凯掌喀斯特小流域不同植被措施的减沙功能
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摘要
贵州位于中国西南喀斯特地区的中心,是全国水土流失最为严重的省份之一,而喀斯特地区生态环境脆弱,土层浅薄,极容易发生水土流失。为了揭示喀斯特小流域不同植被措施减沙功能,在贵州省平坝县典型喀斯特区凯掌小流域野外径流小区定位监测的基础上,根据小流域2010-2012年4个坡面径流小区的定位观测资料,采用单因素完全随机设计方法研究在水土保持林(柏树Cupressus funebris),经济林(茶树Camellia sinensis),坡耕地(玉米Zea mays)和撂荒草地4种不同植被措施下径流小区的产沙特性,探索不同植被措施下径流小区产沙量的差异。结果表明:水土保持林与经济林差异不显著(P=0.754>0.05),与坡耕地差异显著(P=0.022<0.05),与撂荒地差异显著(P=0.008<0.05);经济林与坡耕地差异显著(P=0.046<0.05),撂荒地差异显著(P=0.003<0.05);坡耕地与撂荒地差异显著(P=0.000<0.05)。年平均产沙量最少为撂荒地29.57 g·a~(-1);最多为坡耕地1 436.59 g·a~(-1);水土保持林与经济林相差不大,分别为789.12 g·a~(-1)和876.55 g·a~(-1)。不同措施减沙功能排序为:撂荒地>水土保持林>经济林>坡耕地。在喀斯特地区,撂荒地减沙功能最好,而坡耕地是水土流失严重。
Located in the center of the karst area in southwest China, Guizhou is one of the most serious soil erosion provinces in the westward, while ecological environment of karst area is fragile, shallow soil layer, extremely prone to soil erosion. Therefore, to reveal the function of sediment reduction with different vegetation measures for a small watershed in a karst area, fixed runoff plots for outdoor use were monitored in the Kaizhang small watershed of Pingba County, Guizhou Province. Experiment had adopted one-factor completely random design, according to fixed observations, data in four slope runoff plots of four different vegetation types[water conservation forest(cypress: Cupressus funebris), economic forest(tea tree: Camellia sinensis), sloping farmland(corn: Zea mays), and abandoned grassland] in the small watershed were studied from 2010 to 2012 to determine the effect of runoff on sediment characteristics as well as the sediment yield differences. Results showed significant differences for the water conservation forest and sloping farmland(P = 0.022<0.05), the water conservation forest and abandoned farmland(P = 0.008<0.05), the economic forest and sloping farmland(P = 0.046<0.05), the economic forest and abandoned farmland(P = 0.003<0.05), and sloping farmland and abandoned farmland(P = 0.000<0.05), but there are no significant difference between the conservation forest and economic forest(P = 0.754>0.05). The average annual sediment yield was least on abandoned farmland(29.57 g·a~(-1)) and greatest on sloping farmland(1 436.59 g·a~(-1); the average annual sediment yield in the water conservation forest(789.12 g·a~(-1)) and the economic forest(876.55 g·a~(-1)) were similar. The ranking of different measures for the sediment reduction function was: abandoned land > water conservation forest >economic forest > sloping farmland. The sediment reduction function of the abandoned grassland is best, but the soil erosion of sloping farmland is serious.
Located in the center of the karst area in southwest China, Guizhou is one of the most serious soil erosion provinces in the westward, while ecological environment of karst area is fragile, shallow soil layer, extremely prone to soil erosion. Therefore, to reveal the function of sediment reduction with different vegetation measures for a small watershed in a karst area, fixed runoff plots for outdoor use were monitored in the Kaizhang small watershed of Pingba County, Guizhou Province. Experiment had adopted one-factor completely random design, according to fixed observations, data in four slope runoff plots of four different vegetation types[water conservation forest(cypress: Cupressus funebris), economic forest(tea tree: Camellia sinensis), sloping farmland(corn: Zea mays), and abandoned grassland] in the small watershed were studied from 2010 to 2012 to determine the effect of runoff on sediment characteristics as well as the sediment yield differences. Results showed significant differences for the water conservation forest and sloping farmland(P = 0.022<0.05), the water conservation forest and abandoned farmland(P = 0.008<0.05), the economic forest and sloping farmland(P = 0.046<0.05), the economic forest and abandoned farmland(P = 0.003<0.05), and sloping farmland and abandoned farmland(P = 0.000<0.05), but there are no significant difference between the conservation forest and economic forest(P = 0.754>0.05). The average annual sediment yield was least on abandoned farmland(29.57 g·a~(-1)) and greatest on sloping farmland(1 436.59 g·a~(-1); the average annual sediment yield in the water conservation forest(789.12 g·a~(-1)) and the economic forest(876.55 g·a~(-1)) were similar. The ranking of different measures for the sediment reduction function was: abandoned land > water conservation forest >economic forest > sloping farmland. The sediment reduction function of the abandoned grassland is best, but the soil erosion of sloping farmland is serious.
引文
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[13]周杰兴,周永江,陈思妤.城市水土流失成因及防治措施研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(21):7169-7170,7174.ZHOU Jiexing,ZHOU Yongjiang,CHEN Siyu.Study on causes and control measures of urban soil and water losses[J].J Anhui Agric Sci,2014,42(21):7169-7170,7174.
[14]王万中,焦菊英,郝小品,等.中国降雨侵蚀力R值的计算与分布(Ⅰ)[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(4):5-18.WANG Wanzhong,JIAO Juying,HAO Xiaopin,et al.Study on rainfall erosivity in China[J].J Soil Water Conserv,1995,9(4):5-18.
[15]侯喜禄,曹清玉.陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区植被减沙效益研究[J].水土保持通报,1990,10(2):33-40.HOU Xilu,CAO Qingyu.Study on the benefits of plants to reduce sediment in the loess rolling gullied region of north Shaanxi[J].Bull Soil Water Conserv,1990,10(2):33-40.
[16]严方晨,焦菊英,曹斌挺,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区撂荒地不同演替阶段植物群落的土壤抗蚀性:以坊塌流域为例[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):64-72.YAN Fangchen,JIAO Juying,CAO Binting,et al.Soil anti-erodibility of abandoned lands during different succession stages of plant community in hilly-gullied region of the Loess Plateau:take Fangta small watershed as an example[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2016,27(1):64-72.
[17]刘晓燕,杨胜天,金双彦,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙计算方法研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(2):135-141.LIU Xiaoyan,YANG Shengtian,JIN Shuangyan,et al.The method to evaluate the sediment reduction from forest and grass land over large area in the loess hilly area[J].J Hydraul Eng,2014,45(2):135-141.
[18]徐佳,刘普灵,邓瑞芬,等.黄土坡面不同植被恢复阶段的减流减沙效益研究[J].地理科学,2012,32(11):1391-1396.XU Jia,LIU Puling,DENG Ruifen,et al.Runoff and sediment reductions in the different stages of vegetation restoration on a loess slope[J].Sci Geogr Sinica,2012,32(11):1391-1396.
[19]赵跃中,穆兴民,严宝文,等.黄土高原不同生长年限植被减水减沙效益整合分析[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(3):6-11.ZHAO Yuezhong,MU Xingmin,YAN Baowen,et al.Meta-analysis on runoff and sediment reductions of re-vegetation with different planting years on Loess Plateau[J].Bull Soil Water Conserv,2015,35(3):6-11.
[20]冉大川.黄河中游水土保持措施的减水减沙作用研究[J].资源科学,2006,28(1):93-100.RAN Dachuan.Water and sediment variation and ecological protection measures in the middle reach of the Yellow River[J].Resour Sci,2006,28(1):93-100.
[2]张玉华,韩凤翔.长江流域水土流失类型分区及防治对策探讨[J].人民长江,2013,44(10):105-108.ZHANG Yuhua,HAN Fengxiang.Type partition and control measures of soil and water loss of Yangtze River Basin[J].Yangtze River,2013,44(10):105-108.
[3]邓辉,何政伟,陈晔,等.基于GIS和RUSLE模型的山地环境水土流失空间特征定量分析:以四川泸定县为例[J].地球与环境,2013,41(6):669-679.DENG Hui,HE Zhengwei,CHEN Ye,et al.The spatial features of soil erosion in mountain environment based on GIS and RUSLE:a case study in Sichuan Luding[J].Earth Environ,2013,41(6):669-679.
[4]蒋荣,张兴奇,张科利,等.喀斯特地区不同林草植被的减流减沙作用[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(1):18-22.JIANG Rong,ZHANG Xingqi,ZHANG Keli,et al.Runoff and sediment reduction effects under different forest and grass vegetation in a karst area[J].Bull Soil Water Conserv,2013,33(1):18-22.
[5]BERTOL I,SCHICK J,BANDEIRA D H,et al.Multifractal and joint multifractal analysis of water and soil losses from erosion plots:a case study under subtropical conditions in Santa Catarina highlands,Brazil[J].Geoderma,2016,281:116-125.
[6]郑建,张军以,邓广山.贵州喀斯特山区农村可持续发展模式初探[J].广东农业科学,2013,40(19):222-224.ZHENG Jian,ZHANG Junyi,DENG Guangshan.Sustainable development model of rural area in Guizhou karst mountainous area[J].Guangdong Agric Sci,2013,40(19):222-224.
[7]伍应德.基于生态环境的贵州喀斯特山区现代农业发展模式探讨[J].贵州农业科学,2013,41(8):246-249.WU Yingde.Discussion on modern agriculture development pattern in Guizhou karst mountainous area based on ecotope[J].Guizhou Agric Sci,2013,41(8):246-249.
[8]刘洋.喀斯特石漠化地区的水土流失与水土保持[J].科教导刊(电子版),2013(12):158.LIU Yang.Rocky desertification of soil and water loss and conservation in karst areas[J].Guide Sci Educ,2013(12):158.
[9]周素萍,张兴奇,张科利,等.贵州喀斯特地区不同生物措施的水土保持效果[J].贵州农业科学,2011,39(4):117-120.ZHOU Suping,ZHANG Xingqi,ZHANG Keli,et al.Effect of different biological measures on soil and water conservation in karst areas of Guizhou Province[J].Guizhou Agric Sci,2011,39(4):117-120.
[10]胡顺光.贵州喀斯特区小流域尺度生态治理的水土流失机制研究[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2008.HU Shunguang.Study on Water and Soil Loss Mechanism of the Ecological Rehabilitation Based on Small Watershed Scale in Guizhou Karst Region[D].Guiyang:Guizhou Normal University,2008.
[11]纪启芳.贵州喀斯特地区坡面不同植被的减流减沙作用[D].南京:南京大学,2013.JI Qifang.Effects of Vegetation Cover on Runoff and Sediment Reduction on Slop Land in Karst Areas of Guizhou Province[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2013.
[12]刘凤仙.贵州喀斯特地区林草措施对水土流失的影响[J].中国水土保持,2007(12):38-39.LIU Fengxian.Influence of tree and grass measures used in karst region of Guizhou to soil and water loss[J].Soil Water Conserv China,2007(12):38-39.
[13]周杰兴,周永江,陈思妤.城市水土流失成因及防治措施研究[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(21):7169-7170,7174.ZHOU Jiexing,ZHOU Yongjiang,CHEN Siyu.Study on causes and control measures of urban soil and water losses[J].J Anhui Agric Sci,2014,42(21):7169-7170,7174.
[14]王万中,焦菊英,郝小品,等.中国降雨侵蚀力R值的计算与分布(Ⅰ)[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(4):5-18.WANG Wanzhong,JIAO Juying,HAO Xiaopin,et al.Study on rainfall erosivity in China[J].J Soil Water Conserv,1995,9(4):5-18.
[15]侯喜禄,曹清玉.陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区植被减沙效益研究[J].水土保持通报,1990,10(2):33-40.HOU Xilu,CAO Qingyu.Study on the benefits of plants to reduce sediment in the loess rolling gullied region of north Shaanxi[J].Bull Soil Water Conserv,1990,10(2):33-40.
[16]严方晨,焦菊英,曹斌挺,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区撂荒地不同演替阶段植物群落的土壤抗蚀性:以坊塌流域为例[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):64-72.YAN Fangchen,JIAO Juying,CAO Binting,et al.Soil anti-erodibility of abandoned lands during different succession stages of plant community in hilly-gullied region of the Loess Plateau:take Fangta small watershed as an example[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2016,27(1):64-72.
[17]刘晓燕,杨胜天,金双彦,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙计算方法研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(2):135-141.LIU Xiaoyan,YANG Shengtian,JIN Shuangyan,et al.The method to evaluate the sediment reduction from forest and grass land over large area in the loess hilly area[J].J Hydraul Eng,2014,45(2):135-141.
[18]徐佳,刘普灵,邓瑞芬,等.黄土坡面不同植被恢复阶段的减流减沙效益研究[J].地理科学,2012,32(11):1391-1396.XU Jia,LIU Puling,DENG Ruifen,et al.Runoff and sediment reductions in the different stages of vegetation restoration on a loess slope[J].Sci Geogr Sinica,2012,32(11):1391-1396.
[19]赵跃中,穆兴民,严宝文,等.黄土高原不同生长年限植被减水减沙效益整合分析[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(3):6-11.ZHAO Yuezhong,MU Xingmin,YAN Baowen,et al.Meta-analysis on runoff and sediment reductions of re-vegetation with different planting years on Loess Plateau[J].Bull Soil Water Conserv,2015,35(3):6-11.
[20]冉大川.黄河中游水土保持措施的减水减沙作用研究[J].资源科学,2006,28(1):93-100.RAN Dachuan.Water and sediment variation and ecological protection measures in the middle reach of the Yellow River[J].Resour Sci,2006,28(1):93-100.