钾肥基施利于甘薯块根产量的形成
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摘要
【目的】研究不同施钾方法对甘薯块根产量形成的影响,可为甘薯高产稳产寻找合理的钾肥施用方法,并阐明其增产机理。【方法】选取典型的食用型甘薯品种红香蕉和北京553为试材,于2013~2014年两个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行田间试验。设4个施钾处理:不施钾肥(CK)、全部钾肥基施(JS)、全部钾肥封垄期追施(FS)、基施钾肥和封垄期追施钾肥各占50%(~(1/2)JS+~(1/2)FS)。在主茎第4、5片展开叶上标记~13)CO_2,24、48和96 h后取样,用质谱仪(Isoprime 100)测定不同部位的~(13)C含量。从甘薯栽秧后50 d开始,每隔20 d取样直到收获。按根、茎、叶、柄四部分分别称重,将主茎自功能叶所在位置至基部等分为三段,取上、下两端用于测定蔗糖含量。收获期测定生物产量和块根产量,计算经济系数。【结果】甘薯施用钾肥能显著提高生物产量、经济系数和块根产量,增产21.33%~34.38%。各施钾处理之间比较,生物产量差异不显著,经济系数和块根产量差异显著,其中基施钾肥处理的经济系数和块根产量最高。栽秧后50 d,基施钾肥处理植株干物质积累量和功能叶光合产物在块根中的分配率都显著高于其他施钾处理。栽秧后50 d和110 d,基施钾肥处理光合产物源端装载和库端卸载的效率显著高于其他处理,栽秧后150 d,所有施钾肥处理趋于一致。栽秧后50 d,基施钾肥处理光合产物转运效率显著高于其他施钾处理,栽秧后100 d和150 d,施钾肥处理间效果趋于一致。在栽秧后50~130 d,基施钾肥处理的块根膨大速率一直高于其他施钾处理。【结论】在相同供试土壤和气候条件下,钾肥施用时间越早,越有利于甘薯早发、快长,促进块根早形成、快膨大;光合产物由叶片向块根运转效率的高值持续期越长,越有利于提高光合产物在块根中的分配。因此,全部钾肥基施甘薯经济系数和块根产量最高,是最经济有效的施肥方法。
【Objectives】In order to search the reasonable potassium application method for high and stable root tuber yield of sweet potato and clarify the yield-increasing mechanism, the effect of potassium application methods on yield formation of sweet potato was studied through field experiment and lab analysis. 【Methods】A filed experiment was conducted with two typical edible sweet potato cultivars of Beijing 553 and Hongxiangjiao in 2013 and 2014. The potash application treatments included no K(CK), all applied as basal fertilizer(JS), all applied when the field was completely covered by crop(FS), and half potassium applied as basal fertilizer and half potassium applied when the field was completely covered by crop(~(1/2)JS + ~(1/2)FS). ~(13)CO_2 was labeled when the fourth or fifth leaves fully unfolded. Samples for ~(13)C detection using Isoprime 100 were collected in 24 h, 48 h and 96 h after labeling. Since the 50 days after transplanting, samples were collected until harvest in interval of 20 days. The samples were divided into four parts: root, stem, leaf and petiole, and weighed separately. The main stems were parted up, mid and bottom from the functional leaf to the bottom, and the sucrose content was determined. The biomass and yield were investigated and the economic index was calculated at harvest.【Results】All the K application treatments increased the biomass, economic coefficiency and root tuber yields significantly, and the root tuber yields were increased from 21.33% to 34.38%. The biomass of sweet potato were similar in all the K application treatments, but the economic coefficiencies and root tuber yields were significantly different, with the highest in treatment of all potash basal applied(JS). The dry matter accumulation and photosynthate distribution rate in root tuber were significantly higher in JS than in the other treatments at 50 d since planting. Compared with treatment of FS and ~(1/2)JS + ~(1/2)FS, the photosynthate loading and unloading rate was significantly accelerated in JS at the 50 d and 110 d after planting, and became similar at 150 d after planting;the photosynthate distribution rate to root tubers was significantly higher in JS at 50 d after planting and became similar at 110 d and 150 d after planting; the bulking rate of root tubers in JS was much higher from 50 d to 130 d since planting. 【Conclusions】Earlier application of potassium is in favor of transportation of photosynthate from functional leaves to root tubers, and the rapid transformation could last longer, which will stimulate the expansion of tuber and formation of tuber yield. Therefore, all the potash fertilizer should be basal applied under the tested soil and climate conditions.
【Objectives】In order to search the reasonable potassium application method for high and stable root tuber yield of sweet potato and clarify the yield-increasing mechanism, the effect of potassium application methods on yield formation of sweet potato was studied through field experiment and lab analysis. 【Methods】A filed experiment was conducted with two typical edible sweet potato cultivars of Beijing 553 and Hongxiangjiao in 2013 and 2014. The potash application treatments included no K(CK), all applied as basal fertilizer(JS), all applied when the field was completely covered by crop(FS), and half potassium applied as basal fertilizer and half potassium applied when the field was completely covered by crop(~(1/2)JS + ~(1/2)FS). ~(13)CO_2 was labeled when the fourth or fifth leaves fully unfolded. Samples for ~(13)C detection using Isoprime 100 were collected in 24 h, 48 h and 96 h after labeling. Since the 50 days after transplanting, samples were collected until harvest in interval of 20 days. The samples were divided into four parts: root, stem, leaf and petiole, and weighed separately. The main stems were parted up, mid and bottom from the functional leaf to the bottom, and the sucrose content was determined. The biomass and yield were investigated and the economic index was calculated at harvest.【Results】All the K application treatments increased the biomass, economic coefficiency and root tuber yields significantly, and the root tuber yields were increased from 21.33% to 34.38%. The biomass of sweet potato were similar in all the K application treatments, but the economic coefficiencies and root tuber yields were significantly different, with the highest in treatment of all potash basal applied(JS). The dry matter accumulation and photosynthate distribution rate in root tuber were significantly higher in JS than in the other treatments at 50 d since planting. Compared with treatment of FS and ~(1/2)JS + ~(1/2)FS, the photosynthate loading and unloading rate was significantly accelerated in JS at the 50 d and 110 d after planting, and became similar at 150 d after planting;the photosynthate distribution rate to root tubers was significantly higher in JS at 50 d after planting and became similar at 110 d and 150 d after planting; the bulking rate of root tubers in JS was much higher from 50 d to 130 d since planting. 【Conclusions】Earlier application of potassium is in favor of transportation of photosynthate from functional leaves to root tubers, and the rapid transformation could last longer, which will stimulate the expansion of tuber and formation of tuber yield. Therefore, all the potash fertilizer should be basal applied under the tested soil and climate conditions.
引文
[1]赵秀玲.甘薯的营养成分与保健作用[J].中国食物与营养,2008,(10):58-60.Zhao X L.Nutritional value and health benefits of sweet potato[J].Food and Nutrition in China,2008,(10):58-60.
[2]Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO).FAO statistics[DB/OL].http://apps.fao.org/,2012.
[3]Woolfe J A.Sweet potato,an untapped food resource[M].Cambridge UK:Cambridge University Press,1992,45-52.
[4]Zhang L M,Wang Q M,Wang Q C.Sweet potato in China[A].Loebenstein G,Thottappilly G.The sweet potato[M].Netherlands:Springer,2009.325-358.
[5]王冬梅,王建玲,孙妮娜,等.紫甘薯的营养成分及开发利用研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,(20):6762-6763.Wang D M,Wang J L,Sun N N,et al.Nutritional component of purple sweet potato and development[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2014,(20):6762-6763.
[6]Teow C C,Truong V,Mc Feeters R F,et al.Antioxidant activities,phonetic andβ-carotene contents of sweet potato genotypes with varying flesh colors[J].Food chemistry,2007,103:829-838.
[7]Hazra P,Chattopadhyay A,Karmakar K,Dutta S.Modern technology in vegetable production[M].New Delhi:New India Publishing Agency,2011.358-370.
[8]马代夫.我国甘薯产业发展若干问题的思考[J].农业工程技术(农产品加工业),2013,(11):21-24.Ma D F.Consideration on development of sweet potato industry in China[J].Agricultural Engineering Techology(Agric.Prod.Proc.Ind.),2013,(11):21-24.
[9]杨新笋,周宏,程航,等.不同钾肥施用量对鄂薯5号产量和品质的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2007,46(2):208-209.Yang X S,Zhou H,Cheng H,et al.Effects of different potassium application on yield and quality of Eshu5[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2007,46(2):208-209.
[10]王荫墀,胡兆盛.甘薯需肥特性的研究[J].山东农业科学,1981,(1):7-12.Wang Y C,Hu Z S.Research of fertilizer demand of sweet potato[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,1981,(1):7-12.
[11]Bourke R M.Influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on growth of sweet potato in Papua New Guinea[J].Field Crops Research,1985,12:363-375.
[12]史春余,王振林,赵秉强,等.钾营养对甘薯某些生理特性和产量形成的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(1):81-85.Shi C Y,Wang Z L,Zhao B Q,et al.Effect of potassium nutrition on some physiological characteristics and yield formation of sweet potato[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(1):81-85.
[13]史春余,王振林,郭风法,等.甘薯块根膨大过程中ATP酶活性、ATP和ABA含量的变化[J].西北植物学报,2002,22(2):315-320.Shi C Y,Wang Z L,Guo F F,et al.Changes of ATPase activity,ATPand ABA content in storage roots during storage root thickening of sweet potato[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2002,22(2):315-320.
[14]史春余,王振林,赵秉强,等.钾营养对甘薯块根薄壁细胞微结构、14C同化物分配和产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(3):335-339.Shi C Y,Wang Z L,Zhao B Q,et al.Effects of potassium on the parenchyma cell structure of storage root,the distribution of 14Cphotosynthate and yield in sweet potato[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(3):335-339.
[15]柳洪鹃,史春余,柴沙沙,等.不同时期施钾对甘薯光合产物运转动力的调控[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):171-180.Liu H J,Shi C Y,Chai S S,et al.Effect of different potassium application time on the vigor of photosynthate transportations of edible sweet potato(Ipomoea batata L.)[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(1):171-180.
[16]任国博,史春余,姚海兰,等.施钾时期对甘薯产量及钾肥利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015,(5):33-36.Ren G B,Shi C Y,Yao H L,et al.Effect of potassium application time on yield and potassium use efficiency of sweet potato[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2015,(5):33-36.
[17]姚海兰,张立明,史春余,等.施钾时期对甘薯植株性状及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2010,19(4):82-85.Yao H L,Zhang L M,Shi C Y,et al.Effects of potassium application period on the plant traits and yield of sweet potato[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica 2010,19(4):82-85.
[18]汪顺义,李欢,史衍玺.不同施钾方式对甘薯钾素吸收及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(2):557-576.Wang S Y,L H,S Y S.Effect of K application method on Kabsorption and yield of sweet potato[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(2):557-576.
[19]陈晓光,史春余,李洪民,等.施钾时期对食用甘薯光合特性和块根淀粉积累的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(3):759-763.Chen X G,Shi C Y,Li H M,et al.Effects of potassium fertilization period on photosynthetic characteristics and storage root starch accumulation of edible sweet potato[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(3):759-763.
[20]宁运旺,曹炳阁,朱绿丹,等.施钾水平对甘薯干物质积累与分配和钾效率的影响[J].江苏农业学报,2012,28(2):320-325.Ning Y W,Cao B G,Zhu L D,et al.Effects of potassium application rates on dry matter accumulation,dry matter distribution,and potassium efficiency of sweet potato[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2012,28(2):320-325.
[21]Larry K H,Conrad H M,William H S,Christel H.Influence of Nsource,N rate and K rate on the yield and mineral concentration of sweet potato[J].Journal of American Society of Horticulture Science,1984,109(3):294-298.
[22]周全卢.秋甘薯不同类型品种干物质积累特性研究[D].重庆:西南大学硕士学位论文,2007.41-42.Zhou Q L.Research of dry matter accumulating characters on autumn sweet potato varieties of different types[D].Chongqing:MS Thesis of Southwest University,2005.41-42.
[23]柳洪鹃,史春余,柴沙沙,等.不同时产量水平甘薯品种光合产物分配差异及其原因[J].作物学报,2015,41(3):440-447.Liu H J,Shi C Y,Chai S S,et al.Difference and related reason for assimilate distribution of sweet potato varieties with different root tuber yields[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(3):440-447.
[24]史春余,王振林,余松烈.土壤通气性对甘薯产量的影响及其生理机制[J].中国农业科学,2001,34(2):173-178.Shi C Y,Wang Z L,Yu S L.Effects of soil aeration on sweet potato yield and its physiological mechanism[J].Scientia Agricultural Sinica,2001,34(2):173-178.
[25]朱绿丹,张珮琪,陈杰,等.不同土壤水分条件下施氮对甘薯干物质积累及块根品质的影响[J].江苏农业学报:2013,29(3):533-539.Zhu L D,Zhang P Q,Chen J,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulations and qualities of sweet potato under different soil moistures conditions[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2013,29(3):533-539.
[26]史春余,王振林,余松烈.甘薯光合产物的积累分配及其影响因素[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(1):90-94.Shi C Y,Wang Z L,Yu S L.Accumulation and distribution of photosynthate in sweet potato and the influence factors[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science),2001,32(1):90-94.
[27]张辉,张永春,宁运旺,等.土壤与肥料对甘薯生长调控的研究进展[J].土壤通报,2012,43(4):995-1000.Zhang H,Zhang Y C,Ning Y W,et al.Research advances in regulation of soil and fertilizers on growth and development of sweet potato[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(4):995-1000.
[2]Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO).FAO statistics[DB/OL].http://apps.fao.org/,2012.
[3]Woolfe J A.Sweet potato,an untapped food resource[M].Cambridge UK:Cambridge University Press,1992,45-52.
[4]Zhang L M,Wang Q M,Wang Q C.Sweet potato in China[A].Loebenstein G,Thottappilly G.The sweet potato[M].Netherlands:Springer,2009.325-358.
[5]王冬梅,王建玲,孙妮娜,等.紫甘薯的营养成分及开发利用研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,(20):6762-6763.Wang D M,Wang J L,Sun N N,et al.Nutritional component of purple sweet potato and development[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2014,(20):6762-6763.
[6]Teow C C,Truong V,Mc Feeters R F,et al.Antioxidant activities,phonetic andβ-carotene contents of sweet potato genotypes with varying flesh colors[J].Food chemistry,2007,103:829-838.
[7]Hazra P,Chattopadhyay A,Karmakar K,Dutta S.Modern technology in vegetable production[M].New Delhi:New India Publishing Agency,2011.358-370.
[8]马代夫.我国甘薯产业发展若干问题的思考[J].农业工程技术(农产品加工业),2013,(11):21-24.Ma D F.Consideration on development of sweet potato industry in China[J].Agricultural Engineering Techology(Agric.Prod.Proc.Ind.),2013,(11):21-24.
[9]杨新笋,周宏,程航,等.不同钾肥施用量对鄂薯5号产量和品质的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2007,46(2):208-209.Yang X S,Zhou H,Cheng H,et al.Effects of different potassium application on yield and quality of Eshu5[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2007,46(2):208-209.
[10]王荫墀,胡兆盛.甘薯需肥特性的研究[J].山东农业科学,1981,(1):7-12.Wang Y C,Hu Z S.Research of fertilizer demand of sweet potato[J].Shandong Agricultural Sciences,1981,(1):7-12.
[11]Bourke R M.Influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on growth of sweet potato in Papua New Guinea[J].Field Crops Research,1985,12:363-375.
[12]史春余,王振林,赵秉强,等.钾营养对甘薯某些生理特性和产量形成的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(1):81-85.Shi C Y,Wang Z L,Zhao B Q,et al.Effect of potassium nutrition on some physiological characteristics and yield formation of sweet potato[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(1):81-85.
[13]史春余,王振林,郭风法,等.甘薯块根膨大过程中ATP酶活性、ATP和ABA含量的变化[J].西北植物学报,2002,22(2):315-320.Shi C Y,Wang Z L,Guo F F,et al.Changes of ATPase activity,ATPand ABA content in storage roots during storage root thickening of sweet potato[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2002,22(2):315-320.
[14]史春余,王振林,赵秉强,等.钾营养对甘薯块根薄壁细胞微结构、14C同化物分配和产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(3):335-339.Shi C Y,Wang Z L,Zhao B Q,et al.Effects of potassium on the parenchyma cell structure of storage root,the distribution of 14Cphotosynthate and yield in sweet potato[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(3):335-339.
[15]柳洪鹃,史春余,柴沙沙,等.不同时期施钾对甘薯光合产物运转动力的调控[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):171-180.Liu H J,Shi C Y,Chai S S,et al.Effect of different potassium application time on the vigor of photosynthate transportations of edible sweet potato(Ipomoea batata L.)[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(1):171-180.
[16]任国博,史春余,姚海兰,等.施钾时期对甘薯产量及钾肥利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015,(5):33-36.Ren G B,Shi C Y,Yao H L,et al.Effect of potassium application time on yield and potassium use efficiency of sweet potato[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2015,(5):33-36.
[17]姚海兰,张立明,史春余,等.施钾时期对甘薯植株性状及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2010,19(4):82-85.Yao H L,Zhang L M,Shi C Y,et al.Effects of potassium application period on the plant traits and yield of sweet potato[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica 2010,19(4):82-85.
[18]汪顺义,李欢,史衍玺.不同施钾方式对甘薯钾素吸收及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(2):557-576.Wang S Y,L H,S Y S.Effect of K application method on Kabsorption and yield of sweet potato[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(2):557-576.
[19]陈晓光,史春余,李洪民,等.施钾时期对食用甘薯光合特性和块根淀粉积累的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(3):759-763.Chen X G,Shi C Y,Li H M,et al.Effects of potassium fertilization period on photosynthetic characteristics and storage root starch accumulation of edible sweet potato[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(3):759-763.
[20]宁运旺,曹炳阁,朱绿丹,等.施钾水平对甘薯干物质积累与分配和钾效率的影响[J].江苏农业学报,2012,28(2):320-325.Ning Y W,Cao B G,Zhu L D,et al.Effects of potassium application rates on dry matter accumulation,dry matter distribution,and potassium efficiency of sweet potato[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2012,28(2):320-325.
[21]Larry K H,Conrad H M,William H S,Christel H.Influence of Nsource,N rate and K rate on the yield and mineral concentration of sweet potato[J].Journal of American Society of Horticulture Science,1984,109(3):294-298.
[22]周全卢.秋甘薯不同类型品种干物质积累特性研究[D].重庆:西南大学硕士学位论文,2007.41-42.Zhou Q L.Research of dry matter accumulating characters on autumn sweet potato varieties of different types[D].Chongqing:MS Thesis of Southwest University,2005.41-42.
[23]柳洪鹃,史春余,柴沙沙,等.不同时产量水平甘薯品种光合产物分配差异及其原因[J].作物学报,2015,41(3):440-447.Liu H J,Shi C Y,Chai S S,et al.Difference and related reason for assimilate distribution of sweet potato varieties with different root tuber yields[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(3):440-447.
[24]史春余,王振林,余松烈.土壤通气性对甘薯产量的影响及其生理机制[J].中国农业科学,2001,34(2):173-178.Shi C Y,Wang Z L,Yu S L.Effects of soil aeration on sweet potato yield and its physiological mechanism[J].Scientia Agricultural Sinica,2001,34(2):173-178.
[25]朱绿丹,张珮琪,陈杰,等.不同土壤水分条件下施氮对甘薯干物质积累及块根品质的影响[J].江苏农业学报:2013,29(3):533-539.Zhu L D,Zhang P Q,Chen J,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulations and qualities of sweet potato under different soil moistures conditions[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2013,29(3):533-539.
[26]史春余,王振林,余松烈.甘薯光合产物的积累分配及其影响因素[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(1):90-94.Shi C Y,Wang Z L,Yu S L.Accumulation and distribution of photosynthate in sweet potato and the influence factors[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science),2001,32(1):90-94.
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