黄河流域马莲河枯水期水化学特征及形成机制
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摘要
为查明马莲河流域水环境现状,于2016年4月采集河水、支流水和地下水样品37组,运用Piper三线图和同位素分析来探究水体主要阴阳离子、氢氧稳定同位素特征及其空间变化,结合Gibbs图、端元图解和相关性分析等方法揭示河水化学组分的形成作用.结果表明:枯水期马莲河水呈弱碱性,总溶解固体TDS均值2685.1 mg·L-1,离子组成以Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)为主,水化学特征和中国主要河流有较大差异.沿着流向TDS和Cl~-、Na~+质量浓度呈降低趋势、水化学类型具分带规律.不同水体δD、δ~18O分布特征不一,地下水沿着当地降雨线分布,河水和支流水沿着蒸发线分布.硫酸盐和岩盐是水体离子的主要来源,河水化学组成由蒸发盐风化、蒸发浓缩和地下水补给3种作用控制.其中,蒸发盐风化是首要因素,决定了河水化学组分的宏观特征,蒸发作用和地下水补给影响了河水化学组成的空间变异.
To find out the current status of water environment in Malian River Basin,a total number of 37 sets of water samples were collected including river water,tributary water and groundwater during the dry season. Piper diagrams and isotopes analysis were applied to explore the characteristics and spatial variation of hydrochemistry and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes,respectively. And the formation of chemical composition of river water was revealed with Gibbs chart,end-member model and correlation analysis methods. The results indicated that the river water was weak alkaline,with Na~+,Mg~(2+),Cl~-,SO_4~(2-) as main ions,and an average TDS( total dissolved solids)of 2685. 1 mg·L-1,which showed significant difference in comparison with other main rivers in China. Along the flow direction,TDS and the concentration of Cl~-and Na~+descended and showed a hydrochemistry zonation. The distribution of δD、δ~18 O were different for groundwater and surface water,while the groundwater samples were distributed along the local meteoric line and the river and tributary water samples were distributed along the evaporation line. The major ions of the river watercame from sulfate and halite and were controlled by evaporite weathering, evaporation and groundwater discharge. The evaporite weathering was the most important factor which determined the macroscopic features of the water chemical composition,and evaporation and groundwater discharge influenced the spatial variations of hydrochemistry.
To find out the current status of water environment in Malian River Basin,a total number of 37 sets of water samples were collected including river water,tributary water and groundwater during the dry season. Piper diagrams and isotopes analysis were applied to explore the characteristics and spatial variation of hydrochemistry and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes,respectively. And the formation of chemical composition of river water was revealed with Gibbs chart,end-member model and correlation analysis methods. The results indicated that the river water was weak alkaline,with Na~+,Mg~(2+),Cl~-,SO_4~(2-) as main ions,and an average TDS( total dissolved solids)of 2685. 1 mg·L-1,which showed significant difference in comparison with other main rivers in China. Along the flow direction,TDS and the concentration of Cl~-and Na~+descended and showed a hydrochemistry zonation. The distribution of δD、δ~18 O were different for groundwater and surface water,while the groundwater samples were distributed along the local meteoric line and the river and tributary water samples were distributed along the evaporation line. The major ions of the river watercame from sulfate and halite and were controlled by evaporite weathering, evaporation and groundwater discharge. The evaporite weathering was the most important factor which determined the macroscopic features of the water chemical composition,and evaporation and groundwater discharge influenced the spatial variations of hydrochemistry.
引文
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[31]郭巧玲,熊新芝,姜景瑞.窟野河流域地表水-地下水的水化学特征[J].环境化学,2016,35(7):1372-1380.GUO Q L,XIONG X Z,JIANG J R.Hydrochemical characteristics of surface and ground water in the Kuye River Basin[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(7):1372-1380(in Chinese).
[32]袁瑞强,龙西亭,王鹏,等.氯离子质量平衡法应用问题刍议[J].水文,2015,35(4):7-13.YUAN R Q,LONG X T,WANG P,et al.Discussion on application of chloride mass balance method[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2015,35(4):7-13(in Chinese).
[2]CHAPMAN H,BICKLE M,THAW S H,et al.Chemical fluxes from time series sampling of the Irrawaddy and Salween Rivers,Myanmar[J].Chemical Geology,2015,401(1):15-27.
[3]ZHANG L,SONG X F,XIA J,et al.Major element chemistry of the Huai River basin,China[J].Applied Geochemistry,2011,26(3):293-300.
[4]吴起鑫,韩贵琳,李富山,等.珠江源区南、北盘江丰水期水化学组成特征及来源分析[J].环境化学,2015,34(7):1289-1296.WU Q X,HAN G L,LI F S,et al.Characteristic and source analysis of major ions in Nanpanjiang and Beipanjiang at the upper Pearl River during the wet season[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(7):1289-1296(in Chinese).
[5]李宗杰,宋玲玲,田青.青海布哈河丰水期水化学特征[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(3):766-773.LI Z J,SONG L L,TIAN Q.Water chemical characteristics in the wet season in Buha River Basin in Qinghai[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(3):766-773(in Chinese).
[6]GIBBS R J.Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry[J].Science,1970,170(3962):1088-1090.
[7]GIBBS R J.Water chemistry of the Amazon River[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1972,36(9):1061-1066.
[8]MILLOT R,GAILLARDET J,DUPRB,et al.Northern latitude chemical weathering rates:clues from the Mackenzie River Basin,Canada[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2003,67(7):1305-1329.
[9]GALY A,FRANCE-LANORD C.Weathering processes in the Gangers-Brahmaputra basin and the riverine alkalinity budget[J].Chemical Geology,1999,159(1):31-60.
[10]GAILLARDET J,DUPRB,LOUVAT P,et al.Global silicate weathering and CO2consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of largerivers[J].Chemical Geology,1999,159(1):3-30.
[11]HU M,STALLARD R F,EDMOND J M.Major ion chemistry of some large Chinese rivers[J].Nature,1982,298(5874):550-553.
[12]陈静生,王飞越,何大伟.黄河水质地球化学[J].地学前缘,2006,13(1):58-73.CHEN J S,WANG F Y,HE D W.Geochemistry of water quality of the Yellow River basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(1):58-73(in Chinese).
[13]陈静生,王飞越,夏星辉.长江水质地球化学[J].地学前缘,2006,13(1):74-85.CHEN J S,WANGF Y,XIA X H.Geochemistry of water quality of the Yangtze River basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(1):74-85(in Chinese).
[14]陈静生,何大伟.珠江水系河水主要离子化学特征及成因[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1999,35(6):786-793.CHEN J S,HE D W.Chemical characteristics and Genesis of major ions in the Pearl river basin[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,1999,35(6):786-793(in Chinese).
[15]文泽伟,汝旋,谢彬彬,等.龙江-柳江-西江流域的水化学特征及其成因分析[J].环境化学,2016,35(9):1853-1864.WEN Z W,RU X,XIE B B,et al.Characteristics and sources analysis of hydrochemistry in the Longjiang-Liujiang-Xijiang watershed[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(9):1853-1864(in Chinese).
[16]黄奇波,覃小群,刘朋雨,等.乌江中上游段河水主要离子化学特征及控制因素[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1779-1787.HUANG J B,QIN X Q,LIU P Y,et al.Major Ionic features and their controlling factors in the Upper-Middle reaches of Wujiang river[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1779-1787(in Chinese).
[17]肖捷颖,赵品,李卫红.塔里木河流域地表水水化学空间特征及控制因素研究[J].干旱区地理,2016,39(1):33-40.XIAO J Y,ZHAO P,LI W H.Spatial characteristic and controlling factor of surface water hydrochemistry in the Tarim River Basin[J].Arid Land Geography,2016,39(1):33-40(in Chinese).
[18]唐玺雯,吴锦奎,薛丽洋,等.锡林河流域地表水水化学主离子特征及控制因素[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):131-142.TANG X W,WU J K,XUE L Y,et al.Major ion chemistry of surface water in the Xilin river basin and the possible controls[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(1):131-142(in Chinese).
[19]解晨骥,高全洲,陶贞.流域化学风化与河流水化学研究综述与展望[J].热带地理,2012,32(4):331-337.XIE C J,GAO Q Z,TAO Z.Review and perspectives of the study on chemical weathering and hydro-chemistry in river basin[J].Tropical Geography,2012,32(4):331-337(in Chinese).
[20]红梅,张全发,王伟波.汉江上游金水河流域水电工程对流域水环境的影响[J].水资源与水工程学报,2014,25(2):35-41.BU H M,ZHANG Q F,WANG W B.Impact of hydropower project on water environment of Jinshui River basin in upper reaches of Hanjiang river[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2014,25(2):35-41(in Chinese).
[21]苏小四,万玉玉,董维红,等.马莲河河水与地下水的相互关系:水化学和同位素证据[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2009,39(6):1087-1094.SU X S,WAN Y Y,DONG W H,et al.Hydraulic relationship between Malianhe river and groundwater:Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidences[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2009,39(6):1087-1094(in Chinese).
[22]黄锦忠,谭红兵,王若安,等.我国西北地区多年降水的氢氧同位素分布特征研究[J].水文,2015,35(1):33-39.HUANG J Z,TAN H B,WANG R A,et al.Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic analysis of perennial meteoric water in northwest China[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2015,35(1):33-39(in Chinese).
[23]吴卫华,郑洪波,杨杰东,等.中国河流流域化学风化和全球碳循环[J].第四纪研究,2011,31(3):397-407.WU W H,ZHENG H B,YANG J D,et al.Chemical weathering of large river catchments in china and the global carbon cycle[J].Quaternary Sciences,2011,31(3):397-407(in Chinese).
[24]张利田.珠江水系河水离子总量区域分布特征及其与流域自然条件的关系[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1999,38(5):104-108.ZHANG L T.Regional distribution of total ion contents in Zhujiang river system and the relationship between total ion contents and natural factors[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium University Sunyatseni,1999,38(5):104-108(in Chinese).
[25]ZHANG Q,JIN Z,ZHANG F,et al.Seasonal variation in river water chemistry of the middle reaches of the Yellow River and its controlling factors[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2015,156(3):101-113.
[26]谢渊,王剑,李明辉,等.鄂尔多斯盆地早白垩世岩相古地理与地下水水质和分布的关系[J].地质通报,2004,23(11):1094-1102.XIE Y,WANG J,LI M H,et al.Relations of the early Cretaceous lithofacies-paleogeography to groundwater quality and distribution in the Ordos basin[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2004,23(11):1094-1102(in Chinese).
[27]章光新,邓伟,何岩.松嫩平原西部水体环境演化机制的同位素证据[J].水文地质工程地质,2005,32(3):44-58.ZHANG G X,DENG W,HE Y.Isotopic evidence of the mechanism of water salinization in the western part of Songnen plain of Northeast China[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2005,32(3):55-58(in Chinese).
[28]DANSGAARD W.Stable isotopes in precipitation[J].Tellus,1964,16(4):436-468.
[29]HUANG T,PANG Z.The role of deuterium excess in determining the water salinisation mechanism:A case study of the arid Tarim River Basin,NW China[J].Applied Geochemistry,2012,27(12):2382-2388.
[30]王雨山,郭媛.干旱区地下水咸化机制的区域氘盈余解析[J].水文地质工程地质,2015,42(6):29-35.WANG Y S,GUO Y.A study of groundwater salinization mechanism in arid areas using regional deuterium excess[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2015,42(6):29-35(in Chinese).
[31]郭巧玲,熊新芝,姜景瑞.窟野河流域地表水-地下水的水化学特征[J].环境化学,2016,35(7):1372-1380.GUO Q L,XIONG X Z,JIANG J R.Hydrochemical characteristics of surface and ground water in the Kuye River Basin[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(7):1372-1380(in Chinese).
[32]袁瑞强,龙西亭,王鹏,等.氯离子质量平衡法应用问题刍议[J].水文,2015,35(4):7-13.YUAN R Q,LONG X T,WANG P,et al.Discussion on application of chloride mass balance method[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2015,35(4):7-13(in Chinese).