谈牛饲料加工工艺
|
摘要
牛属于反刍动物,牛能将低值牧草、秸秆和部分精料,转化成高值的肉和奶等食品。这是一项投入与产出比较为经济的项目,有较好的发展前景。牛饲料有粗饲料、精饲料、补充饲料及代乳剂等。精饲料加工有肉牛饲料加工和奶牛饲料的加工,当牛食用饲料后,在牛的瘤胃内发酵后产生挥发性脂肪酸乙酸和丙酸等。乙酸是能促使奶牛奶的生成;丙酸就能促进肉牛肌体的成长。谷物压片是牛饲料加工工艺中特有的工序,压片工序有蒸煮压片和非蒸煮压片。蒸煮压片有利于肉牛瘤胃内发酵过程中,丙酸比例增加,适合于肉牛饲料加工。加热非蒸煮压片有利于奶牛瘤胃内发酵过程中乙酸比例增加,适合于奶牛饲料加工。肉牛饲料淀粉的糊化度要高一些,控制在35%～45%,而奶牛饲料淀粉的糊化度在20%～25%为宜。犊牛的代乳剂是奶牛饲料加工中重要的饲料品种,代乳剂先加工成粉状,使用时加温水冲成流食。为此,代乳剂粉状料的粒度应控制在0.1～0.45 mm,原料宜经膨化处理,有利于粉料具有速溶性。补充饲料有蛋白补充饲料和微量元素补充饲料,补充饲料都为压制25 cm×25 cm×40 cm的块状料或浇注22.8 kg或114～228 kg的块状料,主要用于肉牛放牧时使用。
Cattle are ruminant animals. They can turn low-value forage grass, straw and some concentrate feeds into high-value food such as meat and milk. This is a project with economical input-outputratio, which has a high development prospect. Cattle feed has roughage feed, concentrate feed, supplementary feed, milk-replacer and so on. Concentrate feed is extensively used as beef cattle feed and cow feed. Cattle feed, after being ingested, will be fermented in bovine rumen, and then generates volatile fatty acids such as acetic acid and propionic acid. Acetic acid is indispensible in milk generation and propionic acid is necessary for promoting body growth. Cereals squashing is a specific procedure in cattle feed processing, which includes steaming squashing and non-steaming squashing. Steaming squashing is proved to help bovine rumen fermentation with high propionic acid content and low acetic acid content and is suitable for beef cattle. Non-steaming squashing, conversely, is proved to help bovine rumen fermentation with high acetic acid content and low propionic acid content and is suitable for dairy cow. Different squashing technology, grinding fitness and chopping length will affect starch gelatinization of cattle feed. The starch gelatinization degree of beef cattle would be appropriate as 35%～45% and for dairy cow as 20%～25%. Milk-replacer for calves, an important feed in dairy cow feed processing, is processed as powder at first, and then used as liquid diet with warm water. So the fitness of milk-replacer should be better?controlled in the range of 0.1～0.45 mm. The raw material should be better extruded so as to enhance solubility. Supplementary feed includes protein supplements and trace elements supplements. It is of?ten suppressed to bulk with dimensions as 25 cm×25 cm×40 cm, or casted into bulk with weight as 22.8 kg or 114～228 kg. It is mainly used for beef cattle grazing and is widely adapted to supplement beef cattle protein and trace elements.
Cattle are ruminant animals. They can turn low-value forage grass, straw and some concentrate feeds into high-value food such as meat and milk. This is a project with economical input-outputratio, which has a high development prospect. Cattle feed has roughage feed, concentrate feed, supplementary feed, milk-replacer and so on. Concentrate feed is extensively used as beef cattle feed and cow feed. Cattle feed, after being ingested, will be fermented in bovine rumen, and then generates volatile fatty acids such as acetic acid and propionic acid. Acetic acid is indispensible in milk generation and propionic acid is necessary for promoting body growth. Cereals squashing is a specific procedure in cattle feed processing, which includes steaming squashing and non-steaming squashing. Steaming squashing is proved to help bovine rumen fermentation with high propionic acid content and low acetic acid content and is suitable for beef cattle. Non-steaming squashing, conversely, is proved to help bovine rumen fermentation with high acetic acid content and low propionic acid content and is suitable for dairy cow. Different squashing technology, grinding fitness and chopping length will affect starch gelatinization of cattle feed. The starch gelatinization degree of beef cattle would be appropriate as 35%～45% and for dairy cow as 20%～25%. Milk-replacer for calves, an important feed in dairy cow feed processing, is processed as powder at first, and then used as liquid diet with warm water. So the fitness of milk-replacer should be better?controlled in the range of 0.1～0.45 mm. The raw material should be better extruded so as to enhance solubility. Supplementary feed includes protein supplements and trace elements supplements. It is of?ten suppressed to bulk with dimensions as 25 cm×25 cm×40 cm, or casted into bulk with weight as 22.8 kg or 114～228 kg. It is mainly used for beef cattle grazing and is widely adapted to supplement beef cattle protein and trace elements.
引文
[1]美国饲料制造商协会赵国文译.饲料制造工艺上册[M].第一版.中国农业机械出版社, 1985:9.
[2]曹康,郝波.中国现代饲料工程学上卷、下卷[M].上海科学技术文献出版社, 2014:10.
[3]齐利枝,闫素梅.乙酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞活力及CD36和FABP3基因表达的影响[J].饲料工业, 2013,34(11):49-52.
[4]曾洁,赵秀红.豆类食品加工[M].化学工业出版社, 2011:3.
[5]美国NRC.肉牛营养需要[M].农业出版社, 1988.
[6]肯思·莱普里(美).乳牛和猪的饲养技术[M].美国大豆协会,1984:8.
[7]贺普宵,贺克勇.饲料与绿色食品[M].中国轻工业出版社,2004:1.
[8]陈炳卿,孙长颢.食品污染与健康[M].化学工业出版社, 2004:1.
[9]孙长颢,凌文华.营养与食品卫生学[M].人民卫生出版社,2012:8.
[10]李绍钰.奶牛标准化安全生产关键技术[M].中原农民出版社,2016:10.
[11]刘国光,武深树.肉牛标准化养殖操作手册[M].湖南科学技术出版社, 2018:1.
[12]王凯军,郑梦莉. TMR饲喂技术的优缺点和混合均匀度,颗粒度评价[J].广东饲料, 2016, 25(9):9.
[13]赵国琦.草食动物营养学[M].中国农业出版社, 2015:5.
[2]曹康,郝波.中国现代饲料工程学上卷、下卷[M].上海科学技术文献出版社, 2014:10.
[3]齐利枝,闫素梅.乙酸对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞活力及CD36和FABP3基因表达的影响[J].饲料工业, 2013,34(11):49-52.
[4]曾洁,赵秀红.豆类食品加工[M].化学工业出版社, 2011:3.
[5]美国NRC.肉牛营养需要[M].农业出版社, 1988.
[6]肯思·莱普里(美).乳牛和猪的饲养技术[M].美国大豆协会,1984:8.
[7]贺普宵,贺克勇.饲料与绿色食品[M].中国轻工业出版社,2004:1.
[8]陈炳卿,孙长颢.食品污染与健康[M].化学工业出版社, 2004:1.
[9]孙长颢,凌文华.营养与食品卫生学[M].人民卫生出版社,2012:8.
[10]李绍钰.奶牛标准化安全生产关键技术[M].中原农民出版社,2016:10.
[11]刘国光,武深树.肉牛标准化养殖操作手册[M].湖南科学技术出版社, 2018:1.
[12]王凯军,郑梦莉. TMR饲喂技术的优缺点和混合均匀度,颗粒度评价[J].广东饲料, 2016, 25(9):9.
[13]赵国琦.草食动物营养学[M].中国农业出版社, 2015:5.