Y_2O_3对W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金摩擦磨损行为的影响
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摘要
采用高能球磨和放电等离子体烧结技术联合制备W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe-xY_2O_3高密度合金,利用洛氏硬度计、X射线衍射仪、往复式摩擦磨损试验机、三维轮廓仪等对合金的显微组织、力学性能和摩擦磨损行为进行研究。结果表明:适量稀土氧化物Y_2O_3掺杂,可以有效抑制烧结过程中晶粒的长大,使黏结相和钨颗粒均匀分布,提高合金的相对密度、硬度及摩擦磨损性能。当过量添加Y_2O_3时,Y_2O_3易于在晶界处偏聚,抑制晶粒长大效果减弱,合金的力学性能和摩擦性能均出现不同程度的下降;因此,Y_2O_3添加应适量,而当其添加量为0.4%(质量分数)时,合金综合性能最优。
The W-4.9 Ni-2.1 Fe alloy with different addition of Y_2O_3 was prepared by high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering techniques,the microstructure,mechanical property,friction and wear behavior of the high density alloy were investigated by the Rockwell hardness tester,X-ray diffractometer,reciprocating friction and wear tester,3 Dprofiler,etc.The results show that adequate doping of the trace Y_2O_3 can effectively inhibit the grain size,promote theγ-(Ni,Fe)bonding phase and tungsten particles uniformly distribute,increase the relative density,hardness,friction and wear properties.But the excessive Y_2O_3 addition can easily aggregate at grain boundary,weaken the inhibition effect,and decrease the mechanical and wear properties of the alloy.So the addition of Y_2O_3 should be appropriate.When the adding mass fraction of Y_2O_3 particles is 0.4%,the comprehensive performance of the alloy is the best.
The W-4.9 Ni-2.1 Fe alloy with different addition of Y_2O_3 was prepared by high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering techniques,the microstructure,mechanical property,friction and wear behavior of the high density alloy were investigated by the Rockwell hardness tester,X-ray diffractometer,reciprocating friction and wear tester,3 Dprofiler,etc.The results show that adequate doping of the trace Y_2O_3 can effectively inhibit the grain size,promote theγ-(Ni,Fe)bonding phase and tungsten particles uniformly distribute,increase the relative density,hardness,friction and wear properties.But the excessive Y_2O_3 addition can easily aggregate at grain boundary,weaken the inhibition effect,and decrease the mechanical and wear properties of the alloy.So the addition of Y_2O_3 should be appropriate.When the adding mass fraction of Y_2O_3 particles is 0.4%,the comprehensive performance of the alloy is the best.
引文
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[2]张雪辉,章标,朱太恒,等.W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe高比重合金的摩擦磨损行为[J].有色金属科学与工程,2016,7(4):33-39.ZHANG X H,ZHANG B,ZHU T H,et al.Frictional wear behavior of tungsten heavy alloys 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe[J].Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering,2016,7(4):33-39.
[3]赵慕岳,范景莲,刘涛,等.中国钨加工业的现状与发展趋势[J].中国钨业,2010,25(2):26-30.ZHAO M Y,FAN J L,LIU T,et al.Current situation and development trend of China tungsten processing industry[J].China Tungsten Industry,2010,25(2):26-30.
[4]HU K,LI X Q,QU S G,et al.Spark-plasma sintering of W-5.6Ni-1.4Fe heavy alloys:densification and grain growth[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2013,44(2):923-933.
[5]SENTHILNATHAN N,ANNAMALAI A R,VENKATACHALAM G.Sintering of tungsten and tungsten heavy alloys of W-NiFe and W-Ni-Cu:a review[J].Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals,2017,70(50):1161-1176.
[6]沈宏芳,陈文革,谷臣清.纳米W-Ni-Fe高比重合金的研究[J].稀有金属,2005,29(2):133-137.SHEN H F,CHEN W G,GU C Q.Nanostructured W-Ni-Fe heavy gravity alloy[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2005,29(2):133-137.
[7]LU W R,GAO C Y,KE Y L.Constitutive modeling of two-phase metallic composites with application to tungsten-based composite93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe[J].Materials Science and Engineering:A,2014,592:136-142.
[8]XIANG D P,DING L,LI Y Y,et al.Fabricating fine-grained tungsten heavy alloy by spark plasma sintering of low-energy ballmilled W-2Mo-7Ni-3Fe powders[J].Materials Science and Engineering:A,2013,578:18-23.
[9]张雪辉,李晓闲,章标,等.稀土改性高密度W-Ni-Fe合金的研究现状及发展趋势[J].功能材料,2016,47(增刊1):66-71.ZHANG X H,LI X X,ZHANG B,et al.Current status and development trend on rare earth modified W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys[J].Journal of Functional Materials,2016,47(Suppl 1):66-71.
[10]蔡立辉,刘桂荣,曹靖.高能球磨对WNiFe合金力学性能影响的初步探讨[J].粉末冶金工业,2005,15(3):15-18.CAI L H,LIU G R,CAO J.Preliminary study for effect of high energy ball milling on mechanical properties of tungsten heavy alloy[J].Powder Metallurgy Industry,2005,15(3):15-18.
[11]向道平,丁雷.合金元素或氧化物强化W-Ni-Fe高密度合金的研究进展[J].中国有色金属学报,2013,23(6):1549-1559.XIANG D P,DING L.Research progress of alloying elements or oxides strengthened W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2013,23(6):1549-1559.
[12]曾毅,范景莲,李勇明,等.微量稀土La对细晶W-Ni-Fe合金显微组织和性能的影响[J].粉末冶金技术,2010,28(6):403-406.ZENG Y,FAN J L,LI Y M,et al.Influence of trace La on microstructure and properties of fine-grained W-Ni-Fe alloys[J].Powder Metallurgy Technology,2010,28(6):403-406.
[13]马运柱,张佳佳,刘文胜,等.真空热处理对微波烧结93W-Ni-Fe合金显微组织及力学性能的影响[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2012,41(9):1680-1683.MA Y Z,ZHANG J J,LIU W S,et al.Effects of vacuum heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of 93WNi-Fe alloy by microwave sintering[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2012,41(9):1680-1683.
[14]晏建武,周继承,鲁世强,等.热处理对W-Ni-Fe高密度合金组织与性能影响[J].国外金属加工,2005,26(4):43-49.YAN J W,ZHOU J C,LU S Q,et al.Influence of thermal process on the microstructure and properties of W-Ni-Fe high density alloy[J].Journal of International Metal Working,2005,26(4):43-49.
[15]刘卫强,岳明,姜涛,等.放电等离子烧结W-Ni-Fe合金的显微组织与性能研究[J].功能材料,2004,35(增刊1):3019-3021.LIU W Q,YUE M,JIANG T,et al.The microstructure of W-NiFe alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering[J].Journal of Functional Materials,2004,35(Suppl 1):3019-3021.
[16]RAGHUNATHAN S,BOURELL D L.Synthesis and evaluation of advanced nanocrystalline tungsten-based materials[J].Powder Metallurgy Science and Technology,1999,1:9-14.
[17]逯庆国,李明利,周宇松,等.W-Ni-Fe系纳米复合粉体的制备工艺研究[J].兵器材料科学与工程,2011,34(2):90-93.LU Q G,LI M L,ZHOU Y S,et al.Preparation process of WNi-Fe nano powders[J].Ordnance Material Science and Engineering,2011,34(2):90-93.
[18]FAN J L,HUANG B Y,QU X H.W-Ni-Fe nanostructure materials synthesized by high energy ball milling[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2000,10(1):57-59.
[19]WHITE G D,GURWELL W E.Freeze-dried tungsten heavy alloys[J].Advances in Powder Metallurgy,1989,6(1):355-368.
[20]祁美贵,范景莲,张骁,等.微量Y2O3对细晶W-Ni-Fe粉末烧结行为和显微组织的影响[J].中国有色金属学报,2009,19(4):656-661.QI M G,FAN J L,ZHANG X,et al.Influence of trace Y2O3on sintering behavior and microstructure of fine-grain W-Ni-Fe powders[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2009,19(4):656-661.
[21]RYU H J,HONG S H.Fabrication and properties of mechanically alloyed oxide-dispersed tungsten heavy alloys[J].Materials Science and Engineering:A,2003,363(1/2):179-184.
[22]彭石高,范景莲,刘涛,等.稀土含量和还原温度对制备超细(W,Ni,Fe)复合粉末的影响[J].粉末冶金技术,2009,27(1):36-39.PENG S G,FAN J L,LIU T,et al.Effects of rare earth content and reduction temperature on preparation of superfine(W,Ni,Fe)composite powder[J].Powder Metallurgy Technology,2009,27(1):36-39.
[23]FAN J L,LIU T,CHENG H C,et al.Preparation of fine grain tungsten heavy alloy with high properties by mechanical alloying and yttrium oxide addition[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2008,208(1/3):463-469.
[24]ZAFARI A,GHASEMI H M,MAHMUDI R.Effect of rare earth elements addition on the tribological behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy at elevated temperatures[J].Wear,2013,303(1/2):98-108.
[25]马国亮,田伟,王铀.纳米稀土氧化物对7075铝合金硬度和耐磨性的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2007,28(增刊):79-81.MA G L,TIAN W,WANG Y.Influence of nanosized rare earth oxide dopant on hardness and wear resistance of 7075aluminum alloy[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2007,28(Suppl):79-81.
[26]HE Y J,WINNUBST L,BURGGRAAF A J,et al.Grain-size dependence of sliding wear in tetragonal zirconia polycrystals[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1996,79(12):3090-3096.
[27]ZUM G K H,BUNDSCHUH W,ZIMMERLIN B.Effect of grain size on friction and sliding wear of oxide ceramics[J].Wear,1993,162/164:269-279.