东北黑土区不同坡段等间距植物篱减流减沙特征
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摘要
植物篱作为一种有效的水土保持措施,带间距是其配置的关键参数,当前大部分植物篱布设时采用等间距设计,但不同坡段等间距植物篱的作用效果如何尚不明确。以东北黑土区不同坡段等间距植物篱为研究对象,通过含沙径流冲刷试验,模拟不同坡段等间距植物篱在坡度5°,雨强100 mm/h降雨条件下的产流产沙过程。结果表明:与裸地对照相比,各坡段植物篱能够阻延坡面径流,且随坡段的下移,滞后时间逐渐缩短;各坡段植物篱产流、产沙速率在时间尺度上表现基本一致,在上、中坡段植物篱坡面相对平稳,下坡段植物篱坡面后期呈明显波动,其变化趋势与坡面侵蚀形态密切相关,且整体均小于对照坡面;不同坡段植物篱减流效益为5.40%～10.16%、减沙效益为51.90%～75.72%,尽管有较好的减沙作用,但下坡段植物篱坡面的侵蚀模数已达到259.96 t/km~2,超过东北黑土区允许土壤流失量。可见,等间距植物篱需设计改进后,方可应用于东北黑土区。研究结果为东北黑土区植物篱设计提供重要科学依据。
Hedgerow is effective in soil and water conservation, and the distance between hedgerows is the key parameter for their allocation. At present, the equidistance is often designed in the most hedgerow arrangements, but the effect of equidistant hedgerows at different slope sections is not clear. Equidistant hedgerows at different slope sections in the northeast black soil region were selected as the object. A runoff erosion experiment with sediment was carried out to simulate the runoff sediment yield process of hedgerows with equal spacing in different slope segments under the condition of 5° slope, 100 mm/h rain intensity. The results showed that: Compared with the control of bare land, hedgerows in all slope segments could prevent slope runoff, and the lag time was shortened gradually with the downward slope segments. The runoff and sediment yield of hedgerows in different slope sections were basically consistent on time scales. The upper and middle slopes were relatively stable, and the lower slopes showed obvious fluctuation at the later stage. The changing trend was closely related to the erosion morphology in the slope, and the overall trend was smaller than that of the control. Hedgerows in the different slope sections reduced the runoff by 5.40% ～ 10.16%, and reduced sediment by 51.90% ～ 75.72%. Although it had a positive effect on runoff and sediment reduction, the erosion module in the lower slope reached 259.96 t/km~2, exceeding the soil loss tolerance of the northeast black soil area. It could be concluded that the equidistant hedgerow should be improved for its application in the northeast black soil area. This study could provide an important scientific basis for the hedgerow design in the northeast black soil area.
Hedgerow is effective in soil and water conservation, and the distance between hedgerows is the key parameter for their allocation. At present, the equidistance is often designed in the most hedgerow arrangements, but the effect of equidistant hedgerows at different slope sections is not clear. Equidistant hedgerows at different slope sections in the northeast black soil region were selected as the object. A runoff erosion experiment with sediment was carried out to simulate the runoff sediment yield process of hedgerows with equal spacing in different slope segments under the condition of 5° slope, 100 mm/h rain intensity. The results showed that: Compared with the control of bare land, hedgerows in all slope segments could prevent slope runoff, and the lag time was shortened gradually with the downward slope segments. The runoff and sediment yield of hedgerows in different slope sections were basically consistent on time scales. The upper and middle slopes were relatively stable, and the lower slopes showed obvious fluctuation at the later stage. The changing trend was closely related to the erosion morphology in the slope, and the overall trend was smaller than that of the control. Hedgerows in the different slope sections reduced the runoff by 5.40% ～ 10.16%, and reduced sediment by 51.90% ～ 75.72%. Although it had a positive effect on runoff and sediment reduction, the erosion module in the lower slope reached 259.96 t/km~2, exceeding the soil loss tolerance of the northeast black soil area. It could be concluded that the equidistant hedgerow should be improved for its application in the northeast black soil area. This study could provide an important scientific basis for the hedgerow design in the northeast black soil area.
引文
[1] 刘兴土,阎百兴.东北黑土区水土流失与粮食安全[J].中国水土保持,2009(1):17-19.
[2] 杨维鸽,郑粉莉,王占礼,等.地形对黑土区典型坡面侵蚀:沉积空间分布特征的影响[J].土壤学报,2016,53(3):572-581.
[3] 鄂竟平.加强领导明确重点全力搞好东北黑土区水土流失综合防治试点[J].中国水土保持,2003(11):1-3.
[4] 刘绪军,延秀杰.黑土区植物篱带对土壤抗蚀性作用效果研究[J].土壤通报,2018,49(5):1214-1219.
[5] 魏军,王莲凤,李志军.植物篱是治理坡耕地水土流失的有效措施[J].黑龙江水利科技,2014(8):21-22.
[6] 蔡强国,卜崇峰.植物篱复合农林业技术措施效益分析[J].资源科学,2004,26(7):7-12.
[7] 彭熙,李安定,李苇洁,等.不同植物篱模式下土壤物理变化及其减流减沙效应研究[J].土壤,2009,41(1):107-111.
[8] 马云,何丙辉,何建林,等.基于水动力学的紫色土区植物篱控制面源污染的临界带间距确定[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(4):60-64.
[9] 许峰,蔡强国,吴淑安,等.等高植物篱控制紫色土坡耕地侵蚀的特点[J].土壤学报,2002,39(1):65-74.
[10] Alegre J C ,Rao M R .Soil and water conservation by contour hedging in the humid tropics of Peru [J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,1996,57(1):17-25.
[11] 蒲玉琳,林超文,谢德体,等.植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):122-128.
[12] Akram S,Yu B,Ghadiri H,et al.The links between water profile,net deposition and erosion in the design and performance of stiff grass hedges [J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,510:472-479.
[13] 王润泽,谌芸,李铁,等.紫色土区植物篱篱前淤积带土壤团聚体稳定性特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):210-216.
[14] 刘宝元,阎百兴,沈波,等.东北黑土区农地水土流失现状与综合治理对策[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(1):1-8.
[15] 杨帅,李永红,高照良,等.黄土堆积体植物篱减沙效益与泥沙颗粒分形特征研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(8):270-278.
[16] 党汉瑾.半干旱区带状植物篱系统径流调控效应研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2013.
[17] 李桂芳.典型黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀影响因素与动力学机理研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心),2016.
[18] 杜捷,高照良,王凯.布设植物篱条件下工程堆积体坡面产流产沙过程研究[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):102-106.
[19] 水利部水土保持司.SL 190—2007.土壤侵蚀分类分级标准[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.
[20] Fan J ,Yan L ,Zhang P ,et al.Effects of grass contour hedgerow systems on controlling soil erosion in red soil hilly areas,Southeast China [J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2015,30(2):107-116.
[2] 杨维鸽,郑粉莉,王占礼,等.地形对黑土区典型坡面侵蚀:沉积空间分布特征的影响[J].土壤学报,2016,53(3):572-581.
[3] 鄂竟平.加强领导明确重点全力搞好东北黑土区水土流失综合防治试点[J].中国水土保持,2003(11):1-3.
[4] 刘绪军,延秀杰.黑土区植物篱带对土壤抗蚀性作用效果研究[J].土壤通报,2018,49(5):1214-1219.
[5] 魏军,王莲凤,李志军.植物篱是治理坡耕地水土流失的有效措施[J].黑龙江水利科技,2014(8):21-22.
[6] 蔡强国,卜崇峰.植物篱复合农林业技术措施效益分析[J].资源科学,2004,26(7):7-12.
[7] 彭熙,李安定,李苇洁,等.不同植物篱模式下土壤物理变化及其减流减沙效应研究[J].土壤,2009,41(1):107-111.
[8] 马云,何丙辉,何建林,等.基于水动力学的紫色土区植物篱控制面源污染的临界带间距确定[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(4):60-64.
[9] 许峰,蔡强国,吴淑安,等.等高植物篱控制紫色土坡耕地侵蚀的特点[J].土壤学报,2002,39(1):65-74.
[10] Alegre J C ,Rao M R .Soil and water conservation by contour hedging in the humid tropics of Peru [J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,1996,57(1):17-25.
[11] 蒲玉琳,林超文,谢德体,等.植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):122-128.
[12] Akram S,Yu B,Ghadiri H,et al.The links between water profile,net deposition and erosion in the design and performance of stiff grass hedges [J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,510:472-479.
[13] 王润泽,谌芸,李铁,等.紫色土区植物篱篱前淤积带土壤团聚体稳定性特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):210-216.
[14] 刘宝元,阎百兴,沈波,等.东北黑土区农地水土流失现状与综合治理对策[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(1):1-8.
[15] 杨帅,李永红,高照良,等.黄土堆积体植物篱减沙效益与泥沙颗粒分形特征研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(8):270-278.
[16] 党汉瑾.半干旱区带状植物篱系统径流调控效应研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2013.
[17] 李桂芳.典型黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀影响因素与动力学机理研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心),2016.
[18] 杜捷,高照良,王凯.布设植物篱条件下工程堆积体坡面产流产沙过程研究[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):102-106.
[19] 水利部水土保持司.SL 190—2007.土壤侵蚀分类分级标准[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008.
[20] Fan J ,Yan L ,Zhang P ,et al.Effects of grass contour hedgerow systems on controlling soil erosion in red soil hilly areas,Southeast China [J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2015,30(2):107-116.