黑土夏玉米施用生物质炭最佳施用时期和最佳用量
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摘要
生物质炭作为一种新型的土壤改良剂,不仅可以维持土壤肥力、改善土壤退化和污染,也可提升作物长势及生产效率。以松嫩平原黑土区为研究对象,设置了3种生物质炭施加水平[C5(5 t·hm~(-2)), C10(10 t·hm~(-2)), C15(15 t·hm~(-2))],各水平设置下3种施加方案[F1(秋季施加), F2(春秋两季各施加一半), F3(春季施加)],同时设置1组对照[BL(无生物质炭施加)],共计10种处理。比较分析了不同处理条件下夏玉米Zea mays植株根系特征、氮素空间分布状况、根系呼吸强度以及氮素利用效率等指标差异,构建生物质炭用量与氮素利用效率以及收获指数之间的关联函数,进而阐述生物质炭调控模式与作物生产效率之间的作用关系,为寻求生物质炭合理、高效利用的管理模式提供理论指导。结果表明:夏玉米根系长势受生物质炭调节的影响较大,其中C5F1, C10F1和C15F1处理条件下植株根系长度分别相对于BL处理增加了1 009.10, 1 640.05和1 270.24 cm, C10水平效果较为明显。同时,在F2和F3方案下, 3种不同生物质炭用量处理表现出相同的规律;生物质炭的调控作用有效抑制了土壤氮素的无效流失,并且在C10F1处理条件下,土壤的固氮效果达到最优;生物质炭的保水性和保肥性提升了作物根系的呼吸强度,随着生物质炭的施入量增加,作物呼吸强度效果表现出先增加后减小的趋势,适宜地增加生物质炭的用量可以有效提升植株根系的代谢活动;生物质炭的调控作用在一定程度上促进了作物产量的积累,随着生物质炭施入量的增加以及施入方案的调整, C10F1处理条件下的作物产量、氮素利用效率以及收获指数最高。另外,生物质炭的施入量与作物产量、氮素利用效率等指标之间具有显著的二次函数关系,表明生物质炭供应与植株生产力之间存在最佳阈值。
As a new soil conditioner, biochar not only maintains soil fertility, improves soil degradation, and resolves pollution problems, also enhances crop growth and production efficiency. To promote a low-carbon economy for the world with biochar development, the Songnen Plain black soil area was selected as the research object. A total of ten treatments were set with three biochar application levels(C5-5 t·hm~(-2), C10-10 t·hm~(-2), and C15-15 t·hm~(-2)); three different application schemes(F1-applied in autumn, F2-half applied in spring and half in autumn. and F3-applied in spring) for each application level; and one control group(BL-no biochar applied), and each test was processed in parallel. Combined with crop growth period, and regular artificial sampling. On this basis, the characteristics of the plant root system, nitrogen(N) spatial distribution, root respiration, and N-use efficiency for different treatment conditions were compared and analyzed. A correlation function of biochar amount and N-use efficiency versus the harvest index was constructed, and then the relationship between the biochar control mode and crop production efficiency was expounded. Results of the study showed that compared to the BL treatment, root length of plants with biochar treatments increased for C5F1(1 009.10 cm), for C10F1(1 640.05 cm), and for C15F1(1 270.24 cm) as did F2 and F3for the three biochar application treatments and the results passed the significance test of P<0.05. The control effect of biological carbon effectively inhibited the ineffective loss of soil N, and the N fixation effect of the soil reached the best level with the C10F1 treatment. Biochar's water retention and fertility enhanced the respiration rate of the plant roots;an increase in the biochar application rate first increased and then decreased the respiration rate(P<0.05).Regulation of biochar additions promoted the accumulation of crop yield with an increase in the biochar application rate and adjustment of the application scheme; the C10F1 treatment had the best yield, N-use efficiency,and harvest index(P<0.05). In addition, there was a quadratic function relationship between the biochar application rate and crop yield, N-use efficiency(P<0.05), and other indicators meaning that there was an optimal threshold between biochar supply and plant productivity. Through the above studies, it can be seen that appropriate amount of biochar, with appropriate addition period, can effectively increase the growth and metabolism of crop lines, thereby increasing the yield and production efficiency of crops. Thus, this study provided theoretical guidance for seeking a reasonable and efficient management model with biochar, and showed that appropriately increasing the amount of biochar could effectively promote plant root metabolism.
As a new soil conditioner, biochar not only maintains soil fertility, improves soil degradation, and resolves pollution problems, also enhances crop growth and production efficiency. To promote a low-carbon economy for the world with biochar development, the Songnen Plain black soil area was selected as the research object. A total of ten treatments were set with three biochar application levels(C5-5 t·hm~(-2), C10-10 t·hm~(-2), and C15-15 t·hm~(-2)); three different application schemes(F1-applied in autumn, F2-half applied in spring and half in autumn. and F3-applied in spring) for each application level; and one control group(BL-no biochar applied), and each test was processed in parallel. Combined with crop growth period, and regular artificial sampling. On this basis, the characteristics of the plant root system, nitrogen(N) spatial distribution, root respiration, and N-use efficiency for different treatment conditions were compared and analyzed. A correlation function of biochar amount and N-use efficiency versus the harvest index was constructed, and then the relationship between the biochar control mode and crop production efficiency was expounded. Results of the study showed that compared to the BL treatment, root length of plants with biochar treatments increased for C5F1(1 009.10 cm), for C10F1(1 640.05 cm), and for C15F1(1 270.24 cm) as did F2 and F3for the three biochar application treatments and the results passed the significance test of P<0.05. The control effect of biological carbon effectively inhibited the ineffective loss of soil N, and the N fixation effect of the soil reached the best level with the C10F1 treatment. Biochar's water retention and fertility enhanced the respiration rate of the plant roots;an increase in the biochar application rate first increased and then decreased the respiration rate(P<0.05).Regulation of biochar additions promoted the accumulation of crop yield with an increase in the biochar application rate and adjustment of the application scheme; the C10F1 treatment had the best yield, N-use efficiency,and harvest index(P<0.05). In addition, there was a quadratic function relationship between the biochar application rate and crop yield, N-use efficiency(P<0.05), and other indicators meaning that there was an optimal threshold between biochar supply and plant productivity. Through the above studies, it can be seen that appropriate amount of biochar, with appropriate addition period, can effectively increase the growth and metabolism of crop lines, thereby increasing the yield and production efficiency of crops. Thus, this study provided theoretical guidance for seeking a reasonable and efficient management model with biochar, and showed that appropriately increasing the amount of biochar could effectively promote plant root metabolism.
引文
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[18]张娜,李佳,刘学欢,等.生物炭对夏玉米生长和产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(8):1569-1574.ZHANG Na, LI Jia, LIU Xuehuan, et al. Effects of biochar on growth and yield of summer maize[J]. J Agro-Environ Sci, 2014, 33(8):1569-1574.
[19]尹飞,王俊忠,孙笑梅,等.夏玉米根系与土壤硝态氮空间分布吻合度对水氮处理的响应[J].中国农业科学,2017, 50(11):2166-2178.YIN Fei, WANG Junzhong, SUN Xiaomei, et al. Response of spatial concordance index between maize root and soil nitrate distribution to water and nitrogen treatments[J]. Sci Agric Sin, 2017, 50(11):2166-2178.
[20]朱晋宇,惠放,李苗,等.氮水平对盆栽沙培番茄苗期根系三维构型与氮素利用的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015, 31(23):131-137.ZHU Jinyu, HUI Fang, LI Miao, et al. Effect of different nitrogen concentrations on roots architecture and nitrogen use efficiency in potting tomato seedling[J]. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng, 2015, 31(23):131-137.
[21] JIA Bingrui, ZHOU Guangsheng, WANG Fengqu, et al. Partitioning root and microbial contributions to soil respiration in Leymus chinensis populations[J]. Soil Biol Biochem, 2006, 38(4):653-660.
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[2]龙健,李娟,汪境仁.贵州中部岩溶丘陵区不同土地利用和管理方式对土壤肥力的影响[J].土壤通报,2006, 37(2):249-252.LONG Jian, LI Juan, WANG Jingren. Effects of land use and management on soi1 fertility in the middle karst region of Guizhou Province[J]. Chin J Soil Sci, 2006, 37(2):249-252.
[3]李亚星,刘善江,徐秋明,等.氮、磷营养过量对土壤养分及黄瓜营养吸收的影响初探[J].水土保持学报,2013, 27(1):98-101.LI Yaxing, LIU Shanjiang, XU Qiuming, et al. Preliminary study on the effects of excess soil N and P on soil nutrient elements and cucumber nutrient absorption[J]. J Soil Water Conserv, 2013, 27(1):98-101.
[4]杜青峰,王党军,于翔宇,等.玉米间作夏季绿肥对当季植物养分吸收和土壤养分有效性的影响[J].草业学报, 2016, 25(3):225-233.DU Qingfeng, WANG Dangjun, YU Xiangyu, et al. The effects of corn and green manure intercropping on soil nutrient availability and plant nutrient uptake[J]. Acta Pratac Sin, 2016, 25(3):225-233.
[5]刘慧颖,韩瑛祚,华利民.施氮方式对玉米氮吸收及土壤养分、 N2O排放的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2013(6):17-21.LIU Huiying, HAN Yingzuo, HUA Limin. Effect of N application on plant N uptake and change of soil nutrition and N2O emission in maize[J]. Soil Fertil Sci China, 2013(6):17-21.
[6]戴静,刘阳生.生物炭的性质及其在土壤环境中应用的研究进展[J].土壤通报, 2013, 44(6):1520-1525.DAI Jing, LIU Yangsheng. Review of research on the properties of biochar and its applications in soil[J]. Chin J Soil Sci, 2013, 44(6):1520-1525.
[7]卜晓莉,薛建辉.生物炭对土壤生境及植物生长影响的研究进展[J].生态环境学报, 2014, 23(3):535-540.BU Xiaoli, XUE Jianhui. Biochar effects on soil habitat and plant growth:a review[J]. Ecol Environ Sci, 2014, 23(3):535-540.
[8]武玉,徐刚,吕迎春,等.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展[J].地球科学进展, 2014, 29(1):68-79.WU Yu, XU Gang, L譈Yingchun, et al. Effects of biochar amendment on soil physical and chemical properties:current status and knowledge gaps[J]. Adv Earth Sci, 2014, 29(1):68-79.
[9]魏永霞,刘志凯,冯鼎锐,等.生物炭对草甸黑土物理性质及雨后水分动态变化的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016, 47(8):201-207.WEI Yongxia, LIU Zhikai, FENG Dingrui, et al. Influences of biochar on physical properties of meadow black soil and dynamic changes of soil water after individual rainfall[J]. Transe Chin Soc Agric Mach, 2016, 47(8):201-207.
[10]王耀锋,刘玉学,吕豪豪,等.水洗生物炭配施化肥对水稻产量及养分吸收的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(4):1049-1055.WANG Yanfeng, LIU Yuxue, L譈Haohao, et al. Effect of washing biochar and chemical fertilizers on rice yield and nutrient uptake[J]. J Plant Nutr Fert, 2015, 21(4):1049-1055.
[11] BUSSCHER W J, NOVAK J M, EVANS D E, et al. Influence of pecan biochar on physical properties of a Norfolk loamy sand[J]. Soil Sci, 2010, 175(1):10-14.
[12] DELUCA T H, MACKENZIE M D, GUNDALE M J, et al. Wildfire-produced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in ponderosa pine forests[J]. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 2006, 70(2):448-453.
[13] SADEGHI S H, HAZBAVI Z, HARCHEGANI M K. Controllability of runoff and soil loss from small plots treated by vinasse-produced biochar[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2016, 541:483-490.
[14]魏永霞,冯鼎锐,刘志凯,等.生物炭对黑土区坡耕地水土保持及大豆增产效应研究[J].节水灌溉, 2017(5):37-41.WEI Yongxia, FENG Dingrui, LIU Zhikai, et al. The effect of biochar on soil and water conservation and crop yield of the slope farmland in black soil region[J]. Water Sav Irrig, 2017(5):37-41.
[15]崔立强,杨亚鸽,严金龙,等.生物质炭修复后污染土壤铅赋存形态的转化及其季节特征[J].中国农学通报, 2014, 30(2):233-239.CUI Liqiang, YANG Yage, YAN Jinlong, et al. Speciation and season change characteristic of lead in contaminated soil with biochar amendment[J]. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2014, 30(2):233-239.
[16]袁金华,徐仁扣.生物质炭的性质及其对土壤环境功能影响的研究进展[J].生态环境学报, 2011, 20(4):779-785.YUAN Jinhua, XU Renkou. Progress of the research on the properties of biochars and their influence on soil environmental functions[J]. Ecol Environ Sci, 2011, 20(4):779-785.
[17]王友华,许波,许海涛.生物炭对夏玉米形态指标、生理特性和产量性状的影响[J].河南科技学院学报(自然科学版), 2017, 45(5):1-7.WANG Youhua, XU Bo, XU Haitao. Effects of biochar on morphological index, photosynthetic-physiological characters and yield traits of summer maize[J]. J Henan lnst Sci Technol Nat Sci Ed, 2017, 45(5):1-7.
[18]张娜,李佳,刘学欢,等.生物炭对夏玉米生长和产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(8):1569-1574.ZHANG Na, LI Jia, LIU Xuehuan, et al. Effects of biochar on growth and yield of summer maize[J]. J Agro-Environ Sci, 2014, 33(8):1569-1574.
[19]尹飞,王俊忠,孙笑梅,等.夏玉米根系与土壤硝态氮空间分布吻合度对水氮处理的响应[J].中国农业科学,2017, 50(11):2166-2178.YIN Fei, WANG Junzhong, SUN Xiaomei, et al. Response of spatial concordance index between maize root and soil nitrate distribution to water and nitrogen treatments[J]. Sci Agric Sin, 2017, 50(11):2166-2178.
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