Rainfall showed a significantly positive correlation with water contents in 0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers of mountaintop orchard, and water content in soil profile could be homogenized by tree root system.
In order to provide some references for apple orchard management, using apple orchards under different landforms(valley, semi-hillside, mountaintop) conditions in Gansu Province as study objects, air temperature near ground, air relative humidity, soil temperature and soil water content were dynamically monitored during apple trees growth(from April to September). The results showed that on the part of seasonal change of soil temperature in 0-25 cm soil layer, it was increased gradually with seasons, reached the highest value in July, and then was gradually decreased.In orchards at different landforms, soil temperature in valley orchard was the earliest increased, followed by semihillside orchard, it was the slowest increased in mountaintop orchard. That indicated that soil temperature in orchard was decreased with altitude height rising. On the part of water content in soil profile, it had greater variation in valley and semi-hillside orchards, but it had less variation in mountaintop orchard. Rainfall showed a significantly positive correlation with water contents in 0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers of mountaintop orchard, and water content in soil profile could be homogenized by tree root system.
引文
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[18]刘妍妍,金光泽.地形对小兴安岭阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林粗木质残体分布的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1398-1407.
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[24]杨昕,汤国安,王春,等.基于DEM的山区气温地形修正模型:以陕西省耀县为例[J].地理科学,2007,27(4):525-530.
[25]胡实,赵茹欣,贾仰文,等.中国典型山地植被垂直地带性特征及其影响要素[J].自然杂志,2018,40(1):12-16.
[26]鲍江峰,夏仁学,彭抒昂.生态因子对柑桔果实品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1477-1480.
[27]刘士玲,杨保国,卢立华,等.广西大青山土壤水热特征及其对气象要素的响应[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2018,38(11):46-52.
[28]郭美丽,焦峰,薛超玉.黄土丘陵区土壤水分空间分布与环境因子的关系[J].中国水土保持科学,2018,16(1):46-55.
[29]姚雪玲,傅伯杰,吕一河.黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面尺度土壤水分空间变异及影响因子[J].生态学报,2012,32(16):4961-4968.
[30]罗佳,周小玲,田育新,等.武陵山区小流域4种植被类型土壤水分动态变化[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2019,39(3):76-81,98.
[2]OVALLES F A,COLLINS M E.Soil-landscape relationship sand soil variability in north central Florida[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1986,50:401-408.
[3]MULLA D J.Mapping and managing spatial patterns in soil fertility and crop yield[M]//Robert P C,Rust R H,LARSON WE.Soil specific crop management.Madison,WI:ASA,CSSA,SSSA,1993:15-26.
[4]MILLER P M,SINGER M J,NIELSEN D R.Spatial variability of wheat yield and soil properties on complex hills[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1988,52:1133-1141.
[5]FRANZEN D W,CIHACEK L J,HOFMAN V L.Variability of soil nitrate and phosphate under different landscapes[C]//Proceedings of the 3th in international conference on precision agriculture.Minneapolis,Minnesota:ASA,CSSA,SSSA,1996:521-529.
[6]汝海丽,张海东,焦峰,等.黄土丘陵区微地形梯度下草地群落植物与土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量学特征[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(10):1752-1763.
[7]王宝荣,杨佳佳,安韶山,等.黄土丘陵区植被与地形特征对土壤和土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量特征的影响[J].应用生态学,2018,29(1):247-259.
[8]王家鸣,许涵,李意德,等.地形异质性对尖峰岭热带山地雨林木本植物群落结构及多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2018,54(1):1-11.
[9]JOHANSSON T,GIBB H,HJLTéN J,et al.Soil humidity,potential solar radiation and altitude affect boreal beetle assemblages in dead wood[J].Biological Conservation,2017,209:107-118.
[10]马凯,闫鹏,韩立群,等.喀什地区冬季果园微环境的低温特征分析[J].经济林研究,2015,33(3):103-107.
[11]郭全恩,郭天文,王益权,等.甘肃省干旱地区苹果叶片营养和土壤养分相关性研究[J].土壤通报,2009,40(1):114-117.
[12]郭全恩,王益权,郭天文,等.甘肃省秦安县苹果叶缘焦枯死亡原因调查[J].北方园艺,2008(8):27-29.
[13]郭建明.甘肃天水套袋苹果黑点病的发生与综合防治[J].中国果树,2013(2):56-58.
[14]遆卫国.苹果园高经济效益的栽培技术[M].北京:气象出版社,2001:62-71.
[15]梁发超,刘黎明.基于地形梯度的土地利用类型分布特征分析:以湖南省浏阳市为例[J].资源科学,2010,32(11):2138-2144.
[16]苏受婷,魏清江,冯芳芳,等.平地与丘陵地南丰蜜桔果实品质的差异[J].中国南方果树,2018,47(1):25-29.
[17]姚晓红,许彦平,秘晓东.气候变化对天水苹果生长的影响及对策研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(4):129-133.
[18]刘妍妍,金光泽.地形对小兴安岭阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林粗木质残体分布的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1398-1407.
[19]HUTCHINSON T F,BOERNER R E J,IVERSON L R,et al.Landscape patterns of understory composition and richness across a moisture and nitrogen mineralization gradient in Ohio(USA)Quercus forests[J].Plant Ecology,1999,144:177-189.
[20]赵雪,刘妍妍,金光泽.地形对阔叶红松林幼苗更新的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(11):3035-3042.
[21]TOKUCHI N,TAKEDA H,YOSHIDA K,et al.Topographical variations in a plant-soil system along a slope on Mt Ryuoh,Japan[J].Ecological Research,1999,14:361-369.
[22]沈泽昊,张新时,金义兴.地形对亚热带山地景观尺度植被格局影响的梯度分析[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(4):430-435.
[23]朱晓勤,刘康,秦耀民.基于GIS的秦岭山地植被类型与环境梯度的关系分析[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(5):192-196.
[24]杨昕,汤国安,王春,等.基于DEM的山区气温地形修正模型:以陕西省耀县为例[J].地理科学,2007,27(4):525-530.
[25]胡实,赵茹欣,贾仰文,等.中国典型山地植被垂直地带性特征及其影响要素[J].自然杂志,2018,40(1):12-16.
[26]鲍江峰,夏仁学,彭抒昂.生态因子对柑桔果实品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1477-1480.
[27]刘士玲,杨保国,卢立华,等.广西大青山土壤水热特征及其对气象要素的响应[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2018,38(11):46-52.
[28]郭美丽,焦峰,薛超玉.黄土丘陵区土壤水分空间分布与环境因子的关系[J].中国水土保持科学,2018,16(1):46-55.
[29]姚雪玲,傅伯杰,吕一河.黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面尺度土壤水分空间变异及影响因子[J].生态学报,2012,32(16):4961-4968.
[30]罗佳,周小玲,田育新,等.武陵山区小流域4种植被类型土壤水分动态变化[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2019,39(3):76-81,98.