基于交通标志信息量的驾驶负荷加载有效性研究
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摘要
过高的驾驶负荷是导致驾驶绩效受损和交通事故的重要原因,因此驾驶行为和交通安全研究中需要采用适当的负荷加载形式;通过试验分析不同信息量的交通标志对驾驶人认知负荷的影响规律,验证交通标志信息量对负荷加载的有效性。基于不同信息量的交通标志,对驾驶人的驾驶负荷进行试验验证。招募44名被试在静态控制环境下进行交通标志认知试验,采用信息理论对交通标志信息量进行量化计算,用不同信息量的交通标志进行认知负荷加载,采集被试对每个标志的主观负荷评价及反应时间。试验结果表明:主观驾驶负荷与交通标志信息量有高度相关性,反应时间随着信息等级的增加而增加;而驾驶人性别和驾驶经验对交通标志视认反应时间和主观驾驶负荷量化没有显著影响,这说明在驾驶试验中,交通标志信息量可以用于驾驶试验中的认知负荷的加载,而这种负荷的加载对于驾驶人的性别和驾驶经验是无差别的。该研究更多地考虑了驾驶人的认知特性,研究成果可用于驾驶负荷试验的次任务加载,帮助进行交通安全理论研究。
Excessive driving workload is the leading contributing factor to driving performance impairment and traffic crashes.Therefore,establishing a controlled workload environment is significant for driving behavior and traffic safety studies.This study aims to evaluate traffic safety by analyzing the cognitive workload of drivers during driving behavior and prove the effectiveness of traffic sign information volume on workload.The driving workload of drivers was tested based on traffic signs with different information volumes.44 subjects were recruited toconduct a traffic sign cognition experiment under a static controlled cognition environment.The traffic sign information volume was quantified by using information theory.Different complex traffic signs were used for loading cognitive workload.Subjective workload assessment and recognition time of subjects for every traffic sign were collected.The results reveal that workload is highly related to the volume of information on traffic signs,and reaction time increases with information volume,while the driver's gender and driving experience have no significant effect on the reaction time and the subjective driving workload quantification.This shows that the cognitive workload of the subsequent driving experiment can be controlled by the information volume on traffic signs,with no difference due to gender and driving experience.The research results can be used to evaluate traffic safety by involving a secondary task of driving,which better considers the drivers' cognitive characteristics.
Excessive driving workload is the leading contributing factor to driving performance impairment and traffic crashes.Therefore,establishing a controlled workload environment is significant for driving behavior and traffic safety studies.This study aims to evaluate traffic safety by analyzing the cognitive workload of drivers during driving behavior and prove the effectiveness of traffic sign information volume on workload.The driving workload of drivers was tested based on traffic signs with different information volumes.44 subjects were recruited toconduct a traffic sign cognition experiment under a static controlled cognition environment.The traffic sign information volume was quantified by using information theory.Different complex traffic signs were used for loading cognitive workload.Subjective workload assessment and recognition time of subjects for every traffic sign were collected.The results reveal that workload is highly related to the volume of information on traffic signs,and reaction time increases with information volume,while the driver's gender and driving experience have no significant effect on the reaction time and the subjective driving workload quantification.This shows that the cognitive workload of the subsequent driving experiment can be controlled by the information volume on traffic signs,with no difference due to gender and driving experience.The research results can be used to evaluate traffic safety by involving a secondary task of driving,which better considers the drivers' cognitive characteristics.
引文
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[19]马勇,付锐.驾驶人视觉特性与行车安全研究进展[J].中国公路学报,2015,28(6):82-94.MA Yong,FU Rui.Research and Development of Drivers Visual Behavior and Driving Safety[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2015,28(6):82-94.
[20] BENEDETTO S,PEDROTTI M,MININ L,et al.Driver Workload and Eye Blink Duration[J].Transportation Research Part F,2011,14(3):199-208.
[21] BENDAK S,AL-SALEH K.The Role of Roadside Advertising Signs in Distracting Drivers[J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,2010,40(3):233-236.
[22] LI X M,YAN X D,WONG S C.Effects of Fog,Driver Experience and Gender on Driving Behavior on S-curved Road Segments[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2015,77:91-104.
[23]王培,饶培伦.驾驶人对北京市道路交通标志的感知和理解[J].工业工程,2011,14(1):114-117.WANG Pei,RAO Pei-lun.A Drivers's Perception and Comprehension of Traffic Signs in Beijing[J].Industrial Engineering Journal,2011,14(1):114-117.
[24] CANTIN V,LAVALLIRE M,SIMONEAU M,et al.Mental Workload when Driving in a Simulator:Effects of Age and Driving Complexity[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2009,41(4):763-771.
[25]郭应时,付锐,张建峰,等.不同通道宽度条件下汽车驾驶员注视点分布规律[J].交通运输工程学报,2006,6(2):51-54.GUO Ying-shi,FU Rui,ZHANG Jian-feng,et al.Fixation Distribution of Driver While Driving Through Passageways with Different Widths[J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2006,6(2):51-54.
[2] SENDER J W.The Estimation of Operator Workload in Complex Systems[C]//McGraw-Hill.Systems Psychology.New York:McGraw-Hill,1970:207-216.
[3] FITCH G M,GROVE K,HANOWSKI R J,et al.Compensatory Behavior of Drivers When Conversing on a Cell Phone[J].Transportation Research Record,2014(2434):1-8.
[4] CAFISO S,GRAZIANO A D,CAVA G L.Actual Driving Data Analysis for Design Consistency Evaluation[J]. Transportation Research Record,2005(1912):19-30.
[5] HU J B,YANG Y.Safety of Driving Behavior on Low-volume Roads in China,Case Study of QinghaiTibet Highway[J].Transportation Research Record,2011(2203):100-105.
[6] FITZPATRICK K,CHRYSLER S T,PARK E S,et al.Driver Performance at High Speeds Using a Simulator[J]. Transportation Research Record,2012(2321):88-97.
[7] FU Q,WU C Z,LU N C.Study on the Reaction Time for Road Traffic Signs Information Volume[C]//ASCE.International Conference on Transportation Information and Safety.Reston:ASCE,2013:1533-1541.
[8]张辉,钱大琳,邵春福,等.模拟驾驶环境下驾驶人分心状态判别[J].中国公路学报,2018,31(4):43-51.ZHANG Hui,QIAN Da-lin,SHAO Chun-fu,et al.Driver's Distraction States Identification in Simulating Driving Environment[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2018,31(4):43-51.
[9]李鹏辉,胡孟夏,张文会,等.分心对驾驶人交通冲突反应时间的影响[J].中国公路学报,2018,31(4):36-42.LI Peng-hui, HU Meng-xia, ZHANG Wen-hui,et al.Influence of Distraction on Driver's Reaction Time to Traffic Conflicts[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2018,31(4):36-42.
[10] HORREY W J,LESCH M F,GARABET A.Dissociation Between Driving Performance and Drivers'Subjective Estimates of Performance and Workload in Dual-task Conditions[J].Journal of Safety Research,2009,40(1):7-12.
[11] BROOKHUIS K A,WAARD D D.Monitoring Drivers'Mental Workload in Driving Simulators Using Physiological Measures[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2010,42(3):898-903.
[12] TORNROS J,BOLLING A.Mobile Phone Use:Effects of Conversation on Mental Workload and Driving Speed in Rural and Urban Environments[J].Transportation Research Part F,2006,9(4):298-306.
[13] LIU Y C.A Simulated Study on the Effects of Information Volume on Traffic Signs,Viewing Strategies and Sign Familiarity upon Driver's Visual Search Performance[J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,2005,35(12):1147-1158.
[14]王建军,王娟,吴海刚.道路交通标志信息过载过载阈值研究[J].公路,2009(4):174-180.WANG Jian-jun,WANG Juan,WU Hai-gang.A Study on Threshold Value of Traffic Sign Information Overload[J].Highway,2009(4):174-180
[15]刘博华,孙立山,荣建.基于眼动参数的驾驶员标志视认行为研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2011,11(4):22-27.LIU Bo-hua,SUN Li-shan,RONG Jian.Driver's Visual Cognition Behaviors of Traffic Signs Based on Eye Movement Parameters[J].Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology,2011,11(4):22-27.
[16]杜志刚,潘晓东,郭雪斌.交通指路标志信息量与视认性关系[J].交通运输工程学报,2008,8(1):118-122.DU Zhi-gang,PAN Xiao-dong,GUO Xue-bin.Relationship Between Information Quantity and Visual Cognition of Traffic Guide Sign[J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2008,8(1):118-122.
[17]狄胜德,姜明,矫成武,等.基于信息检索时间的不同类型指路标志极限信息量的研究[J].公路,2011(7):255-259.DI Sheng-de,JIANG Ming,JIAO Cheng-wu,et al.A Study on Maximum Quantity of Information for Different Kind of Direction Signs Based on Information Searching Time[J].Highway,2012(6):255-259.
[18]叶晓林,杨海波.认知负荷对驾驶行为影响的眼动研究[J].交通信息与安全,2012,30(6):67-71,76.YE Xiao-lin,YANG Hai-bo.Impact of Cognitive Loading on Simulated Driving Performance:An Eye Movement Study[J].Journal of Transport Information and Safety,2012,30(6):67-71,76.
[19]马勇,付锐.驾驶人视觉特性与行车安全研究进展[J].中国公路学报,2015,28(6):82-94.MA Yong,FU Rui.Research and Development of Drivers Visual Behavior and Driving Safety[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2015,28(6):82-94.
[20] BENEDETTO S,PEDROTTI M,MININ L,et al.Driver Workload and Eye Blink Duration[J].Transportation Research Part F,2011,14(3):199-208.
[21] BENDAK S,AL-SALEH K.The Role of Roadside Advertising Signs in Distracting Drivers[J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,2010,40(3):233-236.
[22] LI X M,YAN X D,WONG S C.Effects of Fog,Driver Experience and Gender on Driving Behavior on S-curved Road Segments[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2015,77:91-104.
[23]王培,饶培伦.驾驶人对北京市道路交通标志的感知和理解[J].工业工程,2011,14(1):114-117.WANG Pei,RAO Pei-lun.A Drivers's Perception and Comprehension of Traffic Signs in Beijing[J].Industrial Engineering Journal,2011,14(1):114-117.
[24] CANTIN V,LAVALLIRE M,SIMONEAU M,et al.Mental Workload when Driving in a Simulator:Effects of Age and Driving Complexity[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2009,41(4):763-771.
[25]郭应时,付锐,张建峰,等.不同通道宽度条件下汽车驾驶员注视点分布规律[J].交通运输工程学报,2006,6(2):51-54.GUO Ying-shi,FU Rui,ZHANG Jian-feng,et al.Fixation Distribution of Driver While Driving Through Passageways with Different Widths[J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2006,6(2):51-54.