苜蓿与禾本科牧草混作对牧草器官间物质分配和产量的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究盐渍化草场的苜蓿和禾本科牧草混作对牧草各器官间物质分配,全碳、全氮含量及产量的影响,筛选出适合盐渍化土壤的苜蓿种植方式。【方法】以苜蓿品种中草3号、草原3号和禾本科牧草老芒麦、无芒雀麦为试验材料,设4种牧草单作及2种苜蓿分别与老芒麦和无芒雀麦混作处理,测定不同处理、不同生育期牧草的株高、鲜质量、干质量、全氮含量、全碳含量及产量等指标。【结果】苜蓿与老芒麦、无芒雀麦混作有利于提高其株高。苜蓿生长初期以茎部器官鲜、干质量积累为主,中期以茎部和叶部积累为主,开花期后逐渐向花积累。老芒麦和无芒雀麦各器官中的全碳总含量小于中草3号和草原3号,全氮含量低于二者;混作处理提高了老芒麦和无芒雀麦的全氮含量。中草3号与老芒麦混作处理显著提高了牧草产量(P<0.05),2次刈割时干草产量分别较中草3号单作处理提高了15.63%和21.95%,较老芒麦单作处理提高了1.23%和8.48%,且中草3号单作处理的牧草产量高于草原3号。叶、茎、花干质量和花全碳含量均与干草产量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。【结论】中草3号与老芒麦混作处理适合在盐渍化偏重地区推广种植。
【Objective】This paper studied the effect of mixed cropping on forage organs matter distribution,carbon content,nitrogen content and yield changes in alfalfa saline pasture to select proper planting patterns on saline land.【Method】Artificial grasslands with legume-graminaceous crop mixed cropping patterns using alfalfa varieties Zhongcao No.3,Caoyuan No.3,Elymus sibiricus and Bromus inermis were selected and monoculture and mixed cropping patterns were established.Plant height,fresh weight,dry weight,nitrogen content,and carbon content were measured.【Result】Mixed cropping with alfalfas and Elymus sibiricus and Bromus inermis improved plant height.The stem organ matter accumulated mostly at early growth period of alfalfa,leaf and stem organ matter accumulation increased at middle stage,and the matter transferred to flower gradually after flowering period.Total carbon and nitrogen contents of different organs of Elymus sibiricus and Bromus inermis were lower than that of Zhongcao No.3and CaoyuanNo.3.Mixed cropping treatments improved the total nitrogen contents of Elymussibiricusand Bromus inermis.Zhongcao No.3and Elymus sibiricus mixed cropping treatment improved forage yield significantly(P<0.05).In the two cutting production processes,dry grass productions of Zhongcao No.3in Zhongcao No.3and Elymus sibiricus mixed cropping were 15.63% and 21.95% higher than those of monoculture Zhongcao No.3,and 1.23% and 8.48% higher than those of monoculture Elymus sibiricus,respectively.The yield of monoculture Zhongcao No.3was higher than that of Caoyuan No.3.Dry weights of leaf,stem and flower,total carbon content of flower,and dry grass yield all had very significantly positive correlation(P<0.01).【Conclusion】Zhongcao No.3and Elymus sibiricus mixed cropping treatment is suitable for planting on heavy saline-alkali areas.
【Objective】This paper studied the effect of mixed cropping on forage organs matter distribution,carbon content,nitrogen content and yield changes in alfalfa saline pasture to select proper planting patterns on saline land.【Method】Artificial grasslands with legume-graminaceous crop mixed cropping patterns using alfalfa varieties Zhongcao No.3,Caoyuan No.3,Elymus sibiricus and Bromus inermis were selected and monoculture and mixed cropping patterns were established.Plant height,fresh weight,dry weight,nitrogen content,and carbon content were measured.【Result】Mixed cropping with alfalfas and Elymus sibiricus and Bromus inermis improved plant height.The stem organ matter accumulated mostly at early growth period of alfalfa,leaf and stem organ matter accumulation increased at middle stage,and the matter transferred to flower gradually after flowering period.Total carbon and nitrogen contents of different organs of Elymus sibiricus and Bromus inermis were lower than that of Zhongcao No.3and CaoyuanNo.3.Mixed cropping treatments improved the total nitrogen contents of Elymussibiricusand Bromus inermis.Zhongcao No.3and Elymus sibiricus mixed cropping treatment improved forage yield significantly(P<0.05).In the two cutting production processes,dry grass productions of Zhongcao No.3in Zhongcao No.3and Elymus sibiricus mixed cropping were 15.63% and 21.95% higher than those of monoculture Zhongcao No.3,and 1.23% and 8.48% higher than those of monoculture Elymus sibiricus,respectively.The yield of monoculture Zhongcao No.3was higher than that of Caoyuan No.3.Dry weights of leaf,stem and flower,total carbon content of flower,and dry grass yield all had very significantly positive correlation(P<0.01).【Conclusion】Zhongcao No.3and Elymus sibiricus mixed cropping treatment is suitable for planting on heavy saline-alkali areas.
引文
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[9]Gorka E,Alvaro S S,Ricardo A,et al.Photosynthetic downregulation in N2-fixing alfalfa under elevated CO2alters rubisco content and decreases nodule metabolism via nitrogenase and tricarboxylic acid cycle[J].Acta Physiologiae Plantarum,2014,36(10):2607-2617.
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[12]慈恩,高明.环境因子对豆科共生固氮影响的研究进展[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(6):1269-1274.Ci E,Gao M.Research advances in the effects of environmental factors on the symbiotic nitrogen of fixation of legumes[J].Acta Botenica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2005,25(6):1269-1274.
[13]包成兰.多年生牧草混播试验初报[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2003,33(2):18.Bao C L.The primary experiment on mixed sowing experiment of perennial grasses[J].Chinese Qinghai Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2003,33(2):18.
[14]张学洲,李学森,兰吉勇.豆科与禾本科牧草混作组合筛选试验研究[J].草食家畜,2012(2):41-45.Zhang X Z,Li X S,Lan J Y.The screening tests of legume and grass mixed sowing combination[J].Grass-Feeding Livestock,2012(2):41-45.
[15]万里强,李向林,何峰.扁穗牛鞭草与紫花苜蓿混作草地生物量和种间竞争的动态研究[J].西南农业学报,2011,24(4):281-289.Wan L Q,Li X L,He F.The dynamical on blomass and interspecific competition in mixed pasture of Hemarthria compressa and Medicago sativa[J].Southwest China Journal of Agrtcultural Sciences,2011,24(4):281-289.
[16]吴姝菊.紫花苜蓿与无芒雀麦、扁穗冰草混作效果研究[J].中国草地学报,2010,32(2):15-18.Wu S J.Effect of mixed seeding alfalfa with smooth bromegrass and crested wheat grass[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2010,32(2):15-18.
[17]王建光.农牧交错区苜蓿-禾草混作模式研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2012.Wang J G.Study on alfalfa-grass mixed model in farming-pastoral zone[D].Beijing:The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2012.
[18]郭孝.无芒雀麦与紫花苜蓿混作草地生长动态的研究[J].家畜生态,2004,25(2):29-31.Guo X.Studies on growth dynamics of mixed grassland of bromegrass and alfalfa[J].Ecology of Domestic Animal,2004,25(2):29-31.
[19]刘美玲,宝音陶格涛.老芒麦与草原2号苜蓿混播试验[J].中国草地,2004,26(1):22-28.Liu M L,Bao Y T G T.An experiment on mix-sowing of Elymus sibiricus and Medicago varia[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2004,26(1):22-28.
[20]王丹,王俊杰,李凌浩,等.旱作条件下苜蓿与冰草不同混作方式的产草量及种间竞争关系[J].中国草地学报,2014,36(5):27-31.Wang D,Wang J J,Li L H,et al.Forage yield and interspecific competition of mixed sowing of alfalfa and wheatgrass under dry farming[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2014,36(5):27-31.
[21]南红梅,王俊鹏,闫建波.8个引进苜蓿品种的生长特性比较研究[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(12):2261-2265.Nan H M,Wang J P,Yan J B.Comparative study on the growth characteristics of 8foreign alfalfa cultivars[J].Acta Botenica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2004,24(12):2261-2265.
[22]Weigelt A,Jolleffe P.Indices of plant competition[J].Journal of Ecology,2003,9(1):707-720.
[23]王燕,赵哈林,赵学勇,等.干旱绿洲农田盐渍化对大麦和苜蓿干物质分配的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2013,18(3):61-67.Wang Y,Zhao H L,Zhao X Y,et al.Influence of salinization on dry matter partitioning of Medicago sativa and Hordeum vulgare in arid oasis[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2013,18(3):61-67.
[24]孙建华,王彦荣,余玲.紫花苜蓿品种间产量性状评价[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(10):1837-1844.Sun J H,Wang Y R,Yu L.Evaluation on yield and quality characteristics of alfalfa varieties[J].Acta Botenica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2004,24(10):1837-1844.
[2]褚冰倩,乔文峰.土壤盐碱化成因及改良措施[J].现代农业科技,2011(14):309-311.Zhu B Q,Qiao W F.Causes and improvement measures of soil salinity[J].Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology,2011(14):309-311.
[3]郑普山,郝保平,冯悦晨,等.紫花苜蓿对盐碱地的改良效果[J].山西农业科学,2012,40(11):1204-1206.Zheng P S,Hao B P,Feng Y C,et al.Preliminarry study on the ameliorating effect of alfalfa to saline-alkali land[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(11):1204-1206.
[4]云锦凤,孙启忠.抓住机遇开创我国苜蓿产业化新局面[C].[出版地不祥]:中国草原学会和中国畜牧业协会,2003:42-61.Yun J F,Sun Q Z.Seized the opportunity to create a new situation of alfalfa industrialization in our country[C].[S.l.]:Chinese Grassland Society and China Animal Agriculture Association,2003:42-61.
[5]Nieves G,Marouane B,Gorka E,et al.Increased photosynthetic acclimation in alfalfa associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and cultivated in greenhouse under elevated CO2[J].Journal of Plant Physiology,2014,171(18):1774-1781.
[6]Marouane B,Gorka E,Nieves G.Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and atmospheric CO2concentration on the biomass production and partitioning in the forage legume alfalfa[J].Symbiosis,2012,58(1):171-181.
[7]Alvaro S S,Gorka E,Aranjuelo L,et al.Photosynthetic downregulation under elevated CO2exposure can be prevented by nitrogen supply in nodulated alfalfa[J].Journal of Plant Physiology,2010,167(18):1558-1565.
[8]Alvaro S S.Photosynthetic and molecular markers of CO2-mediated photosynthetic downregulation in nodulated alfalfa[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2013,55(8):721-734.
[9]Gorka E,Alvaro S S,Ricardo A,et al.Photosynthetic downregulation in N2-fixing alfalfa under elevated CO2alters rubisco content and decreases nodule metabolism via nitrogenase and tricarboxylic acid cycle[J].Acta Physiologiae Plantarum,2014,36(10):2607-2617.
[10]王成章,田玮,杨雨鑫,等.国内外10种紫花苜蓿引种试验研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(3):28-32.Wang C Z,Tian W,Yang Y X,et al.Introducing research on ten alfalfa varieties home and abroad[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2004,32(3):28-32.
[11]杨建军.苜蓿经济性状与水分生态环境关系研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2004.Yang J J.Study on the relationship between alfalfa economic property and water ecological environment[D].Yangling,Shaanxi:Northwest A&F University,2004.
[12]慈恩,高明.环境因子对豆科共生固氮影响的研究进展[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(6):1269-1274.Ci E,Gao M.Research advances in the effects of environmental factors on the symbiotic nitrogen of fixation of legumes[J].Acta Botenica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2005,25(6):1269-1274.
[13]包成兰.多年生牧草混播试验初报[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2003,33(2):18.Bao C L.The primary experiment on mixed sowing experiment of perennial grasses[J].Chinese Qinghai Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences,2003,33(2):18.
[14]张学洲,李学森,兰吉勇.豆科与禾本科牧草混作组合筛选试验研究[J].草食家畜,2012(2):41-45.Zhang X Z,Li X S,Lan J Y.The screening tests of legume and grass mixed sowing combination[J].Grass-Feeding Livestock,2012(2):41-45.
[15]万里强,李向林,何峰.扁穗牛鞭草与紫花苜蓿混作草地生物量和种间竞争的动态研究[J].西南农业学报,2011,24(4):281-289.Wan L Q,Li X L,He F.The dynamical on blomass and interspecific competition in mixed pasture of Hemarthria compressa and Medicago sativa[J].Southwest China Journal of Agrtcultural Sciences,2011,24(4):281-289.
[16]吴姝菊.紫花苜蓿与无芒雀麦、扁穗冰草混作效果研究[J].中国草地学报,2010,32(2):15-18.Wu S J.Effect of mixed seeding alfalfa with smooth bromegrass and crested wheat grass[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2010,32(2):15-18.
[17]王建光.农牧交错区苜蓿-禾草混作模式研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2012.Wang J G.Study on alfalfa-grass mixed model in farming-pastoral zone[D].Beijing:The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2012.
[18]郭孝.无芒雀麦与紫花苜蓿混作草地生长动态的研究[J].家畜生态,2004,25(2):29-31.Guo X.Studies on growth dynamics of mixed grassland of bromegrass and alfalfa[J].Ecology of Domestic Animal,2004,25(2):29-31.
[19]刘美玲,宝音陶格涛.老芒麦与草原2号苜蓿混播试验[J].中国草地,2004,26(1):22-28.Liu M L,Bao Y T G T.An experiment on mix-sowing of Elymus sibiricus and Medicago varia[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2004,26(1):22-28.
[20]王丹,王俊杰,李凌浩,等.旱作条件下苜蓿与冰草不同混作方式的产草量及种间竞争关系[J].中国草地学报,2014,36(5):27-31.Wang D,Wang J J,Li L H,et al.Forage yield and interspecific competition of mixed sowing of alfalfa and wheatgrass under dry farming[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2014,36(5):27-31.
[21]南红梅,王俊鹏,闫建波.8个引进苜蓿品种的生长特性比较研究[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(12):2261-2265.Nan H M,Wang J P,Yan J B.Comparative study on the growth characteristics of 8foreign alfalfa cultivars[J].Acta Botenica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2004,24(12):2261-2265.
[22]Weigelt A,Jolleffe P.Indices of plant competition[J].Journal of Ecology,2003,9(1):707-720.
[23]王燕,赵哈林,赵学勇,等.干旱绿洲农田盐渍化对大麦和苜蓿干物质分配的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2013,18(3):61-67.Wang Y,Zhao H L,Zhao X Y,et al.Influence of salinization on dry matter partitioning of Medicago sativa and Hordeum vulgare in arid oasis[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2013,18(3):61-67.
[24]孙建华,王彦荣,余玲.紫花苜蓿品种间产量性状评价[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(10):1837-1844.Sun J H,Wang Y R,Yu L.Evaluation on yield and quality characteristics of alfalfa varieties[J].Acta Botenica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2004,24(10):1837-1844.