祁连山东段高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)土丘空间分布格局及其与环境因子的空间关联性
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摘要
高原鼢鼠推土造丘行为对高寒草地生态系统的生产和生态功能有重要影响,研究高原鼢鼠土丘空间分布格局及其与环境因子的关系,可以揭示高原鼢鼠栖息地利用和选择规律,为合理控制鼠害及保护草地生物多样性提供科学依据。于2014年8月在祁连山东段选取面积为140m×100m的高原鼢鼠栖息地,消除景观尺度取样带来的气候、地形和土壤的异质性,利用地统计学方法,分析高原鼢鼠土丘的空间分布格局、并揭示其与环境因子中土壤容重、土壤水分、植物地上、地下生物量、根系营养物质含量(可溶性糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪)以及各功能群丰富度(禾本科、莎草科、杂类草)的空间关系。半方差函数及普通克里格插值表明,高原鼢鼠土丘存在中等程度的空间变异且呈现聚集分布,各环境因子均存在不同程度的空间异质性。交方差函数分析表明,高原鼢鼠分布虽与各环境因子在多种尺度下表现出复杂的空间关联性(正的或负的),但mantel检验发现土壤容重、莎草科丰富度与高原鼢鼠土丘分布呈现显著的负空间关联性,杂类草丰富度和根系粗脂肪含量与高原鼢鼠土丘分布存在显著正空间关联性。综上所述,高原鼢鼠主要栖息利用在土壤疏松、莎草科丰富度较低、杂类草较多和根系粗脂肪含量较高的地方。
Plateau zokor(Eospalax baileyi) is a subterranean rodent endemic to the Tibetan Plateau,and it plays an important role in the alpine rangeland system because of the ecosystem function in terms of substance circulation and energy exchanges. However,at high population density,zokors are regarded as pests aggravating the degradation of rangelands. As zokors live underground,they dig tunnels in the soil for foraging or mating. In digging tunnels,the soil is pushed out on the ground as mounds,which reduce the grazing area and cover the forages. However,the mounds made by zokors create environmental heterogeneity,which increases the species diversity and nutrient recycling in soil. Therefore,the mounds have an important impact on the alpine rangeland ecosystem. Studying the spatial distribution of plateau zokor mounds and its correlation with environmental factors can reveal its role in habitat use and selection,which is the basis for controlling zokor damage and protecting biodiversity in the place. The variables of traditional statistics must be random variables,and the traditional statistics can not clarify the relationship between the variables and geographic location. As a result,thetraditional statistics can not explain the reasons that influence the spatial distribution patterns in population studies.Currently,the geostatistical analysis methods are often used to study population spatial distribution patterns. In our study,we selected the small habitat of plateau zokor(140 m × 100 m) in eastern Qilian Mountain because a small habitat can eliminate the heterogeneity of climate and geography. We used the semivariogram and ordinary kriging of geostatistical analysis methods to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of zokor mounds and the environmental factors that influence the distribution of mounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between the distribution of zokor mounds and environmental factors,including soil bulk density,soil moisture,aboveground biomass,underground biomass,root's watersoluble sugar,crude protein,crude fat,richness of grass,and richness of forbs and sedges. The results of semivariogram and ordinary kriging indicated that the mounds of plateau zokor presented clumped distribution with medium variation level,and all environmental factors had spatial heterogeneity in the studying site. The results of a crossvariogram analysis showed that the distribution of zokor mounds had a positive spatial correlation with soil moisture and aboveground as well as underground biomass at the same studying scale(10.74—71.85 m). The distribution of zokor mounds had a positive spatial correlation with forage nutrients,such as root's crude protein and water-soluble sugar at the studying scale(10.74—30.82 m),as well as root's crude fat at the studying scale(10.74—44.01 m). Besides,the distribution of zokor mounds had a positive spatial correlation with forbs at all studying scales. The mantel test indicated that the distribution of zokor mounds had a significant negative spatial correlation with soil bulk density and richness of sedge and a significant positive spatial correlation with richness of forbs and the contents of root's fat. In conclusion,the plateau zokors prefer to select the alpine meadows with softer soil,more forbs as well as plants with higher root's fat in this studying site.
Plateau zokor(Eospalax baileyi) is a subterranean rodent endemic to the Tibetan Plateau,and it plays an important role in the alpine rangeland system because of the ecosystem function in terms of substance circulation and energy exchanges. However,at high population density,zokors are regarded as pests aggravating the degradation of rangelands. As zokors live underground,they dig tunnels in the soil for foraging or mating. In digging tunnels,the soil is pushed out on the ground as mounds,which reduce the grazing area and cover the forages. However,the mounds made by zokors create environmental heterogeneity,which increases the species diversity and nutrient recycling in soil. Therefore,the mounds have an important impact on the alpine rangeland ecosystem. Studying the spatial distribution of plateau zokor mounds and its correlation with environmental factors can reveal its role in habitat use and selection,which is the basis for controlling zokor damage and protecting biodiversity in the place. The variables of traditional statistics must be random variables,and the traditional statistics can not clarify the relationship between the variables and geographic location. As a result,thetraditional statistics can not explain the reasons that influence the spatial distribution patterns in population studies.Currently,the geostatistical analysis methods are often used to study population spatial distribution patterns. In our study,we selected the small habitat of plateau zokor(140 m × 100 m) in eastern Qilian Mountain because a small habitat can eliminate the heterogeneity of climate and geography. We used the semivariogram and ordinary kriging of geostatistical analysis methods to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of zokor mounds and the environmental factors that influence the distribution of mounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between the distribution of zokor mounds and environmental factors,including soil bulk density,soil moisture,aboveground biomass,underground biomass,root's watersoluble sugar,crude protein,crude fat,richness of grass,and richness of forbs and sedges. The results of semivariogram and ordinary kriging indicated that the mounds of plateau zokor presented clumped distribution with medium variation level,and all environmental factors had spatial heterogeneity in the studying site. The results of a crossvariogram analysis showed that the distribution of zokor mounds had a positive spatial correlation with soil moisture and aboveground as well as underground biomass at the same studying scale(10.74—71.85 m). The distribution of zokor mounds had a positive spatial correlation with forage nutrients,such as root's crude protein and water-soluble sugar at the studying scale(10.74—30.82 m),as well as root's crude fat at the studying scale(10.74—44.01 m). Besides,the distribution of zokor mounds had a positive spatial correlation with forbs at all studying scales. The mantel test indicated that the distribution of zokor mounds had a significant negative spatial correlation with soil bulk density and richness of sedge and a significant positive spatial correlation with richness of forbs and the contents of root's fat. In conclusion,the plateau zokors prefer to select the alpine meadows with softer soil,more forbs as well as plants with higher root's fat in this studying site.
引文
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[12]张堰铭,刘季科.地下鼠生物学特征及其在生态系统中的作用.兽类学报,2002,22(5):145-155.
[13]何俊龄,张金沙,杨莹博,邓汉刚,魏进招,张卫国.高原鼢鼠土丘空间格局及主要特征研究.草业学报,2006,15(1):107-112.
[14]陈林,廖文波,杨志松,张阳,何娅,周材权.高原鼢鼠土丘空间分布研究.西北师范大学学报:自然科学版,2010,31(2):122-125.
[15]李凤霞,张德罡.草地退化指标及恢复措施.草原与草坪,2005,(1):24-28.
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[17]周延山,花立民,楚彬,刘丽,姬程鹏,田永亮.祁连山东段高原鼢鼠对高寒草甸危害评价.生态学报,2016,36(18):5922-5930.
[18]吕贻忠,李保国.土壤学.北京:中国农业出版社出版,2006.
[19]李帅,花立民,聂中南,郑阳.草地干重排序快速监测方法在高寒草甸中的应用.生态学杂志,2015,34(12):3575-3580.
[20]杨柳,王建立,王淑英,路苹.糖类物质测定方法评价.北京农学院学报,2009,24(4):68-71.
[21]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分.北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:263-264.
[22]Maxwel B,Wiatr S M,Fay P K.Energy potential of leafy spurge(Euphorbia esula).Economic Botany,1985,39(2):150-156.
[23]王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用.北京:科学出版社,1999.
[24]Cambardella C A,Moorman T B,Parkin T B,Karlen D L,Novak J M,Turco R F,Konopka A E.Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(5):1501-1511.
[25]郭旭东,傅伯杰,马克明,陈利顶,杨福林.基于GIS和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异特征研究——以河北省遵化市为例.应用生态学报,2000,11(4):557-563.
[26]Rossi J P,Lavelle P,Tondoh J E.Statistical tool for soil biology X.Geostatistical analysis.European Journal of Soil Biology,1995,31(4):173-181.
[27]王正军,李典谟,商晗武,程家安.地质统计学理论与方法及其在昆虫生态学中的应用.昆虫知识,2002,39(6):405-411.
[28]郑祥,鲍毅新,葛宝明.GIS在野生动物空间分布格局研究中的应用.四川动物,2003,22(4):277-280.
[29]陈玉福,董鸣.生态学系统的空间异质性.生态学报,2003,23(2):346-352.
[30]楚彬,花立民,周延山,刘丽,李帅.祁连山东段不同放牧强度下高原鼢鼠栖息地选择分析.草业学报,2016,25(1):179-186.
[31]刘丽,花立民,杨思维,周建伟,王巧玲,王贵珍,楚彬,周延山.放牧干扰下高原鼢鼠栖息地选择因素.动物学杂志,2015,50(5):725-734.
[32]Vleck D.The energy cost of burrowing by the pocket gopher Thomomys bottae.Physiological Zoology,1979,52(2):122-136.
[33]Wang Q Y,Zhou W Y,Wei W H,Zhang Y M,Fan N C.The burrowing behavior myospalax bailey and its relation to soil hardness.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2000,20(4):277-283.
[34]王权业,张堰铭,魏万红,边疆晖.高原鼢鼠食性的研究.兽类学报,2000,20(3):193-199.
[35]杨维康,钟文勤,高行宜.鸟类栖息地选择研究进展.干旱区研究,2000,17(3):71-78.
[2]高福元,赵成章,卓马兰草.高寒退化草地不同海拔梯度狼毒种群分布格局及空间关联性.生态学报,2014,34(3):605-612.
[3]申跃武,廖文波,胡锦矗.南充市微尾鼩种群空间分布的研究.西华师范大学学报:自然科学版,2005,26(2):149-151.
[4]Davidson A D,Lightfoot D C.Burrowing rodents increase landscape heterogeneity in a desert grassland.Journal of Arid Environments,2008,72(7):1133-1145.
[5]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001:161-164.
[6]Gutiérrez-López M,Jesús J B,Trigo D,Fernández R,Novo M,Díaz-Cosín D J.Relationships among spatial distribution of soil microarthropods,earthworm species and soil properties.Pedobiologia,2010,53(6):381-389.
[7]房继明.啮齿动物的空间分布格局.生态学杂志,1994,13(1):39-44.
[8]赵天彪,李新民,张忠兵,张春福,齐林.大沙鼠和子午沙鼠种群空间分布格局的研究.兽类学报,1998,18(2):131-136.
[9]房继明,孙儒泳.布氏田鼠空间分布格局的季节动态.生态学报,1991,11(2):111-116.
[10]宗浩,樊乃昌,于福溪,朱嘉城.高寒草甸生态系统优势鼠种高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)种群空间格局的研究.生态学报,1991,11(2):125-129.
[11]樊乃昌,王权业,周文扬,景曾春.高原鼢鼠种群数量与植被破坏程度的关系//高寒草甸生态系统国际学术讨论会文集.北京:科学出版社,1988:109-115.
[12]张堰铭,刘季科.地下鼠生物学特征及其在生态系统中的作用.兽类学报,2002,22(5):145-155.
[13]何俊龄,张金沙,杨莹博,邓汉刚,魏进招,张卫国.高原鼢鼠土丘空间格局及主要特征研究.草业学报,2006,15(1):107-112.
[14]陈林,廖文波,杨志松,张阳,何娅,周材权.高原鼢鼠土丘空间分布研究.西北师范大学学报:自然科学版,2010,31(2):122-125.
[15]李凤霞,张德罡.草地退化指标及恢复措施.草原与草坪,2005,(1):24-28.
[16]汪志刚,刘荣堂,陈艳宇,如甲.高原鼢鼠繁殖指数探讨.草业学报,1995,4(1):61-68.
[17]周延山,花立民,楚彬,刘丽,姬程鹏,田永亮.祁连山东段高原鼢鼠对高寒草甸危害评价.生态学报,2016,36(18):5922-5930.
[18]吕贻忠,李保国.土壤学.北京:中国农业出版社出版,2006.
[19]李帅,花立民,聂中南,郑阳.草地干重排序快速监测方法在高寒草甸中的应用.生态学杂志,2015,34(12):3575-3580.
[20]杨柳,王建立,王淑英,路苹.糖类物质测定方法评价.北京农学院学报,2009,24(4):68-71.
[21]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分.北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:263-264.
[22]Maxwel B,Wiatr S M,Fay P K.Energy potential of leafy spurge(Euphorbia esula).Economic Botany,1985,39(2):150-156.
[23]王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用.北京:科学出版社,1999.
[24]Cambardella C A,Moorman T B,Parkin T B,Karlen D L,Novak J M,Turco R F,Konopka A E.Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(5):1501-1511.
[25]郭旭东,傅伯杰,马克明,陈利顶,杨福林.基于GIS和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异特征研究——以河北省遵化市为例.应用生态学报,2000,11(4):557-563.
[26]Rossi J P,Lavelle P,Tondoh J E.Statistical tool for soil biology X.Geostatistical analysis.European Journal of Soil Biology,1995,31(4):173-181.
[27]王正军,李典谟,商晗武,程家安.地质统计学理论与方法及其在昆虫生态学中的应用.昆虫知识,2002,39(6):405-411.
[28]郑祥,鲍毅新,葛宝明.GIS在野生动物空间分布格局研究中的应用.四川动物,2003,22(4):277-280.
[29]陈玉福,董鸣.生态学系统的空间异质性.生态学报,2003,23(2):346-352.
[30]楚彬,花立民,周延山,刘丽,李帅.祁连山东段不同放牧强度下高原鼢鼠栖息地选择分析.草业学报,2016,25(1):179-186.
[31]刘丽,花立民,杨思维,周建伟,王巧玲,王贵珍,楚彬,周延山.放牧干扰下高原鼢鼠栖息地选择因素.动物学杂志,2015,50(5):725-734.
[32]Vleck D.The energy cost of burrowing by the pocket gopher Thomomys bottae.Physiological Zoology,1979,52(2):122-136.
[33]Wang Q Y,Zhou W Y,Wei W H,Zhang Y M,Fan N C.The burrowing behavior myospalax bailey and its relation to soil hardness.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2000,20(4):277-283.
[34]王权业,张堰铭,魏万红,边疆晖.高原鼢鼠食性的研究.兽类学报,2000,20(3):193-199.
[35]杨维康,钟文勤,高行宜.鸟类栖息地选择研究进展.干旱区研究,2000,17(3):71-78.