水稻高光谱遥感监测研究综述
|
摘要
高光谱遥感技术凭借其可以快速、实时、准确、无损地获取水稻生长信息的优势,已经成为监测水稻生长状况的重要手段。本研究综述了高光谱遥感技术在水稻长势监测(包括叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和地上生物量)、产量估算、养分诊断(包括氮素、磷素和钾素)、数据处理与反演方法等领域的国内外研究进展,并针对目前的研究进行了展望,以期为水稻的精准管理提供参考。
Hyperspectral remote sensing technology has become an important means for monitoring rice growth status because of its advantages of rapid,real?time,accurate and non?destructive access to rice growth information.This research summarizes the progress in the research on hyperspectral remote sensing techniques for rice growth monitoring(including chlorophyll content,leaf area index,and aboveground biomass),yield estimation,nutrient diagnosis(including nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium),data processing and inversion methods at home and abroad.And the prospect of remote sensing of rice is provided,so as to provide a reference for the precise management of rice.
Hyperspectral remote sensing technology has become an important means for monitoring rice growth status because of its advantages of rapid,real?time,accurate and non?destructive access to rice growth information.This research summarizes the progress in the research on hyperspectral remote sensing techniques for rice growth monitoring(including chlorophyll content,leaf area index,and aboveground biomass),yield estimation,nutrient diagnosis(including nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium),data processing and inversion methods at home and abroad.And the prospect of remote sensing of rice is provided,so as to provide a reference for the precise management of rice.
引文
[1]Clifton K E,Bradbury J W,Vehrencamp S L.The fine-scale mapping of grassland protein densities[J].Grass&Forage Sci?ence,1994,49(1):1-8.
[2]Collins W.Remote sensing of crop type and maturity[J].Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing,1978,44(1):43-55.
[3]马文勇,王训明.基于高光谱分析的草地叶绿素含量估算研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(1):25-34.Ma W Y,Wang X M.Progress on grassland chlorophyll content estimation by hyperspectral analysis[J].Progress in Geogra?phy,2016,35(1):25-34.
[4]谭林,何秉宇,刘卫国,等.基于优化SVR高光谱指数的独尾草叶绿素含量估算[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(2):555-562.Tan L,He B Y,Liu W G,et al.Estimation of chlorophyll content of Eremurus chinensis based on optimization support vectorregression machine[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(2):555-562.
[5]Horler D N H,Dockray M,Barber J.The red edge of plant leaf reflectance[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1983,4(2):273-288.
[6]Bonham-Carter G F.Numerical procedures and computer program for fitting an inverted gaussian model to vegetation reflec?tance data[J].Computers&Geosciences,1988,14(3):339-356.
[7]Curran P J.Remote sensing of foliar chemistry[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1989,30(3):271-278.
[8]金震宇,田庆久,惠凤鸣,等.水稻叶绿素浓度与光谱反射率关系研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2003,18(3):134-137.Jin Z Y,Tian Q J,Hui F M,et al.Study of the relationship between rice chlorophyll concentration and rice reflectance[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2003,18(3):134-137.
[9]刘伟东,项月琴,郑兰芬,等.高光谱数据与水稻叶面积指数及叶绿素密度的相关分析[J].遥感学报,2000,21(4):279-283.Liu W D,Xiang Y Q,Zheng L F,et al.Relationships between rice LAI,CH.D and hyperspectra data[J].Journal of RemoteSensing,2000,21(4):279-283.
[10]吴长山,项月琴,郑兰芬,等.利用高光谱数据对作物群体叶绿素密度估算的研究[J].遥感学报,2000,4(3):228-232.Wang C S,Xiang Y Q,Zheng L F,et al.Estimating chlorophyll density of crop canopies by using hyperspectral data[J].Jour?nal of Remote Sensing,2000,4(3):228-232.
[11]唐延林,王秀珍,黄敬峰,等.水稻微分光谱和植被指数的作用探讨[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(1):145-150.Tang Y L,Wang X Z,Huang J F,et al.Action of derivative spectra and vegetation indices for rice[J].Transations of theCSAE,2003,19(1):145-150.
[12]唐延林,王纪华,黄敬峰,等.水稻成熟过程中高光谱与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的变化规律研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(6):167-173.Tang Y L,Wang J H,Huang J F,et al.Variation law of hypersprctral data and chlorophyll and carotenoid for rice in matureprocess[J].Transations of the CSAE,2003,19(6):167-173.
[13]杨杰,田永超,姚霞,等.水稻上部叶片叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6561-6571.Yang J,Tian Y C,Yao X,et al.Hyperspectral estimation model for chlorophyll concentration in top leaves of rice[J].ActaEcologica Sinica,2009,29(12):6561-6571.
[14]王福民,黄敬峰,王秀珍.水稻叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量估算的归一化色素指数研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2009,29(4):1064-1068.Wang F M,Huang J F,Wang X Z.Normalized difference ratio pigment index for estimating chlorophyll and cartenoid con?tents of in leaves of rice[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2009,29(4):1064-1068.
[15]王福民,黄敬峰,刘占宇,等.水稻色素含量估算的最优比值色素指数研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2009,35(3):321-328.Wang F M,Huang J F,Liu Z Y,et al.Optimal simple ratio pigment index for estimating pigment contents of rice[J].Journalof Zhejiang University(Agric&Life Sci),2009,35(3):321-328.
[16]Chen J M,Cihlar J.Retrieving leaf area index of boreal conifer forests using Landsat TM images[J].Remote Sensing of Envi?ronment,1996,55(2):153-162.
[17]浦瑞良,宫鹏,约翰R米勤.美国西部黄松叶面积指数与高光谱分辨率CASI数据的相关分析[J].遥感学报,1993(2):112-125.Pu R L,Gong P,JhonR Miller.Correlation leaf area index of ponderosa pine with hyperspectral CASI data[J].Journal of Re?mote Sensing,1993(2):112-125.
[18]王秀珍,黄敬峰,李云梅,等.水稻叶面积指数的高光谱遥感估算模型[J].遥感学报,2004,8(1):81-88.Wang X Z,Huang J F,Li Y M,et al.The study on hyperspectral remote sensing estimation models about LAI of rice[J].Jour?nal of Remote Sensing,2004,8(1):81-88.
[19]薛利红,曹卫星,罗卫红,等.光谱植被指数与水稻叶面积指数相关性的研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(1):47-52.Xue L H,Cao W X,Luo W H,et al.Relationship between spectral vegetation indices and LAI in rice.[J].Acta Phytoecologi?ca Sinica,2004,28(1):47-52.
[20]刘占宇,黄敬峰,王福民,等.估算水稻叶面积指数的调节型归一化植被指数[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3350-3356.Liu Z Y,Huang J F,Wang F M,et al.Adjusted-normalized difference vegetation index for estimating leaf area index of rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(10):3350-3356.
[21]辛明月,殷红,陈龙,等.不同生育期水稻叶面积指数的高光谱遥感估算模型[J].中国农业气象,2015,36(6):762-768.Xin M Y,Yin H,Chen L,et al.Estimation of rice canopy LAI with different growth stages based on hyperspectral remotesensing data[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2015,36(6):762-768.
[22]Thenkabail P S,Smith R B,Pauw E D.Hyperspectral vegetation indices and their relationships with agricultural crop charac?teristics[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2000,71(2):158-182.
[23]Casanova D,Epema G F,Goudriaan J.Monitoring rice reflectance at field level for estimating biomass and LAI[J].FieldCrops Research,1998,55(1/2):83-92.
[24]Takahashi W,Cong V N,Kawaguchi S,et al.Statistical models for prediction of dry weight and nitrogen accumulation basedon visible and near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance of rice canopies[J].Plant Production Science,2000,3(4):377-386.
[25]唐延林,王秀珍,王珂.利用光谱法测定水稻生物物理参数及其与光谱变量的相关性研究[J].山地农业生物学报,2002,21(5):327-331.Tang Y L,Wang X Z,Wang K.Study on the correlation between biophysical parameter and spectral variable[J].Journal ofMountain Agriculture and Biology,2002,21(5):327-331.
[26]唐延林,王秀珍,王福民,等.农作物LAI和生物量的高光谱法测定[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2004,32(11):100-104.Tang Y L,Wang X Z,Wang F M,et al.Study on the determination of LAI and biomass of crop by hyperspectral[J].Jour ofNorthwest Sci-Tech Univ of Agri and For(Nat Sci Ed),2004,32(11):100-104.
[27]王秀珍,黄敬峰,李云梅,等.水稻地上鲜生物量的高光谱遥感估算模型研究[J].作物学报,2003,29(6):815-821.Wang X Z,Huang J F,Li Y M,et al.Study on hyperspectral remote sensing estimation models for the ground fresh biomassof rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2003,29(6):815-821.
[28]张远,张中浩,苏世亮,等.基于微波冠层散射模型的水稻生物量遥感估算[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(9):100-105.Zhang Y,Zhang Z H,Su S L,et al.Remote sensing estimation of paddy rice biomass based on microwave canopy scatteringmodel[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(9):100-105.
[29]洪雪.基于水稻高光谱遥感数据的植被指数产量模型研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2017.Hong X.Rice yield model research based on vegetation index of hyperspectral remote sensing data[D].Shenyang:ShenyangAgricultural University,2017.
[30]田国良,郭世忠.水稻的光谱反射特性[J].资源科学,1982,4(2):73-82.Tian G L,Guo S Z.Spectral reflection characteristics of rice[J].Resources Science,1982,4(2):73-82.
[31]兆平.水稻产量测报有新法[J].农业工程技术:温室园艺,1986(3):42.Zhao P. A new method for measuring rice yield[J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology:Greenhouse Horticulture,1986(3):42.
[32]Yang Y K,Miller L D.Correlations of rice grain yields to radiometric estimates of canopy biomass as a function of growthstage[J].?????????,1985,1(1):63-87.
[33]王延颐.南方稻区遥感水稻长势监测与估产研究[J].遥感技术与应用,1991,6(3):1-6.Wang Y Y.Using remote sening technology for rice growth monitoring and yield estimating in south rice region of China[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,1991,6(3):1-6.
[34]黄敬峰,杨忠恩,王人潮,等.基于GIS的水稻遥感估产模型研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2002,17(3):125-128.Huang J F,Yang Z E,Wang R C,et al.The rice production forecasting models using NOAA/AVHRR Data based on GIS[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2002,17(3):125-128.
[35]黄敬峰,王人潮,蒋亨显,等.基于GIS的浙江省水稻遥感估产最佳时相选择[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(3):290-294.Huang J F,Wang R C,Jiang H X,et al.Selection of optimum periods for rice estimation using remote sensing data based onGIS[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(3):290-294.
[36]唐延林,王纪华,黄敬峰,等.利用水稻成熟期冠层高光谱数据进行估产研究[J].作物学报,2004,30(8):780-785.Tang Y L,Wang J H,Huang J F,et al.Yield estimation by hyperserctral data of rice canopies in mature stages[J].Acta Agro?nomica Sinica,2004,30(8):780-785.
[37]薛利红,曹卫星,罗卫红.基于冠层反射光谱的水稻产量预测模型[J].遥感学报,2005,9(1):100-105.Xue L H,Cao W X,Luo W H.Rice yield forecasting model with canopy reflectance spectra[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,9(1):100-105.
[38]谢晓金,李映雪,李秉柏,等.高温胁迫下水稻产量的高光谱估测研究[J].中国水稻科学,2010,24(2):196-202.Xie X J,Li Y X,Li B B,et al.Estimation of rice yield under high temperature stress by hyper-spectral remote sensing[J].Chinese Journal of Rice Science,2010,24(2):196-202.
[39]蒋琴素,成琪璐,徐礼根,等.基于穗光谱指数的水稻产量预测[J].浙江农业学报,2018,30(2):187-193.Jiang Q S,Cheng Q L,Xu L G,et al.Rice yield prediction with panicle spectral indices[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2018,30(2)187-193.
[40]Ju X T,Xing G X,Chen X P,et al.Reducing environmental risk by improving n management in intensive Chinese agricultur?al systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(9):3041.
[41]郭腾飞,梁国庆,周卫,等.施肥对稻田温室气体排放及土壤养分的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(2):337-345.Guo T F,Liang G Q,Zhou W,et al.Effect of fertilizer management on greenhouse gas emission and nutrient status in paddysoil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(2):337-345.
[42]谢芳,韩晓日,杨劲峰,等.不同施氮处理对水稻氮素吸收及产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010(4):24-26.Xie F,Han X R,Yang J F,et al.Study on effect of various free-plowing and throwing super-rice seedling fertilization tech?nique[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2010(4):24-26.
[43]Mistele B,Schmidhalter U.Estimating the nitrogen nutrition index using spectral canopy reflectance measurements[J].Euro?pean Journal of Agronomy,2008,29(4):184-190.
[44]王人潮,陈铭臻,蒋亨显.水稻遥感估产的农学机理研究:Ⅰ.不同氮素水平的水稻光谱特征及其敏感波段的选择[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),1993(s1):9-16.Wang R C,Chen M Z,Jiang H X.Study on the agricultural mechanism of rice yield estimation by remote sensing I.the spec?tral characteristics of rice and the selection of sensitive bands for different nitrogen levels[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Agriculture and Life Sciences),1993(s1):9-16.
[45]张金恒,王珂,王人潮,等.水稻叶片反射光谱诊断氮素营养敏感波段的研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2004,30(3):340-346.Zhan J H,Wang K,Wang R C,et al.Sensitive band ranges of leaf spectral reflectance in diagnosis of rice nitrogen nutrition[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric&Life Sci),2004,30(3):340-346.
[46]秦占飞.西北地区水稻长势遥感监测研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.Qing Z F.Study on rice condition monitoring with remote sensing in northwest region[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F Universi?ty,2016.
[47]薛利红,曹卫星,罗卫红,等.小麦叶片氮素状况与光谱特性的相关性研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(2):172-177.Xue L H,Cao W X,Luo W H,et al.Correlation between leaf nitrogen status and cannopy spectral characteristics in wheat[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(2):172-177.
[48]田永超,杨杰,姚霞,等.利用叶片高光谱指数预测水稻群体叶层全氮含量[J].作物学报,2010,36(9):1529-1537.Tian Y C,Yang B,Yao X,et al.Monitoring canopy leaf nitrogen concentration based on leaf hyperspectral indices in rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(9):1529-1537.
[49]田永超,杨杰,姚霞,等.估测水稻叶层氮浓度的新型蓝光氮指数[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(4):966-972.Tian Y C,Yang J,Yao X,et al.A newly developed blue nitrogen index for estimating canopy leaf nitrogen concentration ofrice[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(4):966-972.
[50]Chu X,Guo Y J,He J Y,et al.Comparison of different hyperspectral vegetation indices for estimating canopy leaf nitrogenaccumulation in rice[J].Plant&Soil,2013,376(1/2):193-209.
[51]谭昌伟,周清波,齐腊,等.水稻氮素营养高光谱遥感诊断模型[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(6):1261-1268.Tan C W,Zhou Q B,Qi L,et al.Hyperspectral remote sensing diagnosis models of rice plant nitrogen nutritional status[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(6):1261-1268.
[52]田永超,杨杰,姚霞,等.水稻高光谱红边位置与叶层氮浓度的关系[J].作物学报,2009,35(9):1681-1690.Tian Y C,Yang J,Yao X,et al.Quantitative relationship between hyper-spectral red edge position and canopy leaf nitrogenconcentration in rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(9):1681-1690.
[53]王磊,白由路.基于光谱理论的作物营养诊断研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(6):902-912.Wang L,Bai Y L.Research advance on plant nutrition diagnosis based on spectral theory[J].Plant Nutrition and FertilizerScience,2006,12(6):902-912.
[54]Alabbas A H,Barr R,Hall J D,et al.Spectra of normal and nutrient-deficient maize leaves 1[J].Agronomy Journal,1974,37(9):3693-3700.
[55]程一松,胡春胜,王成,等.养分胁迫下的夏玉米生理反应与光谱特征[J].资源科学,2001,23(6):54-58.Cheng Y S,Hu C S,Wang C,et al.Physiological response and spectral characteristics of summer corn under nutrient stresscondition[J].Resources Science,2001,23(6):54-58.
[56]Osborne S L,Schepers J S,Francis D D,et al.Detection of phosphorus and nitrogen deficiencies in corn using spectral radi?ance measurements[J].Agronomy Journal,2002,94(6)(6):1215-1221.
[57]林芬芳,丁晓东,付志鹏,等.基于互信息理论的水稻磷素营养高光谱诊断[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2009,29(9):2467-2470.Li Y F,Ding X D,Fu Z P,et al.Application of mutual information to variable selection in diagnosis of phosphorus nutritionin rice[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2009,29(9):2467-2470.
[58]乔欣,马旭,张小超,等.大豆叶绿素和钾素信息的冠层光谱响应[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(4):108-111.Qiao X,Ma X,Zhang X C,et al.Response of coronary spectrum on chlorophyll and k information of soy[J].Transactions ofthe Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2008,39(4):108-111.
[59]易时来,邓烈,何绍兰,等.锦橙叶片钾含量光谱监测模型研究[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(4):780-786.Yi S L,Deng L,He S L,et al.A spectrum based models for monitoring leaf potassium content of Citrus sinensis(L)cv.Jincheng Orange[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(4):780-786.
[60]黄双萍,岳学军,洪添胜,等.不同物候期柑橘叶片钾素水平预测建模[J].江苏大学学报(自然科学版),2013,34(5):529-535.Huang S P,Yue X J,Hong T S,et al.Potassium content prediction model of citrus leaves in different phenological period[J].Journal of Jiangsu University(Natural Science Edition),2013,34(5):529-535.
[61]王珂,沈掌泉.不同钾营养水平的水稻冠层和叶片光谱特征研究初报[J].科技通报,1997(4):211-214.Wang K,Sheng Z Q.Preliminary study on canopy and leaf reflectance characteristics of rice with various potassium levels[J].Bulletin of Science and Technology,1997(4):211-214.
[62]巴家亮.基于高光谱数据的农作物冠层LAI和F_(APAR)估算研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2013.Ba J L.Study on estimating LAI and F_(APAR)from hyperspectral data in crop canopy[D].Wuhan:Huazhong AgriculturalUniversity,2013.
[63]李永梅,张立根,张学俭.水稻叶片高光谱响应特征及氮素估算[J].江苏农业科学,2017,45(23):210-213.Li Y M,Zhang L G,Zhang X J.Hyperspectral response characteristics of rice leaves and estimation of nitrogen[J].JiangsuAgricultural Sciences,2017,45(23):210-213.
[64]Filella I,Penuelas J.The red edge position and shape as indicators of plant chlorophyll content,biomass and hydric status.[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1994,15(7):1459-1470.
[65]Mauser W,Bach H.Imaging spectroscopy in hydrology and agriculture-determination of model parameters[C]//ImagingSpectrometry:a tool for environmental observations.Springer Netherlands,1994:261-283.
[66]王秀珍,黄敬峰,李云梅,等.水稻叶面积指数的高光谱遥感估算模型[J].遥感学报,2004,8(1):81-88.Wang X Z,Huang J F,Li Y M,et al.The study on hyperspectral remote sensing estimation models about LAI of Rice[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2004,8(1):81-88.
[67]张正杨,马新明,贾方方,等.烟草叶面积指数的高光谱估算模型[J].生态学报,2012,32(1):168-175.Zhang Z Y,Ma X M,Jia F F,et al.Hyperspectral estimating models of tobacco leaf area index[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(1):168-175.
[68]杨燕,田庆久.高光谱反演水稻叶面积指数的主成分分析法[J].国土资源遥感,2007,19(3):47-50.Yang Y,Tian Q J.Principal component analysis of hyperspectral inversion rice leaf area index[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2007,19(3):47-50.
[69]张浩,胡昊,陈义,等.水稻叶片氮素及籽粒蛋白质含量的高光谱估测模型[J].核农学报,2012,26(1):135-140.Zhang H,Hu H,Chen Y,et al.Estimating nitrogen of rice leaf and protein of rice seed based on hyperspectral data[J].Jour?nal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2012,26(1):135-140.
[70]王霄鹏.黄河三角洲湿地典型植被高光谱遥感研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2014.Wang X P.Study on the yellow river delta wetland typical vegetation using hyperspectral remote sensing[D].Dalian:DalianMaritime University,2014.
[71]王奕涵,石铁柱,刘会增,等.水稻叶片氮含量反演偏最小二乘模型设计[J].遥感信息,2015(6):42-47.Wang Y H,Shi T Z,Liu H Z,et al.Partial least square regression model for retrieving paddy rice nitrogen content with banddepth analysis and genetic algorithm[J].Remote Sensing Information,2015(6):42-47.
[72]方美红,刘湘南.小波分析用于水稻叶片氮含量高光谱反演[J].应用科学学报,2010,28(4):387-393.Fang M H,Liu X N.Estimation of nitrogen content in rice levaes with hyperspectral reflectance measurements using waveletanalysis[J].Journal of Applied Sciences,2010,28(4):387-393.
[73]田永超,杨杰,姚霞,等.利用叶片高光谱指数预测水稻群体叶层全氮含量[J].作物学报,2010,36(9):1529-1537.Tian Y C,Yang J,Yao X,et al.Monitoring canopy leaf nitrogen concentration based on leaf hyperspectral indices in rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(9):1529-1537.
[74]周冬琴,朱艳,杨杰,等.基于冠层高光谱参数的水稻叶片碳氮比监测[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(3):135-141.Zhou D Q,Zhu Y,Yang J,et al.C/N content ratio of rice leaf monitoring based on canopy hyperspectral parameters[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(3):135-141.
[75]陈君颖,田庆久,施润和.水稻叶片叶绿素含量的光谱反演研究[J].遥感信息,2005(6):12-16.Chen J Y,Tian Q J,Shi R H.Study on simulation of rice leaf′s chlorophyll concentration via the spectrum[J].Remote Sens?ing Information,2005(6):12-16.
[76]姚霞,田永超,倪军,等.水稻叶片色素含量近红外光谱估测模型研究[J].分析化学,2012,40(4):589-595.Yao X,Tian Y C,Ni J,et al.Estimation of leaf pigment concentration in rice by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy[J].Analytical Chemistry,2012,40(4):589-595.
[77]吕杰,刘湘南.利用支持向量机构建水稻镉含量高光谱预测模型[J].应用科学学报,2012,30(1):105-110.Lv J,Liu X N.Hyperspectral remote sensing estimation model for Cd concentration in rice using support vector machines[J].Journal of Applied Sciences,2012,30(1):105-110.
[78]李旭青,刘湘南,刘美玲,等.水稻冠层氮素含量光谱反演的随机森林算法及区域应用[J].遥感学报,2014,18(4):923-945.Li X Q,Liu X N,Liu M L,et al.Random forest algorithm and regional applications of spectral inversion model for estimatingcanopy nitrogen concentration in rice[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2014,18(4):923-945.
[2]Collins W.Remote sensing of crop type and maturity[J].Photogrammetric Engineering&Remote Sensing,1978,44(1):43-55.
[3]马文勇,王训明.基于高光谱分析的草地叶绿素含量估算研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(1):25-34.Ma W Y,Wang X M.Progress on grassland chlorophyll content estimation by hyperspectral analysis[J].Progress in Geogra?phy,2016,35(1):25-34.
[4]谭林,何秉宇,刘卫国,等.基于优化SVR高光谱指数的独尾草叶绿素含量估算[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(2):555-562.Tan L,He B Y,Liu W G,et al.Estimation of chlorophyll content of Eremurus chinensis based on optimization support vectorregression machine[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(2):555-562.
[5]Horler D N H,Dockray M,Barber J.The red edge of plant leaf reflectance[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1983,4(2):273-288.
[6]Bonham-Carter G F.Numerical procedures and computer program for fitting an inverted gaussian model to vegetation reflec?tance data[J].Computers&Geosciences,1988,14(3):339-356.
[7]Curran P J.Remote sensing of foliar chemistry[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1989,30(3):271-278.
[8]金震宇,田庆久,惠凤鸣,等.水稻叶绿素浓度与光谱反射率关系研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2003,18(3):134-137.Jin Z Y,Tian Q J,Hui F M,et al.Study of the relationship between rice chlorophyll concentration and rice reflectance[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2003,18(3):134-137.
[9]刘伟东,项月琴,郑兰芬,等.高光谱数据与水稻叶面积指数及叶绿素密度的相关分析[J].遥感学报,2000,21(4):279-283.Liu W D,Xiang Y Q,Zheng L F,et al.Relationships between rice LAI,CH.D and hyperspectra data[J].Journal of RemoteSensing,2000,21(4):279-283.
[10]吴长山,项月琴,郑兰芬,等.利用高光谱数据对作物群体叶绿素密度估算的研究[J].遥感学报,2000,4(3):228-232.Wang C S,Xiang Y Q,Zheng L F,et al.Estimating chlorophyll density of crop canopies by using hyperspectral data[J].Jour?nal of Remote Sensing,2000,4(3):228-232.
[11]唐延林,王秀珍,黄敬峰,等.水稻微分光谱和植被指数的作用探讨[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(1):145-150.Tang Y L,Wang X Z,Huang J F,et al.Action of derivative spectra and vegetation indices for rice[J].Transations of theCSAE,2003,19(1):145-150.
[12]唐延林,王纪华,黄敬峰,等.水稻成熟过程中高光谱与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的变化规律研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(6):167-173.Tang Y L,Wang J H,Huang J F,et al.Variation law of hypersprctral data and chlorophyll and carotenoid for rice in matureprocess[J].Transations of the CSAE,2003,19(6):167-173.
[13]杨杰,田永超,姚霞,等.水稻上部叶片叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6561-6571.Yang J,Tian Y C,Yao X,et al.Hyperspectral estimation model for chlorophyll concentration in top leaves of rice[J].ActaEcologica Sinica,2009,29(12):6561-6571.
[14]王福民,黄敬峰,王秀珍.水稻叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量估算的归一化色素指数研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2009,29(4):1064-1068.Wang F M,Huang J F,Wang X Z.Normalized difference ratio pigment index for estimating chlorophyll and cartenoid con?tents of in leaves of rice[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2009,29(4):1064-1068.
[15]王福民,黄敬峰,刘占宇,等.水稻色素含量估算的最优比值色素指数研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2009,35(3):321-328.Wang F M,Huang J F,Liu Z Y,et al.Optimal simple ratio pigment index for estimating pigment contents of rice[J].Journalof Zhejiang University(Agric&Life Sci),2009,35(3):321-328.
[16]Chen J M,Cihlar J.Retrieving leaf area index of boreal conifer forests using Landsat TM images[J].Remote Sensing of Envi?ronment,1996,55(2):153-162.
[17]浦瑞良,宫鹏,约翰R米勤.美国西部黄松叶面积指数与高光谱分辨率CASI数据的相关分析[J].遥感学报,1993(2):112-125.Pu R L,Gong P,JhonR Miller.Correlation leaf area index of ponderosa pine with hyperspectral CASI data[J].Journal of Re?mote Sensing,1993(2):112-125.
[18]王秀珍,黄敬峰,李云梅,等.水稻叶面积指数的高光谱遥感估算模型[J].遥感学报,2004,8(1):81-88.Wang X Z,Huang J F,Li Y M,et al.The study on hyperspectral remote sensing estimation models about LAI of rice[J].Jour?nal of Remote Sensing,2004,8(1):81-88.
[19]薛利红,曹卫星,罗卫红,等.光谱植被指数与水稻叶面积指数相关性的研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(1):47-52.Xue L H,Cao W X,Luo W H,et al.Relationship between spectral vegetation indices and LAI in rice.[J].Acta Phytoecologi?ca Sinica,2004,28(1):47-52.
[20]刘占宇,黄敬峰,王福民,等.估算水稻叶面积指数的调节型归一化植被指数[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3350-3356.Liu Z Y,Huang J F,Wang F M,et al.Adjusted-normalized difference vegetation index for estimating leaf area index of rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(10):3350-3356.
[21]辛明月,殷红,陈龙,等.不同生育期水稻叶面积指数的高光谱遥感估算模型[J].中国农业气象,2015,36(6):762-768.Xin M Y,Yin H,Chen L,et al.Estimation of rice canopy LAI with different growth stages based on hyperspectral remotesensing data[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2015,36(6):762-768.
[22]Thenkabail P S,Smith R B,Pauw E D.Hyperspectral vegetation indices and their relationships with agricultural crop charac?teristics[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2000,71(2):158-182.
[23]Casanova D,Epema G F,Goudriaan J.Monitoring rice reflectance at field level for estimating biomass and LAI[J].FieldCrops Research,1998,55(1/2):83-92.
[24]Takahashi W,Cong V N,Kawaguchi S,et al.Statistical models for prediction of dry weight and nitrogen accumulation basedon visible and near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance of rice canopies[J].Plant Production Science,2000,3(4):377-386.
[25]唐延林,王秀珍,王珂.利用光谱法测定水稻生物物理参数及其与光谱变量的相关性研究[J].山地农业生物学报,2002,21(5):327-331.Tang Y L,Wang X Z,Wang K.Study on the correlation between biophysical parameter and spectral variable[J].Journal ofMountain Agriculture and Biology,2002,21(5):327-331.
[26]唐延林,王秀珍,王福民,等.农作物LAI和生物量的高光谱法测定[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2004,32(11):100-104.Tang Y L,Wang X Z,Wang F M,et al.Study on the determination of LAI and biomass of crop by hyperspectral[J].Jour ofNorthwest Sci-Tech Univ of Agri and For(Nat Sci Ed),2004,32(11):100-104.
[27]王秀珍,黄敬峰,李云梅,等.水稻地上鲜生物量的高光谱遥感估算模型研究[J].作物学报,2003,29(6):815-821.Wang X Z,Huang J F,Li Y M,et al.Study on hyperspectral remote sensing estimation models for the ground fresh biomassof rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2003,29(6):815-821.
[28]张远,张中浩,苏世亮,等.基于微波冠层散射模型的水稻生物量遥感估算[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(9):100-105.Zhang Y,Zhang Z H,Su S L,et al.Remote sensing estimation of paddy rice biomass based on microwave canopy scatteringmodel[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(9):100-105.
[29]洪雪.基于水稻高光谱遥感数据的植被指数产量模型研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2017.Hong X.Rice yield model research based on vegetation index of hyperspectral remote sensing data[D].Shenyang:ShenyangAgricultural University,2017.
[30]田国良,郭世忠.水稻的光谱反射特性[J].资源科学,1982,4(2):73-82.Tian G L,Guo S Z.Spectral reflection characteristics of rice[J].Resources Science,1982,4(2):73-82.
[31]兆平.水稻产量测报有新法[J].农业工程技术:温室园艺,1986(3):42.Zhao P. A new method for measuring rice yield[J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology:Greenhouse Horticulture,1986(3):42.
[32]Yang Y K,Miller L D.Correlations of rice grain yields to radiometric estimates of canopy biomass as a function of growthstage[J].?????????,1985,1(1):63-87.
[33]王延颐.南方稻区遥感水稻长势监测与估产研究[J].遥感技术与应用,1991,6(3):1-6.Wang Y Y.Using remote sening technology for rice growth monitoring and yield estimating in south rice region of China[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,1991,6(3):1-6.
[34]黄敬峰,杨忠恩,王人潮,等.基于GIS的水稻遥感估产模型研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2002,17(3):125-128.Huang J F,Yang Z E,Wang R C,et al.The rice production forecasting models using NOAA/AVHRR Data based on GIS[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2002,17(3):125-128.
[35]黄敬峰,王人潮,蒋亨显,等.基于GIS的浙江省水稻遥感估产最佳时相选择[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(3):290-294.Huang J F,Wang R C,Jiang H X,et al.Selection of optimum periods for rice estimation using remote sensing data based onGIS[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(3):290-294.
[36]唐延林,王纪华,黄敬峰,等.利用水稻成熟期冠层高光谱数据进行估产研究[J].作物学报,2004,30(8):780-785.Tang Y L,Wang J H,Huang J F,et al.Yield estimation by hyperserctral data of rice canopies in mature stages[J].Acta Agro?nomica Sinica,2004,30(8):780-785.
[37]薛利红,曹卫星,罗卫红.基于冠层反射光谱的水稻产量预测模型[J].遥感学报,2005,9(1):100-105.Xue L H,Cao W X,Luo W H.Rice yield forecasting model with canopy reflectance spectra[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,9(1):100-105.
[38]谢晓金,李映雪,李秉柏,等.高温胁迫下水稻产量的高光谱估测研究[J].中国水稻科学,2010,24(2):196-202.Xie X J,Li Y X,Li B B,et al.Estimation of rice yield under high temperature stress by hyper-spectral remote sensing[J].Chinese Journal of Rice Science,2010,24(2):196-202.
[39]蒋琴素,成琪璐,徐礼根,等.基于穗光谱指数的水稻产量预测[J].浙江农业学报,2018,30(2):187-193.Jiang Q S,Cheng Q L,Xu L G,et al.Rice yield prediction with panicle spectral indices[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2018,30(2)187-193.
[40]Ju X T,Xing G X,Chen X P,et al.Reducing environmental risk by improving n management in intensive Chinese agricultur?al systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(9):3041.
[41]郭腾飞,梁国庆,周卫,等.施肥对稻田温室气体排放及土壤养分的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(2):337-345.Guo T F,Liang G Q,Zhou W,et al.Effect of fertilizer management on greenhouse gas emission and nutrient status in paddysoil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(2):337-345.
[42]谢芳,韩晓日,杨劲峰,等.不同施氮处理对水稻氮素吸收及产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010(4):24-26.Xie F,Han X R,Yang J F,et al.Study on effect of various free-plowing and throwing super-rice seedling fertilization tech?nique[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2010(4):24-26.
[43]Mistele B,Schmidhalter U.Estimating the nitrogen nutrition index using spectral canopy reflectance measurements[J].Euro?pean Journal of Agronomy,2008,29(4):184-190.
[44]王人潮,陈铭臻,蒋亨显.水稻遥感估产的农学机理研究:Ⅰ.不同氮素水平的水稻光谱特征及其敏感波段的选择[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),1993(s1):9-16.Wang R C,Chen M Z,Jiang H X.Study on the agricultural mechanism of rice yield estimation by remote sensing I.the spec?tral characteristics of rice and the selection of sensitive bands for different nitrogen levels[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Agriculture and Life Sciences),1993(s1):9-16.
[45]张金恒,王珂,王人潮,等.水稻叶片反射光谱诊断氮素营养敏感波段的研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2004,30(3):340-346.Zhan J H,Wang K,Wang R C,et al.Sensitive band ranges of leaf spectral reflectance in diagnosis of rice nitrogen nutrition[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric&Life Sci),2004,30(3):340-346.
[46]秦占飞.西北地区水稻长势遥感监测研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.Qing Z F.Study on rice condition monitoring with remote sensing in northwest region[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F Universi?ty,2016.
[47]薛利红,曹卫星,罗卫红,等.小麦叶片氮素状况与光谱特性的相关性研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(2):172-177.Xue L H,Cao W X,Luo W H,et al.Correlation between leaf nitrogen status and cannopy spectral characteristics in wheat[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(2):172-177.
[48]田永超,杨杰,姚霞,等.利用叶片高光谱指数预测水稻群体叶层全氮含量[J].作物学报,2010,36(9):1529-1537.Tian Y C,Yang B,Yao X,et al.Monitoring canopy leaf nitrogen concentration based on leaf hyperspectral indices in rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(9):1529-1537.
[49]田永超,杨杰,姚霞,等.估测水稻叶层氮浓度的新型蓝光氮指数[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(4):966-972.Tian Y C,Yang J,Yao X,et al.A newly developed blue nitrogen index for estimating canopy leaf nitrogen concentration ofrice[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(4):966-972.
[50]Chu X,Guo Y J,He J Y,et al.Comparison of different hyperspectral vegetation indices for estimating canopy leaf nitrogenaccumulation in rice[J].Plant&Soil,2013,376(1/2):193-209.
[51]谭昌伟,周清波,齐腊,等.水稻氮素营养高光谱遥感诊断模型[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(6):1261-1268.Tan C W,Zhou Q B,Qi L,et al.Hyperspectral remote sensing diagnosis models of rice plant nitrogen nutritional status[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(6):1261-1268.
[52]田永超,杨杰,姚霞,等.水稻高光谱红边位置与叶层氮浓度的关系[J].作物学报,2009,35(9):1681-1690.Tian Y C,Yang J,Yao X,et al.Quantitative relationship between hyper-spectral red edge position and canopy leaf nitrogenconcentration in rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(9):1681-1690.
[53]王磊,白由路.基于光谱理论的作物营养诊断研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(6):902-912.Wang L,Bai Y L.Research advance on plant nutrition diagnosis based on spectral theory[J].Plant Nutrition and FertilizerScience,2006,12(6):902-912.
[54]Alabbas A H,Barr R,Hall J D,et al.Spectra of normal and nutrient-deficient maize leaves 1[J].Agronomy Journal,1974,37(9):3693-3700.
[55]程一松,胡春胜,王成,等.养分胁迫下的夏玉米生理反应与光谱特征[J].资源科学,2001,23(6):54-58.Cheng Y S,Hu C S,Wang C,et al.Physiological response and spectral characteristics of summer corn under nutrient stresscondition[J].Resources Science,2001,23(6):54-58.
[56]Osborne S L,Schepers J S,Francis D D,et al.Detection of phosphorus and nitrogen deficiencies in corn using spectral radi?ance measurements[J].Agronomy Journal,2002,94(6)(6):1215-1221.
[57]林芬芳,丁晓东,付志鹏,等.基于互信息理论的水稻磷素营养高光谱诊断[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2009,29(9):2467-2470.Li Y F,Ding X D,Fu Z P,et al.Application of mutual information to variable selection in diagnosis of phosphorus nutritionin rice[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2009,29(9):2467-2470.
[58]乔欣,马旭,张小超,等.大豆叶绿素和钾素信息的冠层光谱响应[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(4):108-111.Qiao X,Ma X,Zhang X C,et al.Response of coronary spectrum on chlorophyll and k information of soy[J].Transactions ofthe Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2008,39(4):108-111.
[59]易时来,邓烈,何绍兰,等.锦橙叶片钾含量光谱监测模型研究[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(4):780-786.Yi S L,Deng L,He S L,et al.A spectrum based models for monitoring leaf potassium content of Citrus sinensis(L)cv.Jincheng Orange[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(4):780-786.
[60]黄双萍,岳学军,洪添胜,等.不同物候期柑橘叶片钾素水平预测建模[J].江苏大学学报(自然科学版),2013,34(5):529-535.Huang S P,Yue X J,Hong T S,et al.Potassium content prediction model of citrus leaves in different phenological period[J].Journal of Jiangsu University(Natural Science Edition),2013,34(5):529-535.
[61]王珂,沈掌泉.不同钾营养水平的水稻冠层和叶片光谱特征研究初报[J].科技通报,1997(4):211-214.Wang K,Sheng Z Q.Preliminary study on canopy and leaf reflectance characteristics of rice with various potassium levels[J].Bulletin of Science and Technology,1997(4):211-214.
[62]巴家亮.基于高光谱数据的农作物冠层LAI和F_(APAR)估算研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2013.Ba J L.Study on estimating LAI and F_(APAR)from hyperspectral data in crop canopy[D].Wuhan:Huazhong AgriculturalUniversity,2013.
[63]李永梅,张立根,张学俭.水稻叶片高光谱响应特征及氮素估算[J].江苏农业科学,2017,45(23):210-213.Li Y M,Zhang L G,Zhang X J.Hyperspectral response characteristics of rice leaves and estimation of nitrogen[J].JiangsuAgricultural Sciences,2017,45(23):210-213.
[64]Filella I,Penuelas J.The red edge position and shape as indicators of plant chlorophyll content,biomass and hydric status.[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1994,15(7):1459-1470.
[65]Mauser W,Bach H.Imaging spectroscopy in hydrology and agriculture-determination of model parameters[C]//ImagingSpectrometry:a tool for environmental observations.Springer Netherlands,1994:261-283.
[66]王秀珍,黄敬峰,李云梅,等.水稻叶面积指数的高光谱遥感估算模型[J].遥感学报,2004,8(1):81-88.Wang X Z,Huang J F,Li Y M,et al.The study on hyperspectral remote sensing estimation models about LAI of Rice[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2004,8(1):81-88.
[67]张正杨,马新明,贾方方,等.烟草叶面积指数的高光谱估算模型[J].生态学报,2012,32(1):168-175.Zhang Z Y,Ma X M,Jia F F,et al.Hyperspectral estimating models of tobacco leaf area index[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(1):168-175.
[68]杨燕,田庆久.高光谱反演水稻叶面积指数的主成分分析法[J].国土资源遥感,2007,19(3):47-50.Yang Y,Tian Q J.Principal component analysis of hyperspectral inversion rice leaf area index[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2007,19(3):47-50.
[69]张浩,胡昊,陈义,等.水稻叶片氮素及籽粒蛋白质含量的高光谱估测模型[J].核农学报,2012,26(1):135-140.Zhang H,Hu H,Chen Y,et al.Estimating nitrogen of rice leaf and protein of rice seed based on hyperspectral data[J].Jour?nal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2012,26(1):135-140.
[70]王霄鹏.黄河三角洲湿地典型植被高光谱遥感研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2014.Wang X P.Study on the yellow river delta wetland typical vegetation using hyperspectral remote sensing[D].Dalian:DalianMaritime University,2014.
[71]王奕涵,石铁柱,刘会增,等.水稻叶片氮含量反演偏最小二乘模型设计[J].遥感信息,2015(6):42-47.Wang Y H,Shi T Z,Liu H Z,et al.Partial least square regression model for retrieving paddy rice nitrogen content with banddepth analysis and genetic algorithm[J].Remote Sensing Information,2015(6):42-47.
[72]方美红,刘湘南.小波分析用于水稻叶片氮含量高光谱反演[J].应用科学学报,2010,28(4):387-393.Fang M H,Liu X N.Estimation of nitrogen content in rice levaes with hyperspectral reflectance measurements using waveletanalysis[J].Journal of Applied Sciences,2010,28(4):387-393.
[73]田永超,杨杰,姚霞,等.利用叶片高光谱指数预测水稻群体叶层全氮含量[J].作物学报,2010,36(9):1529-1537.Tian Y C,Yang J,Yao X,et al.Monitoring canopy leaf nitrogen concentration based on leaf hyperspectral indices in rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(9):1529-1537.
[74]周冬琴,朱艳,杨杰,等.基于冠层高光谱参数的水稻叶片碳氮比监测[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(3):135-141.Zhou D Q,Zhu Y,Yang J,et al.C/N content ratio of rice leaf monitoring based on canopy hyperspectral parameters[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(3):135-141.
[75]陈君颖,田庆久,施润和.水稻叶片叶绿素含量的光谱反演研究[J].遥感信息,2005(6):12-16.Chen J Y,Tian Q J,Shi R H.Study on simulation of rice leaf′s chlorophyll concentration via the spectrum[J].Remote Sens?ing Information,2005(6):12-16.
[76]姚霞,田永超,倪军,等.水稻叶片色素含量近红外光谱估测模型研究[J].分析化学,2012,40(4):589-595.Yao X,Tian Y C,Ni J,et al.Estimation of leaf pigment concentration in rice by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy[J].Analytical Chemistry,2012,40(4):589-595.
[77]吕杰,刘湘南.利用支持向量机构建水稻镉含量高光谱预测模型[J].应用科学学报,2012,30(1):105-110.Lv J,Liu X N.Hyperspectral remote sensing estimation model for Cd concentration in rice using support vector machines[J].Journal of Applied Sciences,2012,30(1):105-110.
[78]李旭青,刘湘南,刘美玲,等.水稻冠层氮素含量光谱反演的随机森林算法及区域应用[J].遥感学报,2014,18(4):923-945.Li X Q,Liu X N,Liu M L,et al.Random forest algorithm and regional applications of spectral inversion model for estimatingcanopy nitrogen concentration in rice[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2014,18(4):923-945.