环境丰容对早期发育阶段许氏平鲉趋礁行为的影响
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摘要
采用实验生态学方法,观测了不同环境丰容水平下培育的许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)仔、稚、幼鱼的趋礁行为反应,统计分析了两种结构模型礁对实验鱼的诱集效果,初步探究了环境丰容对实验鱼趋礁行为的影响。结果显示:许氏平鲉仔、稚、幼鱼具有明显不同的行为习性与趋礁行为特性,未放入模型礁前,稚鱼在水槽中分布较分散,仔、幼鱼则集中于水槽四周阴影区域,中央区域分布极少;放入模型礁后,仔、稚鱼在礁区的平均分布率无显著变化(P>0.05);幼鱼则由1.11%分别增大至47.78%(塔型礁)和54.44%(管型礁)(P<0.01),随着个体生长发育,其趋礁性显著增强。环境丰容25 d(即48日龄的稚鱼),对实验鱼群体重心与模型礁的平均距离D_(gr)、个体与模型礁的平均距离D_(fr)、个体间的平均距离D_(ff)及实验鱼在水槽中央区域(VI区)的平均分布率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。环境丰容47 d(即70日龄的幼鱼),未放入模型礁前,高水平丰容组(EH组)幼鱼在VI区的平均分布率显著高于空白对照组(C组)(P<0.05),低水平丰容组(EL组)与C组、EH组均无显著差异(P>0.05),各处理组D_(gr)与D_(fr)大小顺序为:EL组>C组>EH组;放入模型礁后,各处理组幼鱼在模型礁区域(VI区)的平均分布率:EL组>C组>EH组,Dfr与Dff大小顺序为:EL组 The effects of three levels of environmental enrichment treatments( no environmental enrichment( group C);low-level environmental enrichment( group EL); and high-level environmental enrichment( group EH)) on the behavioral response and distribution of Sebastes schlegelii in early developmental stages were studied with an experimental ecology method. Additionally,the attractive effect of two kinds of artificial reef models( pyramid and cylinder reef models) on S.schlegelii was also studied. The results showed that S. schlegelii had different behavioral habits in early developmental stages.The post-larvae were scattered,whereas larvae and juveniles concentrated around the test tanks when there were no artificial reef models. When the two kinds of artificial reef models were introduced into the test tanks,there were no significant changes in the larval and post-larval average distribution rates in the central region of the tanks where the artificial reefmodels were placed( P>0.05),but juveniles increased significantly from 1.11% to 47.78% and 54.44%,for pyramid and cylinder reef models,respectively( P<0.01),indicating significantly increased attractive effects of the two kinds of models with the growth and development of the fish. Environmental enrichment of 25 days had no significant effects on the average distance between the center of gravity of colony and artificial reef models( D_(gr)),average distance of fish and the center of artificial reef models( D_(fr)),distance between individual fish( D_(ff)),nor average distribution rate in the central region( P>0. 05). However,environmental enrichment of 47 days showed different behavioral characteristics among juvenile fish cultured in three types of net cage environments. When no reef models were introduced,the average distribution rate in the central region of group EH was significantly higher than that of group C( P < 0. 05). However,there were no significant differences between groups EL and C,nor between groups EL and EH( P>0.05). The order of Dgrand Dfrwas group EL >C > EH. When artificial reef models were introduced into the tanks,the order of the average distribution rate in the central region was group EL > C > EH,and the order of Dfrand Dffwas group EL < C < EH. These results indicated that low-level environmental enrichment could strengthen the juvenile attractive effect of artificial reef models and decrease the boldness of fish,which is essential for their survival in the natural environment. The research may provide referential information for further studies in hatchery techniques and stock enhancement.
引文
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[11]Ullah I,Zuberi A,Khan K U,Ahmad S,Th9rnqvist P O,Winberg S.Effects of enrichment on the development of behaviour in an endangered fish mahseer(Tor putitora).Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2017,186:93-100.
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[14]郭浩宇,张秀梅,高天翔.人工隐蔽物及投喂频率对许氏平鲉幼鱼生长和行为的影响.中国水产科学,2015,22(2):319-331.
[15]Xi D,Zhang X M,LüH J,Zhang Z X.Cannibalism in juvenile black rockfish,Sebastes schlegelii(Hilgendorf,1880),reared under controlled conditions.Aquaculture,2017,479:682-689.
[16]刘立明,姜海滨,王茂剑,杜荣斌.黑鲪仔、稚、幼鱼生长、发育与成活率变化的研究.中国海洋大学学报,2013,43(3):25-31.
[17]郭浩宇,张秀梅,张宗航,李超.许氏平鲉仔、稚鱼的摄食特性及幼鱼胃排空率.水产学报,2017,41(2):285-296.
[18]何大仁,施养明.鱼礁模型对黑鲷的诱集效果.厦门大学学报:自然科学版,1995,34(4):653-658.
[19]陈勇,刘晓丹,吴晓郁,石国锋.不同结构模型礁对许氏平鲉幼鱼的诱集效果.大连水产学院学报,2006,21(2):153-157.
[20]席丹.许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)早期发育生长模式与自残行为研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.
[21]Kadry V O,Barreto R E.Environmental enrichment reduces aggression of pearl cichlid,Geophagus brasiliensis,during resident-intruder interactions.Neotropical Ichthyology,2010,8(2):329-332.
[22]Persson L,Alanara A.The effect of shelter on welfare of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar reared under a feed restriction regimen.Journal of Fish Biology,2014,85(3):645-656.
[23]Barcellos L J G,Kreutz L C,Quevedo R M,Da Rosa J G S,Koakoski G,Centenaro L,Pottker E.Influence of color background and shelter availability on jundiá(Rhamdia quelen)stress response.Aquaculture,2009,288(1/2):51-56.
[24]Batzina A,Karakatsouli N.The presence of substrate as a means of environmental enrichment in intensively reared gilthead seabream Sparus aurata:growth and behavioral effects.Aquaculture,2012,370-371:54-60.
[25]Batzina A,Dalla C,Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z,Karakatsouli N.Effects of environmental enrichment on growth,aggressive behaviour and brain monoamines of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata reared under different social conditions.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Molecular&Integrative Physiology,2014,169:25-32.
[26]Brockmark S,Neregard L,Bohlin T,Bj9rnsson B T,Johnsson J I.Effects of rearing density and structural complexity on the pre-and postrelease performance of Atlantic salmon.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2007,136(5):1453-1462.
[27]Fast D E,Neeley D,Lind D T,Johnston M V,Strom C R,Bosch W J,Knudsen C M,Schroder S L,Watson B D.Survival comparison of spring Chinook salmon reared in a production hatchery under optimum conventional and seminatural conditions.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2008,137(5):1507-1518.
[28]Tatara C P,Riley S C,Scheurer J A.Growth,survival,and habitat use of naturally reared and hatchery steelhead fry in streams:effects of an enriched hatchery rearing environment.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2009,138(3):441-457.
[29]Brockmark S,Adriaenssens B,Johnsson J I.Less is more:density influences the development of behavioural life skills in trout.Proceedings:Biological Sciences,2010,277(1696):3035-3043.
[30]Roberts L J,Taylor J,Gough P J,Forman D W,Garcia De Leaniz C.Silver spoons in the rough:can environmental enrichment improve survival of hatchery Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the wild?Journal of Fish Biology,2014,85(6):1972-1991.
[31]Sneddon L U.The bold and the shy:individual differences in rainbow trout.Journal of Fish Biology,2003,62(4):971-975.
[32]Castanheira M F,Conceicao L E C,Millot S,Rey S,Bégout M L,Damsgard B,Kristiansen T,Hoglund E,Overli O,Martins C I M.Coping styles in farmed fish:consequences for aquaculture.Reviews in Aquaculture,2017,9(1):23-41.
[33]Salvanes A G V,Braithwaite V A.Exposure to variable spatial information in the early rearing environment generates asymmetries in social interactions in cod(Gadus morhua).Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,2005,59(2):250-257.
[34]Roberts L J,Taylor J,de Leaniz C G.Environmental enrichment reduces maladaptive risk-taking behavior in salmon reared for conservation.Biological Conservation,2011,144(7):1972-1979.
[35]Lee J S F,Berejikian B A.Effects of the rearing environment on average behaviour and behavioural variation in steelhead.Journal of Fish Biology,2008,72(7):1736-1749.
[36]Sorensen C,Johansen I B,Overli O.Neural plasticity and stress coping in teleost fishes.General and Comparative Endocrinology,2013,181:25-34.
[2]杨红生.我国海洋牧场建设回顾与展望.水产学报,2016,40(7):1133-1140.
[3]郑延璇.人工鱼礁流场效应与物理稳定性研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.
[4]吴忠鑫,张磊,张秀梅,张沛东,李文涛.荣成俚岛人工鱼礁区游泳动物群落特征及其与主要环境因子的关系.生态学报,2012,32(21):6737-6746.
[5]任彬彬,袁伟,孙坚强,陈瑞盛,王俊.莱州湾金城海域鱼礁投放后大型底栖动物群落变化.应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1863-1870.
[6]陈勇,杨军,田涛,刘永虎,尹增强,陈雷,王刚.獐子岛海洋牧场人工鱼礁区鱼类资源养护效果的初步研究.大连海洋大学学报,2014,29(2):183-187.
[7]郭书新,高东奎,张秀梅,李文涛,张沛东.青岛崂山青山湾人工鱼礁区及附近海域鱼卵仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布.应用生态学报,2017,28(6):1984-1992.
[8]D'Anna G,Giacalone V M,Fernández T V,Vaccaro A M,Pipitone C,Mirto S,Mazzola S,Badalamenti F.Effects of predator and shelter conditioning on hatchery-reared white seabream Diplodus sargus(L.,1758)released at sea.Aquaculture,2012,356-357:91-97.
[9]Einfalt L M,Wojcieszak D B,Wahl D H.Behavior,growth and habitat selection of hatchery esocids reared with artificial vegetation.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2013,142(2):345-352.
[10]Naslund J,Rosengren M,Del Villar D,Gansel L,Norrgard J R,Persson L,Winkowski J J,Kvingedal E.Hatchery tank enrichment affects cortisol levels and shelter-seeking in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar).Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2013,70(4):585-590.
[11]Ullah I,Zuberi A,Khan K U,Ahmad S,Th9rnqvist P O,Winberg S.Effects of enrichment on the development of behaviour in an endangered fish mahseer(Tor putitora).Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2017,186:93-100.
[12]Johnsson J I,Brockmark S,Naslund J.Environmental effects on behavioural development consequences for fitness of captive-reared fishes in the wild.Journal of Fish Biology,2014,85(6):1946-1971.
[13]Naslund J,Johnsson J I.Environmental enrichment for fish in captive environments:effects of physical structures and substrates.Fish and Fisheries,2016,17(1):1-30.
[14]郭浩宇,张秀梅,高天翔.人工隐蔽物及投喂频率对许氏平鲉幼鱼生长和行为的影响.中国水产科学,2015,22(2):319-331.
[15]Xi D,Zhang X M,LüH J,Zhang Z X.Cannibalism in juvenile black rockfish,Sebastes schlegelii(Hilgendorf,1880),reared under controlled conditions.Aquaculture,2017,479:682-689.
[16]刘立明,姜海滨,王茂剑,杜荣斌.黑鲪仔、稚、幼鱼生长、发育与成活率变化的研究.中国海洋大学学报,2013,43(3):25-31.
[17]郭浩宇,张秀梅,张宗航,李超.许氏平鲉仔、稚鱼的摄食特性及幼鱼胃排空率.水产学报,2017,41(2):285-296.
[18]何大仁,施养明.鱼礁模型对黑鲷的诱集效果.厦门大学学报:自然科学版,1995,34(4):653-658.
[19]陈勇,刘晓丹,吴晓郁,石国锋.不同结构模型礁对许氏平鲉幼鱼的诱集效果.大连水产学院学报,2006,21(2):153-157.
[20]席丹.许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)早期发育生长模式与自残行为研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014.
[21]Kadry V O,Barreto R E.Environmental enrichment reduces aggression of pearl cichlid,Geophagus brasiliensis,during resident-intruder interactions.Neotropical Ichthyology,2010,8(2):329-332.
[22]Persson L,Alanara A.The effect of shelter on welfare of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar reared under a feed restriction regimen.Journal of Fish Biology,2014,85(3):645-656.
[23]Barcellos L J G,Kreutz L C,Quevedo R M,Da Rosa J G S,Koakoski G,Centenaro L,Pottker E.Influence of color background and shelter availability on jundiá(Rhamdia quelen)stress response.Aquaculture,2009,288(1/2):51-56.
[24]Batzina A,Karakatsouli N.The presence of substrate as a means of environmental enrichment in intensively reared gilthead seabream Sparus aurata:growth and behavioral effects.Aquaculture,2012,370-371:54-60.
[25]Batzina A,Dalla C,Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z,Karakatsouli N.Effects of environmental enrichment on growth,aggressive behaviour and brain monoamines of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata reared under different social conditions.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Molecular&Integrative Physiology,2014,169:25-32.
[26]Brockmark S,Neregard L,Bohlin T,Bj9rnsson B T,Johnsson J I.Effects of rearing density and structural complexity on the pre-and postrelease performance of Atlantic salmon.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2007,136(5):1453-1462.
[27]Fast D E,Neeley D,Lind D T,Johnston M V,Strom C R,Bosch W J,Knudsen C M,Schroder S L,Watson B D.Survival comparison of spring Chinook salmon reared in a production hatchery under optimum conventional and seminatural conditions.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2008,137(5):1507-1518.
[28]Tatara C P,Riley S C,Scheurer J A.Growth,survival,and habitat use of naturally reared and hatchery steelhead fry in streams:effects of an enriched hatchery rearing environment.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2009,138(3):441-457.
[29]Brockmark S,Adriaenssens B,Johnsson J I.Less is more:density influences the development of behavioural life skills in trout.Proceedings:Biological Sciences,2010,277(1696):3035-3043.
[30]Roberts L J,Taylor J,Gough P J,Forman D W,Garcia De Leaniz C.Silver spoons in the rough:can environmental enrichment improve survival of hatchery Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the wild?Journal of Fish Biology,2014,85(6):1972-1991.
[31]Sneddon L U.The bold and the shy:individual differences in rainbow trout.Journal of Fish Biology,2003,62(4):971-975.
[32]Castanheira M F,Conceicao L E C,Millot S,Rey S,Bégout M L,Damsgard B,Kristiansen T,Hoglund E,Overli O,Martins C I M.Coping styles in farmed fish:consequences for aquaculture.Reviews in Aquaculture,2017,9(1):23-41.
[33]Salvanes A G V,Braithwaite V A.Exposure to variable spatial information in the early rearing environment generates asymmetries in social interactions in cod(Gadus morhua).Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,2005,59(2):250-257.
[34]Roberts L J,Taylor J,de Leaniz C G.Environmental enrichment reduces maladaptive risk-taking behavior in salmon reared for conservation.Biological Conservation,2011,144(7):1972-1979.
[35]Lee J S F,Berejikian B A.Effects of the rearing environment on average behaviour and behavioural variation in steelhead.Journal of Fish Biology,2008,72(7):1736-1749.
[36]Sorensen C,Johansen I B,Overli O.Neural plasticity and stress coping in teleost fishes.General and Comparative Endocrinology,2013,181:25-34.