不同灌溉方式对猕猴桃园土壤质量的影响
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摘要
为探明不同灌溉方式对猕猴桃园土壤质量的影响,2016-2017年在陕西眉县和杨凌猕猴桃园布设微喷灌、地面灌溉和滴灌处理,对0～50 cm土层的土壤容重、田间持水量、土壤孔隙度、有机质、速效钾、速效磷和碱解氮进行了统计分析,并利用土壤质量综合指数对不同灌溉处理土壤质量进行了评价。结果表明:(1)微喷灌和滴灌处理土壤容重、土壤孔隙度和田间持水量在0～50 cm各土层内无差异,在0～30 cm各土层均显著优于地面灌溉处理(P<0.05);(2)与猕猴桃施肥标准相比,3种处理在0～50 cm土层内有机质和碱解氮均亏缺,微喷灌和地面灌溉处理在该土层内速效钾和磷均处于盈余状态;(3)土壤容重和有机质是反映猕猴桃园土壤质量的综合指标;(4)滴灌处理土壤质量综合指数在10～50 cm各土层显著高于微喷灌和地面灌溉处理(P<0.05),是二者的1.21～1.81倍。因此,猕猴桃园采用滴灌是土地可持续性利用的有效措施。研究成果为猕猴桃园灌溉措施筛选及土地可持续性利用提供参考。
In order to verify the effects of different irrigation methods on the soil quality of kiwifruit plantation,three irrigation modes,micro sprinkler irrigation,surface irrigation and drip irrigation,were set up from 2016 to 2017 in Mei County and Yangling kiwifruit plantation in Shaanxi province.The soil bulk density,field capacity,soil porosity,organic matter,available potassium,available phosphorus and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in 0-50 cm soil layer were statistically analyzed by SPASS 18.And then the soil quality of different irrigation treatments was evaluated by soil quality index.The results show that:(1) there is no difference in soil bulk density,soil porosity and field capacity between micro sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation treatment in 0～50 cm soil layers,but the above indexes of micro sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation are significantly better than those of surface irrigation treatment in 0～30 cm soil layer(P<0.05);(2) compared with the fertilization standard of the kiwifruit orchard,the 3 treatments are both deficient in organic matter and alkali hydrolysable nitrogen,and the available potassium and phosphorus in the treatment of micro sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation are exceed the balanced value in the 0～50 cm soil layer;(3) soil bulk density and organic matter are comprehensive indexes to reflect the soil quality of kiwifruit plantation;(4) soil quality index of drip irrigation treatment is significantly higher than that of micro sprinkler irrigation and ground irrigation treatment(P<0.05),which is 1.21～1.81 times higher than that of both.Therefore,drip irrigation is an effective measure for sustainable land use in kiwifruit plantation.The study results are of great significance for screening of irrigation measures and providing a reference for the sustainable utilization of land.
In order to verify the effects of different irrigation methods on the soil quality of kiwifruit plantation,three irrigation modes,micro sprinkler irrigation,surface irrigation and drip irrigation,were set up from 2016 to 2017 in Mei County and Yangling kiwifruit plantation in Shaanxi province.The soil bulk density,field capacity,soil porosity,organic matter,available potassium,available phosphorus and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in 0-50 cm soil layer were statistically analyzed by SPASS 18.And then the soil quality of different irrigation treatments was evaluated by soil quality index.The results show that:(1) there is no difference in soil bulk density,soil porosity and field capacity between micro sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation treatment in 0～50 cm soil layers,but the above indexes of micro sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation are significantly better than those of surface irrigation treatment in 0～30 cm soil layer(P<0.05);(2) compared with the fertilization standard of the kiwifruit orchard,the 3 treatments are both deficient in organic matter and alkali hydrolysable nitrogen,and the available potassium and phosphorus in the treatment of micro sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation are exceed the balanced value in the 0～50 cm soil layer;(3) soil bulk density and organic matter are comprehensive indexes to reflect the soil quality of kiwifruit plantation;(4) soil quality index of drip irrigation treatment is significantly higher than that of micro sprinkler irrigation and ground irrigation treatment(P<0.05),which is 1.21～1.81 times higher than that of both.Therefore,drip irrigation is an effective measure for sustainable land use in kiwifruit plantation.The study results are of great significance for screening of irrigation measures and providing a reference for the sustainable utilization of land.
引文
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[29]Mbuthia L W,Acosta-Martínez V,Debruyn J,et al.Long term tillage,cover crop,and fertilization effects on microbial community structure,activity:Implications for soil quality[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2015,89:24-34.
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[31]沙晋明,陈鹏程,陈松林.土壤有机质光谱响应特性研究[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(2):21-24.
[2]孙兆军,伏春侠.陕西猕猴桃面积和产量位居世界第一[J].中国果业信息,2009,(12):50.
[3]刘旭峰,樊秀芳,张林森,等.陕西关中猕猴桃产区缺铁性黄化病发生原因研究[J].西北农业学报,2002,11(2):57-59.
[4]申哲,黄丽丽,康振生.陕西关中地区猕猴桃溃疡病调查初报[J].西北农业学报,2009,18(1):191-193,197.
[5]来源,同延安,陈黎岭,等.施肥对猕猴桃产量和品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(10):171-176.
[6]李志国,曾华,聂新星,等.施用不同氮、磷、钾肥和有机肥对“红阳”猕猴桃生长及产量的影响[J].植物科学学报,2015,33(1):98-108.
[7]王建,同延安,高义民.关中地区猕猴桃树体周年磷素需量动态规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(6):119-123.
[8]贺文丽,李星敏,朱琳,等.基于GIS的关中猕猴桃气候生态适宜性区划[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(22):202-207.
[9]文雯,张玉亮,邵天杰,等.关中平原中部猕猴桃园土壤含水量研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(18):10 903-10 905.
[10]胡凡,石磊,李茹,等.陕西关中地区猕猴桃施肥现状评价[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017,(3):44-49.
[11]郁俊谊,刘占德,赵菊琴.陕西猕猴桃主产区眉县果园土壤养分分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(4):117-120,126.
[12]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25-114.
[13]中科院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析[M].1978:62-141.
[14]刘占锋,傅伯杰,刘国华,等.土壤质量与土壤质量指标及其评价[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):901-913.
[15]桂东伟,雷加强,曾凡江,等.绿洲化进程中不同利用强度农田对土壤质量的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(7):1 780-1 788.
[16]许明祥,刘国彬,赵允格.黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤质量评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(3):285-293.
[17]王子龙,付强,姜秋香.土壤肥力综合评价研究进展[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2007,23(1):15-18.
[18]王虎.西安市土壤养分丰缺指标及推荐施肥指标体系[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2014.
[19]刘建玲,廖文华,张作新,等.磷肥和有机肥的产量效应与土壤积累磷的环境风险评价[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(5):959-965.
[20]张凤华,廖文华,刘建玲.连续过量施磷和有机肥的产量效应及环境风险评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(6):1 280-1287.
[21]祝海燕,王海峰,李春燕.过量施用钾肥对寿光设施果菜类蔬菜的影响[J].中国蔬菜,2015,1(11):93-95.
[22]Ju X T,Xing G X,Chen X P,et al.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(9):3 041-3 046.
[23]刘芬,同延安,王小英,等.渭北旱塬春玉米施肥效果及肥料利用效率研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(1):48-55.
[24]黄丽,范兴科.磷肥和钾肥不同配施方式对其养分在土壤中迁移的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):184-190.
[25]刘世亮,刘晨旭,刘红恩,等.畜禽粪便有机肥与氮肥配施对小麦土壤理化性状及酶活性影响[J].西北农业学报,2014,23(8):45-51.
[26]汪红霞,廖文华,孙伊辰,等.长期施用有机肥和磷肥对潮褐土土壤有机质及腐殖质组成的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2014,(6):39-43.
[27]王晓娟,贾志宽,梁连友,等.旱地施有机肥对土壤有机质和水稳性团聚体的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(1):159-165.
[28]来源,同延安,陈黎岭,等.施肥对猕猴桃产量和品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(10):171-176.
[29]Mbuthia L W,Acosta-Martínez V,Debruyn J,et al.Long term tillage,cover crop,and fertilization effects on microbial community structure,activity:Implications for soil quality[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2015,89:24-34.
[30]Zhang G,Bai J,Xi M,et al.Soil quality assessment of coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Delta of China based on the minimum data set[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,66:458-466.
[31]沙晋明,陈鹏程,陈松林.土壤有机质光谱响应特性研究[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(2):21-24.