田块尺度顺坡垄作改等高垄作提高黑土有机质含量
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摘要
为了明晰等高垄作后对坡耕地土壤有机质的恢复作用,选取一块面积为1.4 hm2的典型黑土坡耕地,采用标准栅格法,同位大样点取样调查了改垄前和改垄10 a后土壤有机质和含水率等性状的变化。结果表明:1)与经典统计学相比,地统计学通过变程、块金值与基台值的比值以及插值绘制空间分布图,能够从全坡面更好地反映改垄前后性状的空间变化;2)等高改垄10 a后,垄台土壤含水率变程由510.7 m降低到193.2 m,块金值与基台值的比值由11.7%升至46.9%,空间相关性强度由强烈变为中等,水分再分配降低;3)耕层土壤有机质总体增加了2.61 g/kg,提升了8.4%,只在坡中上部西侧小区的部分区域降低了3.7%;4)土壤全氮含量减少了0.04 g/kg,降低了2.8%。上述结果表明,对于严重侵蚀的坡耕地,改顺坡垄为等高垄作,可弱化性状空间相关性,对土壤有机质具有恢复作用,但应适当增加化肥氮素的施用量,对东北黑土区坡耕地水土流失治理具有指导意义。
The Mollisols degradation induced by water erosion is a big issue in the slope farmland of northeast China. Ridge direction as the same with contour line(contour tillage) could markedly decrease surface runoff and soil loss compared to downslope tillage, which was wildly applied to control soil erosion in the northeast of China. In order to identify the recovery of soil organic matter(SOM) under contour tillage, 102 soil samples were collected and measured in a 1.4 hm2 and 3.8° slope farmland by standard grid method in Guangrong village, Heilongjiang province, northeast China, and the soil properties such as SOM and soil water content were measured and compared before and after 10 years of contour tillage by classic statistics(CS) and geostatistics(GS) analysis. The results showed: 1) There was no difference of soil water content before and after 10 years of contour tillage by CS analysis, while GS analysis could well reveal the spatial variation of soil properties in the field before and after ridge direction changed by Range, ratio of Nugget to Sill and spatial distribution maps. 2) The Range of soil water content decreased from 510.7 to 193.2 m, which revealed the spatial heterogeneity of soil water content decreased by contour tillage, namely the water redistribution by surface runoff declined after 10 years of contour tilleage. Meanwhile the ratio of Nugget to Sill of soil water content increased from 11.7% to 46.9% indicated that the spatial autocorrelation level changed from intense to medium. 3) The soil erosion was well controlled by contour tillage in the field with the surface runoff coefficient decreased from 9.8% to 0.48%, and annual soil loss changed from 35.2 to 0.43 t/hm2. 4) The SOM in the top soil layer of 0-20 cm was increased with 2.61 g/kg and improved by 8.4%, except for a decrease of 3.7% in a small area of the west part of the middle-upper part of the slope after 10 years of contour tillage. 5) The soil total nitrogen(TN) content in the top soil layer of 0-20 cm decreased with 0.04 g/kg and reduced by 2.8%. The TN content increased in the upper slope and foot slope, as that in most part of the middle and lower slope decreased and the area amounted to 63% of the total. Therefore, in order to improve the soil fertility of degraded farmland, water and soil conservation measures are not enough, more nitrogen fertilizer should also be added properly. This study presents important references for soil and water conservation in the Mollisols slope farmland of Northeast China.
The Mollisols degradation induced by water erosion is a big issue in the slope farmland of northeast China. Ridge direction as the same with contour line(contour tillage) could markedly decrease surface runoff and soil loss compared to downslope tillage, which was wildly applied to control soil erosion in the northeast of China. In order to identify the recovery of soil organic matter(SOM) under contour tillage, 102 soil samples were collected and measured in a 1.4 hm2 and 3.8° slope farmland by standard grid method in Guangrong village, Heilongjiang province, northeast China, and the soil properties such as SOM and soil water content were measured and compared before and after 10 years of contour tillage by classic statistics(CS) and geostatistics(GS) analysis. The results showed: 1) There was no difference of soil water content before and after 10 years of contour tillage by CS analysis, while GS analysis could well reveal the spatial variation of soil properties in the field before and after ridge direction changed by Range, ratio of Nugget to Sill and spatial distribution maps. 2) The Range of soil water content decreased from 510.7 to 193.2 m, which revealed the spatial heterogeneity of soil water content decreased by contour tillage, namely the water redistribution by surface runoff declined after 10 years of contour tilleage. Meanwhile the ratio of Nugget to Sill of soil water content increased from 11.7% to 46.9% indicated that the spatial autocorrelation level changed from intense to medium. 3) The soil erosion was well controlled by contour tillage in the field with the surface runoff coefficient decreased from 9.8% to 0.48%, and annual soil loss changed from 35.2 to 0.43 t/hm2. 4) The SOM in the top soil layer of 0-20 cm was increased with 2.61 g/kg and improved by 8.4%, except for a decrease of 3.7% in a small area of the west part of the middle-upper part of the slope after 10 years of contour tillage. 5) The soil total nitrogen(TN) content in the top soil layer of 0-20 cm decreased with 0.04 g/kg and reduced by 2.8%. The TN content increased in the upper slope and foot slope, as that in most part of the middle and lower slope decreased and the area amounted to 63% of the total. Therefore, in order to improve the soil fertility of degraded farmland, water and soil conservation measures are not enough, more nitrogen fertilizer should also be added properly. This study presents important references for soil and water conservation in the Mollisols slope farmland of Northeast China.
引文
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[18]肖波,王庆海,尧水红,等.黄土高原东北缘退耕坡地土壤养分和容重空间变异特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(3):92-96.Xiao Bo,Wang Qinghai,Yao Shuihong,et al.Spatial variation of soil nutrients and bulk density in rehabilitated slope land on northeast of loess plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(3):92-96.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Henley S.Non-parameteric Geostatistics[M].England:Applied Science Publishers L T D,1981.
[20]孟凯,刘月杰.黑土退化阶段与强度分析[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2008(4):476-479,484.Meng Kai,Liu Yuejie.Analysis on retrogressive stages and intensity of terra near[J].System Sciences and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture,2008(4):476-479,484.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Kirkels F,Cammeraat L H,Kuhn N J.The fate of soil organic carbon upon erosion,transport and deposition in agricultural landscapes:A review of different concepts[J].Geomorphology,2014(226):94-105.
[22]Lal R.Soil carbon dynamics in cropland and rangeland[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,116(3):353-362.
[23]张兴义,张少良,刘爽,等.严重侵蚀退化黑土农田地力快速提升技术研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(4):1-5.Zhang Xingyi,Zhang Shaoliang,Liu Shuang,et al.Study on technique to fleetly upgrade of productivity of serious eroded black farmland[J].Research of Soil Water Conservation,2010,17(4):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]Lal R.Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security[J].Science,2004,304(5677):1623-1627.
[25]Maetens W,Poesen J,Vanmaercke M.How effective are soil conservation techniques in reducing plot runoff and soil loss in Europe and the Mediterranean?[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2012,115(1/2):21-36.
[26]Quine T A,Walling D E,Chakela Q K,et al.Rates and patterns of tillage and water erosion on terraces and contour strips:evidence from caesium-137 measurements[J].Catena,1999,36(1/2):115-142.
[2]Pimentel D,Burgess M.Soil erosion threatens food production[J].Agriculture,2013,3(3):443-463.
[3]水利部,中国科学院,中国工程院.中国水土流失防治与生态安全·东北黑土区卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[4]张兴义,王其存,隋跃宇,等.黑土坡耕地土壤湿度时空演变及其与大豆产量空间相关性分析[J].土壤,2006,38(4):410-416.Zhang Xingyi,Wang Qicun,Sui Yueyu,et al.SpatialTemporal variation of soil moisture and its spatial correlations with soybean yield in black soil sloping farmland[J].Soils,2006,38(4):410-416.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]张兴义,回莉君.水土保持综合治理成效[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2015.
[6]张之一.黑土开垦后黑土层厚度的变化[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2010,22(5):1-3.Zhang Zhiyi.The thickness changes of ah horizon after the phaeozems cultivated[J].Journal of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,2010,22(5):1-3.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Dunne T.Field Studies of Hillslope Flow Processes[M]//Kirkby,M J.Hillslope Hydrology.Chichester:Wiley,1978:227-293.
[8]胡刚,宋慧,刘宝元,等.黑土区基准坡长和LS算法对地形因子的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):166-173.Hu Gang,Song Hui,Liu Baoyuan,et al.Effects of both slope length of standard plot and algorithms of LS on calculated values of topography factor(LS)in black soil areas in Northeast China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(3):166-173.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]杨维鸽,郑粉莉,王占礼,等.地形对黑土区典型坡面侵蚀:沉积空间分布特征的影响[J].土壤学报,2016,53(3):572-581.Yang Weige,Zheng Fenli,Wang Zhanli,et al.Effects of topography on spatial distribution of soil erosion and deposition on hillslope in the typical of black soil region[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(3):572-581.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]刘兴土,阎百兴.东北黑土区水土流失与粮食安全[J].中国水土保持,2009(1):17-19.
[11]Liu X B,Zhang X Y,Wang Y X,et al.Soil degradation:A problem threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China[J].Plant Soil and Environment,2010,56(2):87-97.
[12]中华人民共和国水利行业标准.黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准:SL 446-2009[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009.
[13]张世熔,孙波,赵其国,等.南方丘陵区不同尺度下土壤氮素含量的分布特征[J].土壤学报,2007(5):885-892.Zhang Shirong,Sun Bo,Zhao Qiguo,et al.Distribution characteristics of soil nitrogen at multi-scales in hilly region in south china[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007(5):885-892.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]Morgan R P C.Soil Erosion and Conservation[M].Cornwall:Blackwell Publishing,2005.
[15]Hudson N W.Soil Conservation[M].London:Batsford,1976.
[16]方华军,杨学明,张晓平,等.耕作及水蚀影响下坡耕地土壤有机碳动态模拟[J].土壤学报,2006(5):730-735.Fang Huajun,Yang Xueming,Zhang Xiaoping,et al.Simulation on dynamics of soil organic carbon under the effect of tillage and water erosion[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006(5):730-735.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Sun T,Chen Q,Chen Y,et al.A novel soil wetting technique for measuring wet stable aggregates[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2014,141:19-24.
[18]肖波,王庆海,尧水红,等.黄土高原东北缘退耕坡地土壤养分和容重空间变异特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(3):92-96.Xiao Bo,Wang Qinghai,Yao Shuihong,et al.Spatial variation of soil nutrients and bulk density in rehabilitated slope land on northeast of loess plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(3):92-96.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Henley S.Non-parameteric Geostatistics[M].England:Applied Science Publishers L T D,1981.
[20]孟凯,刘月杰.黑土退化阶段与强度分析[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2008(4):476-479,484.Meng Kai,Liu Yuejie.Analysis on retrogressive stages and intensity of terra near[J].System Sciences and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture,2008(4):476-479,484.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Kirkels F,Cammeraat L H,Kuhn N J.The fate of soil organic carbon upon erosion,transport and deposition in agricultural landscapes:A review of different concepts[J].Geomorphology,2014(226):94-105.
[22]Lal R.Soil carbon dynamics in cropland and rangeland[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,116(3):353-362.
[23]张兴义,张少良,刘爽,等.严重侵蚀退化黑土农田地力快速提升技术研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(4):1-5.Zhang Xingyi,Zhang Shaoliang,Liu Shuang,et al.Study on technique to fleetly upgrade of productivity of serious eroded black farmland[J].Research of Soil Water Conservation,2010,17(4):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]Lal R.Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security[J].Science,2004,304(5677):1623-1627.
[25]Maetens W,Poesen J,Vanmaercke M.How effective are soil conservation techniques in reducing plot runoff and soil loss in Europe and the Mediterranean?[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2012,115(1/2):21-36.
[26]Quine T A,Walling D E,Chakela Q K,et al.Rates and patterns of tillage and water erosion on terraces and contour strips:evidence from caesium-137 measurements[J].Catena,1999,36(1/2):115-142.