青藏高原放牧高寒草甸主要温室气体通量及其主控因素研究
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摘要
在青藏高原高寒草地不同放牧强度区设4个试验样地,分别为原生草甸(NM)、轻度退化草甸(LM)、中度退化草甸(MM)和重度退化草甸(HM),监测草地温室气体通量。结果表明:不同放牧强度对草地温室气体通量影响显著,放牧活动对高寒草甸的影响首先表现在植被上,而土壤环境的变化比较迟滞。通过逐步回归分析和因子拆分得知,草甸甲烷通量影响较大的环境因素为土壤紧实度和有机质,分别能解释44.6%和28.4%的总变异,CO_2通量影响较大的环境因素为紧实度和生物量,分别能解释36.1%和32.8%的总变异,氧化亚氮通量影响较大的环境要素为紧实度和有机质,分别能解释50.1%和22.9%的总变异,家畜的践踏作用使退化草地紧实度增加,进而引起温室气体通量的改变,高寒草甸退化演替发展到重度退化阶段时释放大量温室气体。
The alpine meadow under 4 degradation stages(ND,non-degraded;lightly degraded,LD;moderately degraded,MD;heavily degraded,HD) were selected to measure the greenhouse gas uxes by using the static chambers and gas chromatography.The result indicated that the grassland greenhouse gas flux were significant different among 4 degradation stages(P<0.05).The important factors affecting CH_4 flux were soil compaction and organic matter(44.6% and 28.4%).And they were soil compaction and biomass for CO_2 flux(36.1% and 32.8%).And they were still soil compaction and organic matter(50.1% and 22.9%) for N_2O flux.The trampling of animals increased the soil compaction and then changed the greenhouse gas flux.And a large amount of greenhouse gas was released while the alpine meadow was at severe degradation stage.
The alpine meadow under 4 degradation stages(ND,non-degraded;lightly degraded,LD;moderately degraded,MD;heavily degraded,HD) were selected to measure the greenhouse gas uxes by using the static chambers and gas chromatography.The result indicated that the grassland greenhouse gas flux were significant different among 4 degradation stages(P<0.05).The important factors affecting CH_4 flux were soil compaction and organic matter(44.6% and 28.4%).And they were soil compaction and biomass for CO_2 flux(36.1% and 32.8%).And they were still soil compaction and organic matter(50.1% and 22.9%) for N_2O flux.The trampling of animals increased the soil compaction and then changed the greenhouse gas flux.And a large amount of greenhouse gas was released while the alpine meadow was at severe degradation stage.
引文
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[5] Lal R.Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security[J].Science,2004,304:1623-1627.
[6] 田玉强,欧阳华,徐兴良,等.青藏高原土壤有机碳储量与密度分布[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):933-942.
[7] Koponen H T,Fl?jt L,Martikainen P J.Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils at low temperatures:a laboratory microcosm study[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:757-766.
[8] Cao G,Xu X,Long R,et al.Methane emissions by alpine plant communities in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau[J].Biology Letters,2008,4(6):681.
[9] Du Y,Cui Y,Xu X,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions from two alpine meadows in the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau[J].Plant and Soil,2008,311:245-254.
[10] Kato T,Tang Y,Gu S,et al.Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,124(1):121-134.
[11] 赵亮,古松,周华坤,等.青海省三江源区人工草地生态系统CO2通量[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(3):544-554.
[12] Krümmelbein J,Peth S,Zhao Y,et al.Grazing-induced alterations of soil hydraulic properties and functions in Inner Mongolia,PR China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition & Soil Science,2010,172(6):769-776.
[13] Kumbasli M,Makineci E,Caki R M,et al.Long term effects of red deer(Cenvus elaphus) grazing on soil in a breeding area[J].Journal of Environmental Biology,2010,31(1-2):185.
[14] 郭小伟,杜岩功,林丽,等.青藏高原北缘3种高寒草地的CH4、CO2和N2O通量特征的初步研究[J].草业科学,2016,33(1):27-37.
[15] 李海防,夏汉平,熊燕梅,等.土壤温室气体产生与排放影响因素研究进展[J].生态环境,2007(6):1781-1788.
[16] Richardson D,Felgate H,Watmough N,et al.Mitigating release of the potent greenhouse gas N2O from the nitrogen cycle-could enzymic regulation hold the key[J].Trends in biotechnology,2009,27:388-397.
[17] 易志刚,蚁伟民,周国逸,等.鼎湖山三种主要植被类型土壤碳释放研究[J].生态学报,2003,24(8):1673-1678.
[18] 冯虎元,程国栋,安黎哲.微生物介导的土壤甲烷循环及全球变化研究[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(4):411-419.
[19] Zheng Y,Yang W,Sun X,et al.Methanotrophic community structure and activity under warming and grazing of alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Applied microbiology and biotechnology,2009,93:2193-2203.
[20] 方华军,程淑兰,于贵瑞,等.森林土壤氧化亚氮排放对大气氮沉降增加的响应研究进展[J].土壤学报,2015(2):262-271.
[21] 苑学霞,林先贵,褚海燕,等.大气CO2浓度升高对不同施氮土壤酶活性的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(1):48-53.
[22] 郭小伟,韩道瑞,张法伟,等.青藏高原高寒草原碳增贮潜力的初步研究[J].草地学报,2011,19(5):740-745.
[23] Frank A.Soil carbon dioxide fluxes in northern semiarid grasslands[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2002,34(9):1235-1241.
[24] Hirota M,Tang Y,Hu Q,et al.Methane emissions from different vegetation zones in a Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau wetland[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2004,36(5):737-748.