塔中地区奥陶系走滑断裂体系解剖及其控储控藏特征分析
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摘要
与常规构造和岩性油气藏相比,塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏非常复杂和特殊,具有一洞一藏的特征。目前在断溶体研究思路指导下的储层钻遇率和投产成功率进一步提高,其中基于地震资料的断裂体系精细解剖发挥着至关重要的作用。但是,在塔中地区低地震资料信噪比情况下,基于常规地震解释方法和断裂模式认识,无法有效提升断裂解释精度和深化油气藏的认识。通过分析走滑断裂体系不同发育阶段的特征,建立了适合塔中地区走滑断裂解剖的两类三种模式,即右行走滑断裂模式和左行走滑断裂模式两类,局部主要发育"菱形"破碎模式、羽状破碎模式和马尾破碎模式三种,再结合对地震资料的叠前-叠后"串联式"解释性处理和对计算地震属性时多参数的"并联式"优化,提升基于地震数据的断裂的可解释性,指导了塔中地区断裂体系的细化,并分析不同模式的差异及优劣,有效地指导并深化研究区断裂控储、控藏的认识,按地震剖面特征及断裂分型、分段研究成果将断溶型油气藏划分为"灌木形态、直立形态、选择扩溶型"三种类型,支持了研究区油气藏效益开发。应用表明,该研究结果在塔中地区油气藏开发实践中取得了非常好的效果,有力支持了油田产能建设。
Fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin are complicated and unique because,there,one cavity forms one reservoir.At present,based on the concept of a fault-karst reservoir,the rate at which drilling has encountered reservoirs and production success rates have improved.The fine interpretation of fracture systems based on seismic data plays a crucial role in this improvement.However,based on the conventional seismic interpretation method and fault modes,it has been difficult to improve the accuracy of fault interpretation for seismic data with low SNR in the Tazhong area.First,by analyzing the features of the strikeslip fault system in different development stages,strike-slip faults can be classified into two types with three modes.The two types are right lateral strike-slip and left lateral strike-slip.The three modes are rhombus breaking,pinnate crushing,and horsetail breaking.Combining the"series"interpretative processing from prestack to poststack seismic data with the"parallel"optimization of multiple parameters for seismic attribute calculations,fault interpretations were improved in this study.The improved data were used to refine the fault system and analyze the differences in fault patterns to effectively and comprehensively understand faultcontrolled reservoirs and hydrocarbon accumulation.Finally,based on the seismic section characteristics and fault classification and segmentation results,reservoirs could be divided into three types of fault-karst,namely shrub shape,vertical form,and selective expansion.The practical application showed that this method could significantly improve the success rate of well drilling in the Tazhong area and support the development of oil and gas reservoirs.
Fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin are complicated and unique because,there,one cavity forms one reservoir.At present,based on the concept of a fault-karst reservoir,the rate at which drilling has encountered reservoirs and production success rates have improved.The fine interpretation of fracture systems based on seismic data plays a crucial role in this improvement.However,based on the conventional seismic interpretation method and fault modes,it has been difficult to improve the accuracy of fault interpretation for seismic data with low SNR in the Tazhong area.First,by analyzing the features of the strikeslip fault system in different development stages,strike-slip faults can be classified into two types with three modes.The two types are right lateral strike-slip and left lateral strike-slip.The three modes are rhombus breaking,pinnate crushing,and horsetail breaking.Combining the"series"interpretative processing from prestack to poststack seismic data with the"parallel"optimization of multiple parameters for seismic attribute calculations,fault interpretations were improved in this study.The improved data were used to refine the fault system and analyze the differences in fault patterns to effectively and comprehensively understand faultcontrolled reservoirs and hydrocarbon accumulation.Finally,based on the seismic section characteristics and fault classification and segmentation results,reservoirs could be divided into three types of fault-karst,namely shrub shape,vertical form,and selective expansion.The practical application showed that this method could significantly improve the success rate of well drilling in the Tazhong area and support the development of oil and gas reservoirs.
引文
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[10]吴自强,朱祚铎.岩石剪切破裂中的“Riedel Shear”构造模式[J].岩土力学,1991,12(2):67-74WU Z Q,ZHU Z D.Construction mode of"Shear Riedel"in rock shear fracture[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,1991,12(2):67-74
[11] DRESEN G.Stress distribution and the orientation of Riedel shears[J].Tectonophysics,1991,188(3-4):239-247
[12] COELHO S,PASSCHIER C,MARQUES F.Riedelshear control on the development of pennant veins:Field example and analogue modelling[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2006,28(9):1658-1669
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[14] OLIEROOK H K H,TIMMS N E,HAMILTON P J.Mechanisms for permeability modification in the damage zone of a normal fault,northern Perth Basin,Western Australia[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2014,50(1):130-147
[15] OLSON E L,COOKE M L.Application of three fault growth criteria to the Puente Hills thrust system,Los Angeles,California,USA[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2005,27(10):1765-1777
[16]孙同文,付广,吕延防,等.断裂输导流体的机制及输导形式探讨[J].地质论评,2012,58(6):1081-1090SUN T W,FU G,LV Y F,et al.A discussion on fault conduit fluid mechanism and fault conduit form[J].Geological Review,2012,58(6):1081-1090
[17]杜春国,郝芳,邹华耀,等.断裂输导体系研究现状及存在的问题[J].地质科技情报,2007,26(1):51-56DU C G,HAO F,ZOU H Y,et al.Progress and problems of faults conduit systems for hydrocarbon migration[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2007,26(1):51-56
[18]郑和荣,吴茂炳,王毅,等.塔里木盆地奥陶系颗粒石灰岩埋藏溶蚀作用及其石油地质意义[R]∥成都:全国古地理学及沉积学学术会议,2008ZHENG H R,WU M B,WANG Y,et al.Burial dissolution of Ordovician limestone in Tarim Basin and its petroleum geological significance[R]∥Chengdu:The National Academic Conference of Palaeogeography and Sedimentology,2008
[19]杨海军,李开开,潘文庆,等.塔中地区奥陶系埋藏热液溶蚀流体活动及其对深部储层的改造作用[J].岩石学报,2012,28(3):783-792YANG H J,LI K K,PAN W Q,et al.Burial hydrothermal dissolution fluid activity and its transforming effect on the reservoirs in Ordovician in Central Tarim[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2012,28(3):783-792
[20]佘敏,寿建峰,沈安江,等.埋藏有机酸性流体对白云岩储层溶蚀作用的模拟实验[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,38(3):10-17SHE M,SHOU J F,SHEN A J,et al.Experimental simulation of dissolution and alteration of buried organic acid fluid on dolomite reservoir[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2014,38(3):10-17
[21]张水昌,帅燕华,何坤,等.硫酸盐热化学还原作用的启动机制研究[J].岩石学报,2012,28(3):739-748ZHANG S C,SHUAI Y H,HE K,et al.Research on the initiation mechanism of thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR)[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2012,28(3):739-748
[22]潘文庆,刘永福,Dickson J A D,等.塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩热液岩溶的特征及地质模型[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):983-994PAN W Q,LIU Y F,DICKSON J A D.The geological model of hydrothermal activity in outcrop and the characteristics of carbonate hydrothermal Karst of Lower Paleozoic in Tarim Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):983-994
[23]陈红汉,鲁子野,曹自成,等.塔里木盆地塔中地区北坡奥陶系热液蚀变作用[J].石油学报,2016,37(1):43-63CHEN H H,LU Z Y,CAO Z C,et al.Hydrothermal alteration of Ordovician reservoir in northeastern slope of Tazhong uplift,Tarim Basin[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2016,37(1):43-63
[24]屈海洲,王振宇,张云峰,等.塔中超深层奥陶系礁滩相碳酸盐岩优质储集层成因[J].新疆石油地质,2013,34(2):169-173QU H Z,WANG Z Y,ZHANG Y F,et al.Genesis of high-quality reservoir in ultra-deep and reef-bank carbonate rocks of Ordovician in Tazhong Area,Tarim Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2013,34(2):169-173
[25]李飞跃,张功成,杨海长,等.复杂断裂综合解释方法在长昌凹陷的应用[J].石油物探,2017,56(4):543-550LI F Y,ZHANG G C,YANG H Z,et al.Application of comprehensive interpretation method for complicated fractures in Changchang Sag[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2017,56(4):543-550
[26] MARFURT K J.Robust estimates of 3Dreflector dip and azimuth[J].Geophysics,2006,71(4):P29-P40
[27]庞亚瑾,张怀,石耀霖.拉分盆地形成机制的数值模拟[C]∥中国地球物理2013——第七分会场论文集,2013PANG Y J,ZHANG H,SHI Y L.Numerical simulation of the formation mechanism of the pull apart basin[C]∥China Geophysics 2013-Seventh Symposium Collection,2013
[2]董马超,吕海涛,蒲仁海,等.塔中东部走滑断裂带特征及油气地质意义[J].石油物探,2016,55(6):840-850DONG M C,LV H T,PU R H,et al.Characteristics of strike-slip fault belt and its hydrocarbon geological significance in the eastern area of central Tarim Basin[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2016,55(6):840-850
[3]崔海峰,田雷,刘军,等.麦盖提斜坡东段断裂活动特征及油气意义[J].石油地球物理勘探,2016,51(6):1241-1250CUI H F,TIAN L,LIU J,et al.Fault activity characteristics in Maigaiti eastern slope and its hydrocarbon significance[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016,51(6):1241-1250
[4] FAULKNER D R,JACKSON C A L,LUNN R J,et al.A review of recent developments concerning the structure,mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2010,32(11):1557-1575
[5] LIN A,YAMASHITA K.Spatial variations in damage zone width along strike-slip faults:an example from active faults in southwest Japan[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2013,57(1):1-15
[6]鲁新便,胡文革,汪彦,等.塔河地区碳酸盐岩断溶体油藏特征与开发实践[J].石油与天然气地质,2015,36(3):347-355LU X B,HU W G,WANG Y,et al.Characteristics and development practice of fault-karst carbonate reservoirs in Tahe area,Tarim Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2015,36(3):347-355
[7]张建伟.塔中北坡断裂系统研究[D].西安:西安石油大学,2015ZHANG J W.Study on fault system in the northern slope of Tazhong[D].Xi'an:Xi'an Shiyou University,2015
[8]高华华.塔里木地区寒武—奥陶纪构造—沉积环境与原型盆地演化[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2015GAO H H.Tectonic-depositional setting and proto-type basin evolution of the Cambrain and Ordovician in Tarim area[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2015
[9]张永志,赵大江,王卫东.断层走滑不均匀性对地面变形的影响[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(8):2113-2118ZHANG Y Z,ZHAO D J,WANG W D.Effects on the earth surface deformation by asymmetric strike slip on fault plane[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(8):2113-2118
[10]吴自强,朱祚铎.岩石剪切破裂中的“Riedel Shear”构造模式[J].岩土力学,1991,12(2):67-74WU Z Q,ZHU Z D.Construction mode of"Shear Riedel"in rock shear fracture[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,1991,12(2):67-74
[11] DRESEN G.Stress distribution and the orientation of Riedel shears[J].Tectonophysics,1991,188(3-4):239-247
[12] COELHO S,PASSCHIER C,MARQUES F.Riedelshear control on the development of pennant veins:Field example and analogue modelling[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2006,28(9):1658-1669
[13] RAO G,LIN A M,YAN B,et al.Co-seismic Riedel shear structures produced by the 2010 Mw,6.9Yushu earthquake,central Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Tectonophysics,2011,507(1):86-94
[14] OLIEROOK H K H,TIMMS N E,HAMILTON P J.Mechanisms for permeability modification in the damage zone of a normal fault,northern Perth Basin,Western Australia[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2014,50(1):130-147
[15] OLSON E L,COOKE M L.Application of three fault growth criteria to the Puente Hills thrust system,Los Angeles,California,USA[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2005,27(10):1765-1777
[16]孙同文,付广,吕延防,等.断裂输导流体的机制及输导形式探讨[J].地质论评,2012,58(6):1081-1090SUN T W,FU G,LV Y F,et al.A discussion on fault conduit fluid mechanism and fault conduit form[J].Geological Review,2012,58(6):1081-1090
[17]杜春国,郝芳,邹华耀,等.断裂输导体系研究现状及存在的问题[J].地质科技情报,2007,26(1):51-56DU C G,HAO F,ZOU H Y,et al.Progress and problems of faults conduit systems for hydrocarbon migration[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2007,26(1):51-56
[18]郑和荣,吴茂炳,王毅,等.塔里木盆地奥陶系颗粒石灰岩埋藏溶蚀作用及其石油地质意义[R]∥成都:全国古地理学及沉积学学术会议,2008ZHENG H R,WU M B,WANG Y,et al.Burial dissolution of Ordovician limestone in Tarim Basin and its petroleum geological significance[R]∥Chengdu:The National Academic Conference of Palaeogeography and Sedimentology,2008
[19]杨海军,李开开,潘文庆,等.塔中地区奥陶系埋藏热液溶蚀流体活动及其对深部储层的改造作用[J].岩石学报,2012,28(3):783-792YANG H J,LI K K,PAN W Q,et al.Burial hydrothermal dissolution fluid activity and its transforming effect on the reservoirs in Ordovician in Central Tarim[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2012,28(3):783-792
[20]佘敏,寿建峰,沈安江,等.埋藏有机酸性流体对白云岩储层溶蚀作用的模拟实验[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,38(3):10-17SHE M,SHOU J F,SHEN A J,et al.Experimental simulation of dissolution and alteration of buried organic acid fluid on dolomite reservoir[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2014,38(3):10-17
[21]张水昌,帅燕华,何坤,等.硫酸盐热化学还原作用的启动机制研究[J].岩石学报,2012,28(3):739-748ZHANG S C,SHUAI Y H,HE K,et al.Research on the initiation mechanism of thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR)[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2012,28(3):739-748
[22]潘文庆,刘永福,Dickson J A D,等.塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩热液岩溶的特征及地质模型[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):983-994PAN W Q,LIU Y F,DICKSON J A D.The geological model of hydrothermal activity in outcrop and the characteristics of carbonate hydrothermal Karst of Lower Paleozoic in Tarim Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):983-994
[23]陈红汉,鲁子野,曹自成,等.塔里木盆地塔中地区北坡奥陶系热液蚀变作用[J].石油学报,2016,37(1):43-63CHEN H H,LU Z Y,CAO Z C,et al.Hydrothermal alteration of Ordovician reservoir in northeastern slope of Tazhong uplift,Tarim Basin[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2016,37(1):43-63
[24]屈海洲,王振宇,张云峰,等.塔中超深层奥陶系礁滩相碳酸盐岩优质储集层成因[J].新疆石油地质,2013,34(2):169-173QU H Z,WANG Z Y,ZHANG Y F,et al.Genesis of high-quality reservoir in ultra-deep and reef-bank carbonate rocks of Ordovician in Tazhong Area,Tarim Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2013,34(2):169-173
[25]李飞跃,张功成,杨海长,等.复杂断裂综合解释方法在长昌凹陷的应用[J].石油物探,2017,56(4):543-550LI F Y,ZHANG G C,YANG H Z,et al.Application of comprehensive interpretation method for complicated fractures in Changchang Sag[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2017,56(4):543-550
[26] MARFURT K J.Robust estimates of 3Dreflector dip and azimuth[J].Geophysics,2006,71(4):P29-P40
[27]庞亚瑾,张怀,石耀霖.拉分盆地形成机制的数值模拟[C]∥中国地球物理2013——第七分会场论文集,2013PANG Y J,ZHANG H,SHI Y L.Numerical simulation of the formation mechanism of the pull apart basin[C]∥China Geophysics 2013-Seventh Symposium Collection,2013