二语语用能力研究:从交际能力范式到互动能力范式
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摘要
本文梳理二语习得、语用学和语用测评等领域对语用能力的研究,讨论语用能力、互动能力和互动语用能力的理论问题,指出二语语用能力研究正在经历从交际能力范式到互动能力范式的演变。基于"社会建构论"和"互动能力理论",笔者提出"二语互动语用能力"框架:在理论层面,二语互动语用能力包括交际目标和语境意义的协商能力、礼貌和身份的共建能力、跨文化能力和元语用能力等次能力;在操作层面,这些次能力表现为言语互动和副言语互动两个方面,前者指话题掌控、话轮操控、语列组织、话语调整、补救策略等,后者包括韵律知识、非言语交际知识及附和方式。本框架是对陈新仁(2009,2014)语用能力模式的拓展,对二语语用教学与测评具有指导意义。
This paper provides a comprehensive review of studies on L2 pragmatic competence in the fields of Second Language Acquisition(SLA), pragmatics and L2 pragmatic assessment with the goal of clarifying the nature of pragmatic competence, interactional competence and pragmatic interactional competence and finds that considerations on second language pragmatic competence(L2 PC) have been evolved from communicative paradigm to interactional paradigm. Informed by the social constructionism and interactional competence theory, the paper proposed a tentative framework of L2 pragmatic interactional competence(L2). We argue that the construct of L2 PIC consists of the following components, negotiating communicative goal and contextual meanings, co-building politeness and identity, cross-cultural awareness, and meta-pragmatic awareness. Those components can be realized at the linguistic and the paralinguistic levels. The former concerns managing topics, turns and sequential organization, discourse moderation, and repairing; the latter pertains to prosody, non-verbal communication, and backchannels. This framework is established on the basis of Chen(2009, 2014). We hope that it will shed light on teaching, learning, and assessment of L2 pragmatic competence.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of studies on L2 pragmatic competence in the fields of Second Language Acquisition(SLA), pragmatics and L2 pragmatic assessment with the goal of clarifying the nature of pragmatic competence, interactional competence and pragmatic interactional competence and finds that considerations on second language pragmatic competence(L2 PC) have been evolved from communicative paradigm to interactional paradigm. Informed by the social constructionism and interactional competence theory, the paper proposed a tentative framework of L2 pragmatic interactional competence(L2). We argue that the construct of L2 PIC consists of the following components, negotiating communicative goal and contextual meanings, co-building politeness and identity, cross-cultural awareness, and meta-pragmatic awareness. Those components can be realized at the linguistic and the paralinguistic levels. The former concerns managing topics, turns and sequential organization, discourse moderation, and repairing; the latter pertains to prosody, non-verbal communication, and backchannels. This framework is established on the basis of Chen(2009, 2014). We hope that it will shed light on teaching, learning, and assessment of L2 pragmatic competence.
引文
Bachman,L.F.1990.Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Bachman,L.F.& A.S.Palmer.1996.Language Testing in Practice.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Canale,M.,& Swain,M.1980.“Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing.” Applied Linguistics.
Canale,M.1983.“From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy.” In J.Richards & R.Schmidt (eds.),Language and Communication.London:Longman.
Celce-Murcia,M.2007.“Rethinking the role of communicative competence in language teaching”.In E.Alcon Soler & M.P.Safont Jorda (eds.),Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning.Dordrecht:Springer.
Chomsky,N.1965.Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press.
Chomsky,N.1980.Rules and Representations.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
Chalhoub-Deville,M.2003.“Second language interaction:Current perspectives and future trends”.Language Testing 20 (4).
Dimitrova-Galaczi,E.2013.“Interactional competence across proficiency levels:How do learners manage interaction in paired speaking tests?” Applied Linguistics 34.
Gan,Z.2010.“Interaction in group oral assessment:A case study of higher- and lower-scoring students.” Language Testing 27(4).
Gergen,K.1985.“The Social constructionism movement in modern psychology”.American Psychologist 40(3).
Hall,J.K.1995.“‘Aw,Man,Where You Goin?’:Classroom interaction and the development of L2 interactional competence”.Issues in Applied Linguistics 6(2).
Hall,J.K.1999.“A prosaic of interaction:The development of interactional competence in another language”.In E.Hinkel (ed.),Culture in Second Language.Teaching and Learning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
He,A.W.,& R.Young.1998.“Language proficiency interviews:A discourse approach.” In R.Young & A.W.He (eds.),Talking and Testing:Discourse Approaches to the Assessment of Oral Proficiency.Amsterdam and Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Hymes,D.1972.“On communicative competence”.In J.Pride & J.Holmes (eds.),Sociolinguistics:Selected Readings.Harmondsworth:Penguin.
Ifantidou,E.2014.Pragmatic Competence and Relevance.Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Jung,J.2002.“Issues in acquisitional pragmatics”.TESOL and Applied Linguistics (2).
Kasper,G.2006.“Beyond repair:Conversation analysis as an approach to SLA”.AILA Review 19.
Kasper,G.& Ross,S.2013.“Assessing second language pragmatics:An overview and introductions”.In S.J.Ross & G.Kasper (eds.),Assessing Second Language Pragmatics.Basingstoke,UK:Palgrave Macmillan.
Kramsch,C.1986.“From language proficiency to interactional competence.” The Modern Language Journal 70(4).
Leech,G.1983.Principles of Pragmatics.London:Longman.
Liu,J.2010.“Testing interlanguage pragmatic knowledge”.In A.Trosborg (ed.),Pragmatics across Languages and Culture.New York:De Gruyter Mouton.
May,L.2009.“Co-constructed interaction in a paired speaking test:The rater's perspective.” Language Testing 26.
May,L.2011.“Interactional competence in a paired speaking test:Features salient to raters”.Language Assessment Quarterly 8.
McCarthy,M.1991.Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
McNamara,T.F.1997.“‘Interaction’ in second language performance assessment:Whose performance?” Applied Linguistics 18(4).
Oksaar,E.1990.“Language contact and culture contact:Towards an integrative approach in second language acquisition”.In H.Dechert (ed.),Current Trends in European Second Language Acquisition Research.Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.
Roever,C.2011.“Testing of second language pragmatics:Past and future”.Language Testing,28(4).
Ross S.& G.Kasper.(eds.).2013.Assessing Second Language Pragmatics.Basingstoke,UK:Palgrave Macmillan.
Trosborg,A.(ed.).2010.Pragmatics across Languages and Cultures.New York:De Gruyter Mouton.
Yamashita,S.2008.“Investigating interlanguage pragmatic ability:What are we testing?” In A.Martinez-Flor,& E.Alcon (eds.),Investigating Pragmatics in Foreign Language Learning,Teaching,and Testing.Clevedon,UK:Multilingual Matters.
Youn,S.J.2013.“Validating task-based assessment of L2 pragmatics in interaction using mixed methods”.PhD Dissertation,University of Hawaii at Mannoa.
Youn,S.J.2015.“Validity argument for assessing L2 pragmatics in interaction using mixed methods”.Language Testing 32(2).
Young,R.F.2000.“Interactional competence:Challenges for validity”.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Applied Linguistics,Vancouver,Canada.
Young,R.F.2008.Language and Interaction:An Advanced Resource Book.London and New York:Routledge.
Young,R.2011.“Interactional competence in language learning,teaching,and testing”.In E.Hinkel (ed.),Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning.London & New York:Routledge.
Zienkowski,J.,J.?stman & J.Verschueren.(eds.).2011.Discursive Pragmatics.Amsterdam and Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
陈新仁,2009,《新编语用学教程》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
陈新仁,2014,基于社会建构论的语用能力观,《外语研究》(6)。
李民、肖雁,2012,语用能力分析框架述评,《外语教学理论与实践》(3)。
李清华、邹润,2015,二语语用测试三十年,《解放军外国语学院学报》(4)。
刘建达,2008,语用能力测试研究:现状、问题与启示,《外语研究》(4)。
(1)二语(L2)包括第二语言和外语。本文中“二语语用能力”(L2 pragmatic competence)同其它文献中的“中介语语用能力”(interlanguage pragmatic competence)(见刘建达2008)。
Bachman,L.F.& A.S.Palmer.1996.Language Testing in Practice.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Canale,M.,& Swain,M.1980.“Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing.” Applied Linguistics.
Canale,M.1983.“From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy.” In J.Richards & R.Schmidt (eds.),Language and Communication.London:Longman.
Celce-Murcia,M.2007.“Rethinking the role of communicative competence in language teaching”.In E.Alcon Soler & M.P.Safont Jorda (eds.),Intercultural Language Use and Language Learning.Dordrecht:Springer.
Chomsky,N.1965.Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press.
Chomsky,N.1980.Rules and Representations.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
Chalhoub-Deville,M.2003.“Second language interaction:Current perspectives and future trends”.Language Testing 20 (4).
Dimitrova-Galaczi,E.2013.“Interactional competence across proficiency levels:How do learners manage interaction in paired speaking tests?” Applied Linguistics 34.
Gan,Z.2010.“Interaction in group oral assessment:A case study of higher- and lower-scoring students.” Language Testing 27(4).
Gergen,K.1985.“The Social constructionism movement in modern psychology”.American Psychologist 40(3).
Hall,J.K.1995.“‘Aw,Man,Where You Goin?’:Classroom interaction and the development of L2 interactional competence”.Issues in Applied Linguistics 6(2).
Hall,J.K.1999.“A prosaic of interaction:The development of interactional competence in another language”.In E.Hinkel (ed.),Culture in Second Language.Teaching and Learning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
He,A.W.,& R.Young.1998.“Language proficiency interviews:A discourse approach.” In R.Young & A.W.He (eds.),Talking and Testing:Discourse Approaches to the Assessment of Oral Proficiency.Amsterdam and Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Hymes,D.1972.“On communicative competence”.In J.Pride & J.Holmes (eds.),Sociolinguistics:Selected Readings.Harmondsworth:Penguin.
Ifantidou,E.2014.Pragmatic Competence and Relevance.Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Jung,J.2002.“Issues in acquisitional pragmatics”.TESOL and Applied Linguistics (2).
Kasper,G.2006.“Beyond repair:Conversation analysis as an approach to SLA”.AILA Review 19.
Kasper,G.& Ross,S.2013.“Assessing second language pragmatics:An overview and introductions”.In S.J.Ross & G.Kasper (eds.),Assessing Second Language Pragmatics.Basingstoke,UK:Palgrave Macmillan.
Kramsch,C.1986.“From language proficiency to interactional competence.” The Modern Language Journal 70(4).
Leech,G.1983.Principles of Pragmatics.London:Longman.
Liu,J.2010.“Testing interlanguage pragmatic knowledge”.In A.Trosborg (ed.),Pragmatics across Languages and Culture.New York:De Gruyter Mouton.
May,L.2009.“Co-constructed interaction in a paired speaking test:The rater's perspective.” Language Testing 26.
May,L.2011.“Interactional competence in a paired speaking test:Features salient to raters”.Language Assessment Quarterly 8.
McCarthy,M.1991.Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
McNamara,T.F.1997.“‘Interaction’ in second language performance assessment:Whose performance?” Applied Linguistics 18(4).
Oksaar,E.1990.“Language contact and culture contact:Towards an integrative approach in second language acquisition”.In H.Dechert (ed.),Current Trends in European Second Language Acquisition Research.Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.
Roever,C.2011.“Testing of second language pragmatics:Past and future”.Language Testing,28(4).
Ross S.& G.Kasper.(eds.).2013.Assessing Second Language Pragmatics.Basingstoke,UK:Palgrave Macmillan.
Trosborg,A.(ed.).2010.Pragmatics across Languages and Cultures.New York:De Gruyter Mouton.
Yamashita,S.2008.“Investigating interlanguage pragmatic ability:What are we testing?” In A.Martinez-Flor,& E.Alcon (eds.),Investigating Pragmatics in Foreign Language Learning,Teaching,and Testing.Clevedon,UK:Multilingual Matters.
Youn,S.J.2013.“Validating task-based assessment of L2 pragmatics in interaction using mixed methods”.PhD Dissertation,University of Hawaii at Mannoa.
Youn,S.J.2015.“Validity argument for assessing L2 pragmatics in interaction using mixed methods”.Language Testing 32(2).
Young,R.F.2000.“Interactional competence:Challenges for validity”.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Applied Linguistics,Vancouver,Canada.
Young,R.F.2008.Language and Interaction:An Advanced Resource Book.London and New York:Routledge.
Young,R.2011.“Interactional competence in language learning,teaching,and testing”.In E.Hinkel (ed.),Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning.London & New York:Routledge.
Zienkowski,J.,J.?stman & J.Verschueren.(eds.).2011.Discursive Pragmatics.Amsterdam and Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
陈新仁,2009,《新编语用学教程》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
陈新仁,2014,基于社会建构论的语用能力观,《外语研究》(6)。
李民、肖雁,2012,语用能力分析框架述评,《外语教学理论与实践》(3)。
李清华、邹润,2015,二语语用测试三十年,《解放军外国语学院学报》(4)。
刘建达,2008,语用能力测试研究:现状、问题与启示,《外语研究》(4)。
(1)二语(L2)包括第二语言和外语。本文中“二语语用能力”(L2 pragmatic competence)同其它文献中的“中介语语用能力”(interlanguage pragmatic competence)(见刘建达2008)。